專升本英語(yǔ)-復(fù)習(xí)筆記

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上從2001至今，普通高等學(xué)校選拔優(yōu)秀?？飘厴I(yè)生進(jìn)入本科階段學(xué)習(xí)（普通專升本）考試只考兩門課程，一是公共英語(yǔ)課程，二是專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課程；公共英語(yǔ)課程是所有非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的必考課程。滿分150分，可見(jiàn)公共英語(yǔ)在專升本考試中的重要性。為了幫應(yīng)試學(xué)生更好地整體把握考試，給出歷年真題的題型及分值統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表。2003-2010專升本公共英語(yǔ)真題題型及分值表試題題型20032004200520062007200820092010詞匯語(yǔ)法3030304040404040閱讀理解6060604040404040完形填空2020102020202020翻譯2020202020202030詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

2、10101010100作文2020202020202020總分150150150150150150150150從該表看出，自2006年開(kāi)始，詞匯語(yǔ)法、閱讀理解、完形填空、作文都是每年必考的固定題型，并且分值不變。翻譯也是每年必考的題型，從2003-2009年每年20分（英譯漢10分，漢譯英10分），但2010年翻譯部分增加了10分的英漢對(duì)話翻譯。詞性轉(zhuǎn)換自2005-2009年每年10分，但2010年取消該題型。每年固定不變的題型有詞匯語(yǔ)法、閱讀理解、完形填空、翻譯、作文；可變化的題型有詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話、辨識(shí)錯(cuò)誤和英漢對(duì)話翻譯，預(yù)測(cè)這幾種題型會(huì)任選一個(gè)，分值10分。2003-2010年專升本公

3、共英語(yǔ)詞匯與語(yǔ)法測(cè)試試題分值表考點(diǎn)20032004200520062007200820092010語(yǔ)法14+20c19+20c15+10c38+20 c30+20 c22+20 c19+20 c30+20 c詞匯161115+102+1010+1018+1021+1010+合計(jì)5050507070707060比例1/31/31/31/21/21/21/21/3從表中看出，直接考察語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí)分值有70分，占了總分值的近1/2。從2006年開(kāi)始， 在40分的語(yǔ)法詞匯部分，語(yǔ)法占的比重大，如2006年，語(yǔ)法：詞匯是38:2；2007年，語(yǔ)法：詞匯是30:10；2008年，語(yǔ)法：詞匯是22:18；

4、2009年，語(yǔ)法：詞匯是19:21；2010年，語(yǔ)法：詞匯是30:10。而閱讀、翻譯及寫(xiě)作部分，依然是考核語(yǔ)法詞匯基本知識(shí)的，所以學(xué)好語(yǔ)法詞匯是考好專升本英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵?？际裁?？ 學(xué)什么？河南省教育廳學(xué)生處“專升本”考試的要求指出：“英語(yǔ)考試要求為大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試三至四級(jí)水平”。短短的幾句話，包含了英語(yǔ)考試的全部?jī)?nèi)容，但我們考生很多時(shí)候卻并不明白：到底要考什么？Example 1: P52,03,36 Lynda and hundreds of young people like him_ the post of typist.第A approach（方法，靠近，走近） B applied for C

5、 appealed to（吸引，懇求，上訴） D approved of (贊成)題干研究：1 考查詞匯：Q1: like; post; typist.熟詞生意。Post no bills.禁止張貼。Post position of paid employment.職位。2 考查語(yǔ)法：Q2: Lynda and hundreds of young people like him 并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)。并列連詞所連接的并列成分應(yīng)當(dāng)在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上保持一致，這就是并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，該語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)時(shí)?？嫉健v年真題再現(xiàn)：直接考的有詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)題中的04，P98,24;間接考的有：05，P85，閱讀中4中句子A grow

6、ing number of unemployed Americans waste time browsing the estimated 4,000 to 5,000 online job sites, filling them with resumes and then waiting for replies.在這樣一個(gè)句子中，并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)這一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)對(duì)于句子的正確理解起到了絕對(duì)重要的作用。選項(xiàng)研究：A approach（方法，靠近，走近） B applied for C appealed to（吸引，懇求，上訴） D approved of (贊成)選項(xiàng)考查到：1 形近詞；2 詞義及語(yǔ)境，

7、在此語(yǔ)境下只能選用某一選項(xiàng)。另外appeal to 在同一份試卷的第49頁(yè)閱讀3中出現(xiàn)。 綜合本題，其主要考查詞匯的，考查形近詞在特定語(yǔ)境下的區(qū)別。但間接的考到了上述的其他知識(shí)。如果不能正確理解上述相關(guān)知識(shí)，不可能理解本句的意義，也就不可能正確地根據(jù)句義選出正確的答案。同時(shí)，需要提醒的是，在本題中間接考到的相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)在另外的題目中就可能直接考到，真題已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。因此，教師要做到舉一反三，同學(xué)也要做到這一步。Example 2:04，P65,60.定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。They overcome all the difficulties and fulfilled the plan three

8、months ahead of time,_，is something we had not expected.A.     that B what C it D which此處屬于直接考。間接考例子有：翻譯閱讀同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。07，P96,p4,There never seemed to be enough time to go to church, which disturbed some friends and relations.閱讀出現(xiàn)。06,P85,P4,Internet-addicted job seekers may be partly the

9、 cause of the fact that it is taking the unemployed 23% longer to find a new position than it took during the last recession, when the “benefits ”online job searching were unavailable.同時(shí)注意本句涉及到的其他知識(shí)點(diǎn)1 Internet-addicted ,job seekers the cause unemployed, position, unavailable.這些都是一些重要的詞匯，在這里間接考到。2 語(yǔ)法

10、要點(diǎn)：第一，定語(yǔ)從句；第二，同位語(yǔ)從句（?？键c(diǎn)07，P99,31）；第三，than 比較級(jí)句子。 專升本本英語(yǔ)考試到底考什么，手段無(wú)非從詞匯和語(yǔ)法這兩個(gè)方面來(lái)進(jìn)行，輔之于閱讀、完形填空、翻譯和寫(xiě)作這四種方法。因此，上課過(guò)程中，我們有時(shí)會(huì)把閱讀的講解拉到語(yǔ)法、詞匯講解一塊，因?yàn)樗鼈儽旧硎请y以分開(kāi)的，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)有所不同。 全程計(jì)劃：詞匯與語(yǔ)法4-5天；有同學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)單詞詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)一題一分，要花費(fèi)那么多時(shí)間干什么，這種想法是錯(cuò)誤的，沒(méi)有這些一切都不可能，從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始大家要把主要精力花在背誦單詞、詞組上面；閱讀4-5天；完形填空4-5天、翻譯、寫(xiě)作各1天，其中完形填空多占時(shí)間，翻譯次之。上

11、午課語(yǔ)法為主，下午要講一部分詞匯練習(xí)。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法學(xué)好了，對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)我們就有了一個(gè)體系性的認(rèn)識(shí)，所以我們首先從語(yǔ)法開(kāi)始。但是單詞、詞組、固定搭配最難。第一部分 語(yǔ)法與詞匯Part 高頻語(yǔ)法關(guān)于語(yǔ)法：語(yǔ)法會(huì)不會(huì)考？要考多少分？12-16分，直接考不會(huì)少于12分（直接考什么意思?。灰伎际裁?？通過(guò)2002-2010真題統(tǒng)計(jì)得出，語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)依次重點(diǎn)為：從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)、介詞、倒裝、獨(dú)立主格、it用法、主謂一致、反義疑問(wèn)句等。虛擬語(yǔ)氣；名詞性從句；定語(yǔ)從句；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；倒裝語(yǔ)序（這五大項(xiàng)排名不分先后），一般直接考2分左右；下面還有時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)2分-1分，

12、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done 1分，主謂一致要考1分,強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型1分。專升本本英語(yǔ)考試中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)法，大部分都在中學(xué)出現(xiàn)過(guò)，因此，我們的輔導(dǎo)不宜面面俱到，只需突出考試中最?？嫉降囊恍┲攸c(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)。定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的掌握不僅對(duì)于詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)直接考查有意義，而且更為重要的是對(duì)于閱讀理解意義相當(dāng)重大；有些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)比如虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型、主謂一致、反義疑問(wèn)句則主要對(duì)于詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)題直接考意義重大；有些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)諸如并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)、狀語(yǔ)從句、插入結(jié)構(gòu)、it指代用法、比較結(jié)構(gòu)則主要對(duì)于閱讀理解有重大意義。Studies show that most doctors sincerely believ

13、e that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.注意找主干語(yǔ)法涉及到體系性的理論問(wèn)題，需要靠講解，但也更需要結(jié)合習(xí)題來(lái)講解！第一章      &#

14、160;             定語(yǔ)從句考什么：which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，一級(jí)考點(diǎn)定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引起的，在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分，來(lái)修飾名詞、代詞或句子。定語(yǔ)從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，這種名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。 概念與例句定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞(介詞+關(guān)系代詞)先行詞關(guān)系副詞 The new points which the president stressed in his report are very important indee

15、d.(定語(yǔ)從句、關(guān)系代詞、先行詞)That is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan.(定語(yǔ)從句、關(guān)系代副詞、先行詞)所有從句都是由連接詞引出來(lái)的，定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞被叫做關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞。具體而言，有以下幾種情況（一）關(guān)系代詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)關(guān)系代詞先行詞關(guān)系代詞所作成分例句that人或物主、賓、表1which物或整句話主、賓（動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)）2who人主3whom人賓4whose人或物定語(yǔ)（相當(dāng)于先行詞的所有格）5as 人或物或整句話主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)6例句：1 One should not plant a garden that

16、is too large for him to care for.閱讀1)(062 .Because of their frequent wars, many of their inventions were no more than improvements in the design of Greek weapons with which they were familiar.(06閱讀2)3 There are a lot of women who will do the job as well as men.(06閱讀2)Anyone who brought his sleeping

17、bag and cooking equipment along could stay there for a very small quantity of money.(03月度2，P48).4 He saw the manager talking with somebody whom he didnt know.5 Many people whose possessions were destroyed in natural disasters eventually considered their loss as a blessing.(06CET-6,12)6 As is often t

18、he case, the more you use your brain, the more active it will become.(03翻譯section B 4,P57) 關(guān)系代詞使用的幾種特別規(guī)定：That 1)先行詞是不定代詞，常見(jiàn)有all, much, any, something, anything等；2）先行詞被all, any, every, some,(a)few,(a)little修3）先行詞被最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞、the only/next/same/very修飾時(shí)；4）先行詞既包括人，又包括物時(shí)。  5)只用which:介詞后、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只

19、能用which。介詞+which既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的固定搭配，也取決于先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.6)關(guān)系代詞省略情況：that、which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ)可以省略。但以下情況不可省略：第一，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，即使作賓語(yǔ)which也不能省略。第二，關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞后，作介詞賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)一不可用that，只可用

20、which或whom 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并且不可省略；但當(dāng)介詞謂語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句句末時(shí)，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞仍可用that,也可以省略。This is one of the things with which we have to put up.This is one of the things （that/which ）we have to put up with.（二）關(guān)系副詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)關(guān)系副詞與先行詞關(guān)系在從句中所作成分when先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞，相當(dāng)于介詞+which.狀語(yǔ)where先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，相當(dāng)于介詞+which狀語(yǔ)why先行詞是表示理由的名詞（reason），相當(dāng)于for+w

21、hich.狀語(yǔ)二練習(xí)反饋長(zhǎng)難句分析與理解 1 Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities?(06CET4閱讀)2. Culture shock is an occupational disease for people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad(04 P61閱讀4)3 For primitive men, activity

22、during the day meant hunting and attacking , in which he soon saw as red, the color of blood and fire.(05 P70閱讀1)4 The curriculum consisted mainly of the classical languages, and the purpose of this kind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the mi

23、nistry.(07 P97)   改正句子中的錯(cuò)誤1 We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, that saves money, of course.2 New York is famous for its skyscrapers, the highest of them has more than 100 storey.3 My boss even thought that beer was the best drink which he had ever drunk.4 I am pleased with what

24、 you have given me and all what you have told me .5 One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, where located in northwestern Arizona.6 The first place where the students visited in the motor factory was the tool room.7 Do you think the reason why he gave is b

25、elievable? 難句挑戰(zhàn)1 This new dictionary contains 16,ooo new words and expressions,_ reflect recent research in science and technology.A many of them B many of which C many of that D many of those2 Ive never been to Beijing, but its the best place _.A where Id like to visit 

26、0;       B in which Id like to visit C I most want to visit           D that I want to visit it most3 The days _ you could travel without a passport are a thing of the past. A in which B on which C of which D at whi

27、ch4 Sports, _ most young people like very much, may make you very strong.A that         B /        C which       D and5 In the Europe , as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingl

28、y successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 找主干第二章 名詞性從句考什么：that、what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，一級(jí)考點(diǎn)。 所謂名詞性從句，就是把這個(gè)句子當(dāng)作名詞使用，并在句子中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分：主語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。做什么成分，這個(gè)名詞性從句就是相應(yīng)的主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句。一主語(yǔ)從句：在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的是一個(gè)句子，這個(gè)句子

29、就叫做主語(yǔ)從句。How this happenedis still a question.It is clear that he has gone.所有從句都是由連接詞引出來(lái)的，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有以下幾種情況：連詞that whether(that 在從句中沒(méi)有任何意義，不作任何成分，但不可省略)連接代詞What, whatever, who, whoever連接副詞When, where, how,why注意考點(diǎn)：1 In the new country, that women go out to work and add to the family income is a new patt

30、ern of family life.2 What refrigeration did promote was marketingmarketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.(P81,test3).直接作為單向選擇題出現(xiàn)的名詞性從句考點(diǎn)有兩處：第一，主語(yǔ)從句；第二，同位語(yǔ)從句。而主語(yǔ)從句直接考點(diǎn)最重要的就是關(guān)于that/what區(qū)分問(wèn)題。同位語(yǔ)連接詞that不作任何成分，

31、沒(méi)有任何意義，但在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可省略。注意：名詞性從句中的that與定語(yǔ)從句中的that有著明顯的差別：作不作成分，有沒(méi)有指代。二同位語(yǔ)從句讀例子說(shuō)問(wèn)題：同位語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)連接詞。1. The idea that we can invite him tomorrow is quite good.2 The rumor that therell be earthquake soonspread all over the area.3 The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.

32、4 After a couple of rounds, the only, last and serious question remains whether our team can win the majority of the people. 專升本考點(diǎn)：1 后面常接同位語(yǔ)從句的抽象名詞Belief, certainty, concept, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea, news, order, promise, proof, question ,rumor, thought等。2 分隔情況有時(shí)，由that引導(dǎo)的

33、同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而被謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等隔開(kāi)。Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.3 注意區(qū)分that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.The suggestion that she has given at the meeting is good.練習(xí)反饋That 在第一個(gè)句子中引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句，沒(méi)

34、有意義，不作成分，但不可省略。     難題挑戰(zhàn)：1 The argument made by some scientist _ global warming is just a natural phenomenon has been challenged by new evidence.A which B that C of that D about which2 Because the drug has been studied in humans for only a few years, nobody knows _ its long-term

35、effects might be.A any of which B that C about which D what3 The value of having frequent sun baths lies in _ they can do to our health.A that   B how   C what   D the fact that4 _ the science of medicine is one of the most useful science is widely accepted.A That 

36、B Whether C What D Which5 Schools, libraries and community centers are the only places _ people have access to all kinds of information.A that B where C which D as三表語(yǔ)從句如主句主語(yǔ)為reason ，只能用that引導(dǎo)標(biāo)語(yǔ)從句，不可用because。The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food su

37、pplies. 第三章 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考什么？1不定式的省略to情況，不定式的被動(dòng)式、完成式；2 涉及到固定搭配需要使用的動(dòng)名詞形式；3 過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)候的比較選擇；4 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指那些在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子謂語(yǔ)成分的動(dòng)詞形式?；拘问接兴姆N：不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。1 不定式：06P81閱讀1，第三段：Freezers make it possible to keep some of the vegetables to be enjoyed at a later date.第四段：One should not plant a garden tha

38、t is too large for him to care for.2 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞：Having vegetables in the backyard makes home gardening appealing to many people.一不定式考點(diǎn)不定式構(gòu)成to+do(動(dòng)詞原形)。1 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)      語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式To do: where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with.表示不定式動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生。To be done完成式To h

39、ave done: Mrs. Brown is supposed to have left for Italy last week.表示1：不定式動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)之前。2表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前不定式表示的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)完成Were leaving at six in the morning , and hope to have done most of the journey by lunch time.To have been done進(jìn)行式To be doing  完成進(jìn)行式To have been doing: He was happy to have been staying

40、with his uncle.不定式動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，但仍在持續(xù)進(jìn)行。 注意to have done的特殊考點(diǎn)：(1) should like/would like/love +to have done,表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作；Id like to have gone with you on your hike last weekend, but I was too busy.(2) 在wish, intend, mean, expect, pretend, plan, think等表示“打算”“計(jì)劃”等含義的過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞后面,接to have done也表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。I in

41、tended to have limited my research to waste water treatment, but I was asked to deal with other problems too.2 n+to do+介詞I havent decided which hotel to stay at.3 do but/except 結(jié)構(gòu)中，but 前面有do的某種形式，but/except后接不帶to的不定式。另外cannot help but也接不帶to的不定式，屬于特例。4 had better, would rather/soonerthan, rather

42、than, might as well之后必須接動(dòng)詞原形。二 動(dòng)名詞考點(diǎn)1 時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)             語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式Doing: I approved of his taking part in the project.Being done: After being interviewed for the job, you will be required to take a language test.完成式Having done: T

43、he man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager.Having been done: She resents having been criticized by her boss yesterday.2 專升本英語(yǔ)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的后接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, imagine, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, quit, enjoy, finish.(如考到后兩詞，那屬于弱

44、智題)。3 專升本英語(yǔ)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的后接動(dòng)名詞的詞組有：be(get)used to ; be accustomed to, be devoted to, be busy, cannot help, confess to, give up, have trouble(in), have difficulty(in ) , it is no use/good , look forward to, object to, lead to, stick to, get down to, see to等。Used to do VS be used to doing Be ac

45、customed to, be used to, devote to, dedicate to, look forward to, lead to, contribute to, object to, stick to, get down to, see to.這里的to 都是介詞，后面只能接動(dòng)名詞。4 在need, want, require, deserve等動(dòng)詞以及形容詞worth后，動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Your hair wants cutting. 三分詞考點(diǎn)（本部分結(jié)合教材）分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分最為重要的一個(gè)部分，分詞包括present participle, p

46、ast participle。分詞也具有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。1 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別點(diǎn)： 語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行（一些特例情況下并不必然表示進(jìn)行）如：promising young man過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)完成還要注意原則上語(yǔ)態(tài)服從時(shí)態(tài)，如retired general。Seeing from the hill, you can see the whole city.Seeing from the hill, the city is beautiful.Heated to 100, water will boil.Heating to 100, water will boil2有些過(guò)去

47、分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)的概念和已經(jīng)完成的概念，如a practiced man技術(shù)嫻熟的人，well-behaved young man懂禮貌的年輕人，the cultivated people 有修養(yǎng)的人。尤其在做閱讀理解時(shí)候注意及時(shí)能從相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞意義轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)來(lái)。同樣道理，有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞也已轉(zhuǎn)化為固定的形容詞，主要是由表示人的情緒的動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)，意思為“令人”如：amusing, astonishing, boring, inspiring, promising, puzzling。這就要注意過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的形容詞詞義的差別：Boring, bored; interest

48、ing, interested; satisfying, satisfied; tiring, tired等。3 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式、被動(dòng)式第一，表示一般性動(dòng)作，不表明動(dòng)作的先后或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式。第二，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于句子謂語(yǔ)發(fā)生，要用完成式。（not）having done.第三，現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，要用被動(dòng)式。（not）being done,(not)having been done.例句研究：1 Over fishing, coupled with destructive fishing practices, is killing off

49、the fish and ruining their environment.(CET031聽(tīng)力)。順便注意這里的主謂一致is.過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)2 They stated their considered judgement, painstaking arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.(CET4,03,9)過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)的典型例子。四 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)我們?cè)谇懊嬷v到過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)候，它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ)。但有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)帶有自己的主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)主語(yǔ)叫做邏輯主語(yǔ)，該邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由名

50、詞或代詞充當(dāng)，放在過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)之前，我們把這一結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.All the work done, you can have a rest.Weather permitting, well go to the Summer Palace.(一)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：1 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomo

51、rrow.2 名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)等是主謂關(guān)系The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.3 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。Theyll send you the book for $10, postage included. （二）with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主語(yǔ)一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前面可以加上with/without ，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。我們可以把它理解為with的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。1 The murd

52、er was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.2 The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.3 With night coming on, they went home.4 The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard.三 練習(xí)反饋1 _, there was nothing for it but to swim across.A The bridge hav

53、ing been destroyedB The bridge was destroyedC The bridge to be destroyedD The bridge has been destroyed2 With more and more students_ colleges, higher education seems to have become a primary concern in recent years.A attend B is attending C attending D are attending 第四講 虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣考什么？考的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。所有的虛擬語(yǔ)

54、氣考點(diǎn)都在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式上。一 If條件從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣情況 時(shí)間If從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式過(guò)去Had doneWould/should/could/might +have done現(xiàn)在Did/wereWould/should/could/might +do將來(lái)Did/were to/should doWould/should/could/might +do錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語(yǔ)氣：If he had prepared very carefully yesterday, he could perform well now.連詞if 省略形成倒裝。If條件句中的連詞if 可以省略，但該句就

55、要使用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即將were,had,should等置于主語(yǔ)前，形成倒裝。Had you informed her earlier,  she wouldnt have assigned the contract.Were she living happily , I would be very astonished.二 用于某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句中；以及由這些動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的分詞、名詞后的主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。其形式是（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。表示愿望Desire, prefer表示建議Advise, move, propose, suggest, recommend,

56、表示要求、請(qǐng)求Insist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge表示決定Decide, determine, resolve其他Arrange, deserve, intend, motion, promise .1 賓語(yǔ)從句He insisted  that she be in the office at six.The doctor suggested  that she (should)take a trip.2 it is +過(guò)去分詞的主語(yǔ)從句It is required that the machine be test

57、ed.3 表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句His suggestion is that we go out on a picnic.His suggestion that we go out on a picnic next Sunday is wonderful.三 用于it is+ 某些形容詞+主語(yǔ)從句It is essential/urgent/necessary/important/advisable/natural/desired/vital/crutial/strange+that的從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式為（should）+原形動(dòng)詞。It is necessary that the machine

58、(should)be oiled every day.四 用于it is （high/about）time+從句中 It is high time we went back to college.五 用于would /had rather , would sooner 引起的從句中，其謂語(yǔ)從此用過(guò)去時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)；用had+done，表示過(guò)去的情況。I would rather you didnt tell him anything about it.六 lest 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于lest 或in case 引起的狀語(yǔ)從句，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為should +原形動(dòng)詞，should 一般不可省。He t