國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù) (雙語)--品質(zhì)條款

1、Chapter Three Quality of Commodity第三章商品品質(zhì)第三章商品品質(zhì)【Learning Objectives】After learning this Chapter, you will be able to:1. Know about the importance of the name of commodity;2. Master various representation quality methods;3. Master quality clause of sales contract.Case 1Question: in this situation, d

2、oes the buyer hold the repudiation rights? Why?問題：在上述情況下，買方有無拒付的權(quán)利？為什么？One Chinese company exported a contract of grade B peanuts to a foreign country importer. When the seller was working on the delivery of the goods, he found that the grade B peanuts were out of stock. Without prior consent of the

3、 buyer, the seller delivered the grade A peanuts instead of grade B peanuts and stated on the invoice” Grade A peanuts, price is the same”, while the buyer refused the consignment.我國某公司向某國出口花生一批，合同規(guī)定為B級花生。賣方交貨時發(fā)現(xiàn)B級花生無貨，中國公司在未征得買方同意的情況下，用A級花生代替了B級花生并在發(fā)票上注明“A級花生、價格照舊”，貨運(yùn)抵買方后，遭買方拒絕。案例案例1Possibale answe

4、rThe buyer has the right to refuse to pay.This is because both sides confirmed the grade B peanuts when signing the contract,which holds a legal effect.If the seller gets the buyers consent,he can change the peanuts grade.So the buyer has the power to refuse to pay.Possibale answer答案：中文答案：中文回答：買方有權(quán)利

5、拒付，因?yàn)樵陔p方簽訂合同時已經(jīng)確定了是B級花生，合同是有法律效應(yīng)的。賣方在征得買方的同意的情況下，才可以改變花生的等級。所以買方有權(quán)利拒付。the Chapter Three: Contents of Quality of Commodity 第三章第三章 商品品質(zhì)目錄商品品質(zhì)目錄1. Name of commodity 商品品名商品品名2. Stipulating Methods of Commodity Quality 商品的品質(zhì)表示方法商品的品質(zhì)表示方法 (重點(diǎn)重點(diǎn))3. Quality Clauses of internatioanl trade in a Sales Contract

6、 合同中的品質(zhì)條款合同中的品質(zhì)條款 (重點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)) 4. Assignment 作業(yè)作業(yè)1. Name of commodity 商品的品名商品的品名 Name of Commodity，it is an address or concept of some commodity, is also called name clause. The name of the product ,to a certain extent, reflects the natural attribute of commodity, as well as the main performance character

7、istics. The name usually also represents the quality which the goods should have and is the essential main conditions in international trade of a sales contract .商品品名，它是某種商品區(qū)別于其他商品的一種稱呼或概念。商品的名稱在一定程度上體現(xiàn)了商品的自然屬性、用途以及主要的性能特征。品名也代表了商品通常應(yīng)具有的品質(zhì)，是合同中不可缺少的主要交易條件 As the following naming:(1) With its main us

8、e naming: travel shoes, insecticide, bicycle(2) its main raw materials used in naming: sweater, glass(3) With its main components. Name: American ginseng royal jelly, aloe cream(4) With the appearance of naming: red bean, tapered roller bearing(5) The commendatory term naming: Youth treasure, robust

9、 fruit milk(6) The character name: wine of Home Kong Fu, Kong Yiji fennel(7) Process for the production of naming: Erguotou, refined oil如以下命名方式：(1)以其主要用途命名：旅游鞋、殺蟲劑、自行車 (2)以其所使用的主要原材料命名：羊毛衫、玻璃杯 (3)以其主要成分命名：西洋參蜂皇漿、蘆薈乳霜(4)以其外觀造型命名：赤豆、圓錐滾子軸承(5)以其褒義詞命名：青春寶、樂百氏果奶(6)以人物名字命名：孔府家酒、孔乙己茴香(7)以制作工藝命名：二鍋頭、精制油 Sig

10、nificance of Stipulating the Name of Commodity列明品名的意義列明品名的意義 (1)From the perspective of law, stipulate in the contract that the subject matter of the specific name, relationship to both the transfer of goods with respect to the rights and obligations of a contract for the sale, is the main trading c

11、onditions. 從法律的角度看,在合同中規(guī)定標(biāo)的物的具體名稱,關(guān)系到買賣雙方交接貨物方面的權(quán)利和義務(wù),是買賣合同的主要交易條件 (2)From a business point of view, the name or description of the rules are both the substance of the transaction, which is the foundation and precondition. 從業(yè)務(wù)的角度看從業(yè)務(wù)的角度看,品名或說明的規(guī)定是雙方交易的物質(zhì)內(nèi)容品名或說明的規(guī)定是雙方交易的物質(zhì)內(nèi)容,是交易賴以是交易賴以進(jìn)行的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和前提條件；進(jìn)行

12、的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和前提條件； (3)Good name of commodity can generalize the characteristics of goods, with the purchase of consumer psychology, but also can enhance the consumers purchase desire. 好的商品名稱既能概括商品的特性，符合購買者的消費(fèi)心理，又能增進(jìn)消費(fèi)者的購買欲望。 Commodity Name Clause in a Sales Contract合同中的品名條款合同中的品名條款 (1)Make a realistic stip

13、ulation based on the goods, avoid exaggeration about the commodity.針對實(shí)際做出實(shí)事求是的規(guī)定，對商品的品名不要做夸大的宣傳。(2)In the description of commodity clause of the sales contract, the stipulation of the commodity must be precise and specific.在簽訂買賣合同的品名條款時，對品名必須明確、具體。Commodity Name Clause in a Sales Contract合同中的品名條款合同中

14、的品名條款(3)In the contract, it should be possible to use the international common name. International in order to the statistic of commodity taxation is the common classification criteria, the Customs Cooperation Council chaired made harmonized commodity description and coding system ( The Harmonized C

15、ommodity Description and Coding System, H.S coding system ). The system was formally implemented in January 1, 1988, China in January 1, 1992 using the system, the preparation of China Customs statistics, the GSP treatment, according to H.S. Therefore, our country in the name of commodity, should be

16、 with H.S. Set name suit.If the seller delivers the goods do not conform with the contract name or description, the buy side has right to reject the goods, and asked to put in a claim for damages.在合同中，應(yīng)盡可能使用國際上通用的名稱。國際上為了便于對商品的統(tǒng)計(jì)征稅時有共同的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，海關(guān)合作理事會主持制定了協(xié)調(diào)商品名稱及編碼制度（The Harmonized Commodity Descriptio

17、n and Coding System,簡稱H.S.編碼制度）。該制度于1988年1月1日起正式實(shí)施，我國于1992年1月1日起采用該制度、目前各國的海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，普惠制待遇等都按H.S.進(jìn)行。所以，我國在采用商品名稱時,應(yīng)與H.S.規(guī)定的品名相適應(yīng)。如果賣方交付的貨物不符合合同規(guī)定的品名或說明，則買方有權(quán)拒收貨物，并要求提出損害賠償。2.Stipulating Methods of Commodity Quality商品的品質(zhì)表示方法商品的品質(zhì)表示方法The quality of goods is the integration of intrinsic and the outer forms

18、or shapes of goods. Intrinsic attributes includes chemical, physical, mechanical properties and biological structure; the outer forms or shapes of goods includes shape, color, transparency, or style of the goods.在合同中，應(yīng)盡可能使用國際上通用的名稱。國際上為了便于對商品的統(tǒng)計(jì)征稅時有共同的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，海關(guān)合作理事會主持制定了協(xié)調(diào)商品名稱及編碼制度（The Harmonized Comm

19、odity Description and Coding System,簡稱H.S.編碼制度）。該制度于1988年1月1日起正式實(shí)施，我國于1992年1月1日起采用該制度、目前各國的海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，普惠制待遇等都按H.S.進(jìn)行。所以，我國在采用商品名稱時,應(yīng)與H.S.規(guī)定的品名相適應(yīng)。如果賣方交付的貨物不符合合同規(guī)定的品名或說明，則買方有權(quán)拒收貨物，并要求提出損害賠償。Methods of Stipulating Quality of Commodity商品品質(zhì)的表示方法商品品質(zhì)的表示方法 1. Sales by Physical Commodity 以實(shí)物表示商品的品質(zhì)以實(shí)物表示商品的品質(zhì) 1.1

20、 Sales by Sample 憑樣品買賣憑樣品買賣 The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. In merchandising, a sample is a small quantity of a product, often taken out from a whole lot or specially designed and processed, that is given to encourage customers to buy the

21、 product.樣本怎么來的？樣本怎么來的？Sales by sample includes 3 cases: 1) Sale by the sellers sampleSale by the sellers sample 2)Sale by the buyers sample 2)Sale by the buyers sample 3)The counter sample 3)The counter sampleSale by Sellers Samples are the samples which are usually sent by the seller to the buyer,

22、 also called original sample. The seller provide can represent the whole batch of delivery quality of small objects, namely a representative sample. And at the same time keep a copy or copies of the same sample, the sample is called duplicate. The sample dispached and the duplicate sample /file samp

23、le kept shall have the same article number so as to make it convenient for delivery, verification when handling quality or future transactions.憑賣方樣品是指由賣方向買方提供貨物的樣品，即原樣。賣方所提供的能代表整批交貨品質(zhì)的少量實(shí)物，即為“代表性樣品”。 同時，賣方應(yīng)留存一份或數(shù)份同樣的樣品，該樣品稱為“復(fù)樣”。一般來說，發(fā)出的樣品和復(fù)樣具有相同的編號，以備交貨或處理品質(zhì)糾紛時作核對之用。 Sale by buyers sample is define

24、d by Buyer s sample consultation transaction and contract, and by Buyer s sample delivery quality as basis, also known as sample contract.憑買方樣品買賣是指憑買方提供的樣品磋商交易和訂立的合同，并以買方樣品作為交貨品質(zhì)的依據(jù)，也稱“來樣成交”。A counter sample is a duplicate made by the seller according to the sample provided by buyer. After the confi

25、rmation of the buyer, the sample will serve as the basis of the transaction and delivery. A counter sample is also called a return sample. Actually, counter sample is a transfer from sale by buyers sample to sale by sellers sample. When a transaction is made based on the sample, the seller should ke

26、ep one or more equivalent samples for file, which are called duplicate samples.賣方根據(jù)買方提供的樣品，加工自制一個類似的樣品交買方確認(rèn)，在買方確認(rèn)后，這一樣品就作為成交和交貨的依據(jù)，稱之為對等樣品，也叫回樣。實(shí)際上是把憑買方樣品買賣，轉(zhuǎn)化為憑賣方樣品的買賣。根據(jù)樣品成交的交易，賣方應(yīng)留存一個或一個以上的樣品備案,即復(fù)樣。 1.2 Sales by inspection 看貨買賣看貨買賣Trading under this term, the buyer inspects the goods on the spot.

27、 For instance, various trade fairs, transaction and consignment of bulk agricultural products and heavy machinery, auction, exhibition, etc 現(xiàn)場實(shí)際看貨成交。如各種展銷會以及大宗農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品、大型機(jī)器設(shè)備的交易和寄售、拍賣、展賣等貿(mào)易方式都屬于看貨成交。2. Sales by Description 以文字說明表示商品的品質(zhì)以文字說明表示商品的品質(zhì) 2.1 Sales by Specification 憑規(guī)格買賣憑規(guī)格買賣 By specification o

28、f goods, goods that reflect the quality of some main indicators. Such as composition, content, purity, performance, thickness, length. Sale by specification is more convenient, accurate, can also be adjusted according to different applications, so this method is widely used in international trade. 【

29、Typical Case Link 1】 憑商品規(guī)格，即反映商品品質(zhì)的一些主要指標(biāo)。如成分、含量、純度、性能、長短、粗細(xì)。憑規(guī)格買賣比較方便、準(zhǔn)確，還可以根據(jù)不同用途予以調(diào)整，故這種方法在國際貿(mào)易中廣為運(yùn)用?！镜湫玩溄拥湫玩溄?1】 One Chinese foreign trade export company A exported to German company B a batch of marijuana. In the contract it was stipulated that the water should not exceed 15%, impurity not more

30、 than 3%. Before the deal, company A sent the sample to the customer and after the contract Company A advised “the sample is similar to the goods”. After the arrival of the goods in Germany, the buyer B showed the inspection certification, reading the goods quality was 7% inferior to the quality of

31、the sample, therefore the buyer claimed for 600 pounds of compensation. Company A refused the compensation and stated its reason by saying that the merchandise on delivery was selected because while producing, it was not possible for the goods to be made exactly like the sample. But it was also not

32、so far as lower than the samples quality by 7%.【Typical Case Link 1】中國A外貿(mào)公司向德國B公司出口大麻一批，合同規(guī)定水分最高15%，雜質(zhì)不超過3%，但在成交前，中國公司曾向?qū)Ψ郊倪^樣品，合同訂立后又電告對方“成交貨物與樣品相似”。貨到德國后，買方出具了貨物品質(zhì)比樣品低7%的檢驗(yàn)證明，并要求賠償600英鎊的損失。中國公司拒絕賠償，并陳述理由說：該方商品在交貨時是經(jīng)過挑選的，因?yàn)槭寝r(nóng)產(chǎn)品，不可能做到與樣品完全相符。但也不至于比樣品低7%。What mistakes are there in the Chinese company

33、A? 問題：中方公司的失誤在哪里？Can Company A just turn a blind eye and ignore it by saying that the deal is not by the sample? 問題：是否可以該商品并非憑樣成交為由而不予理賠？Question:Question:回答：賣方避免對交易貨物的品質(zhì)承擔(dān)雙重?fù)?dān)保義務(wù)（既憑規(guī)格又憑樣品）；雖賣方電文中告訴對方貨物與樣品相似，而不是完全相符，但買方有權(quán)保留索賠的權(quán)利；買方出具品質(zhì)比樣品低7%的證明，雖不符合實(shí)情，但賣方也拿不出留存樣品，故要賠償600英鎊。For example:Fresh Hen Eggs,

34、 shell light brown and clean, every in size Grade AA:60 65gm per egg Grade A:55 60gm per egg Grade B:50 55gm per egg Grade C:45 50gm per egg Grade D:40 45gm per egg Grade F:35 40gm per egg2.2 Sales by Grade憑等級買賣憑等級買賣Sale by grade, best in quality in terms of the provisions of each grade specificatio

35、ns2.3 Sales by Standard 憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣The standard is the government agency or the business community to some goods unified specifications or grades, and to the public, specific corporate standards, corporate standards, national standards, regional standards or international standards.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是政府機(jī)關(guān)或商業(yè)團(tuán)體對某一些商品

36、統(tǒng)一其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是政府機(jī)關(guān)或商業(yè)團(tuán)體對某一些商品統(tǒng)一其規(guī)格或等級，并予以公布，具體有企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，團(tuán)規(guī)格或等級，并予以公布，具體有企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、區(qū)域標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、區(qū)域標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 In addition, in international trade, on some quality changes greatly, and the scientific method does not, difficult to establish uniform standards, such as agricultural and sideline products, has

37、 the following two kinds of standard:另外，在國際貿(mào)易中，對一些品質(zhì)變化較大，不能和科學(xué)方法確實(shí)，難確定統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品，有以下兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： A、Fair average quality (FAQ ) is the international market of agricultural and sideline products standard. The agricultural product of each production year intermediate goods, or a quarter or a shipment in place

38、 of a single commodity average quality.For example:Chinese Groundnut, 1994crop, FAQMoisture(max.) 13%Admixture(max.) 5%Oil Content(min.)44%A、良好平均品質(zhì)、良好平均品質(zhì)俗稱大路貨，是國際農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品市場上通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。即農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的每個生產(chǎn)年度的中等貨，或某一季度或某裝船月份在發(fā)運(yùn)地的同一種商品的“平均品質(zhì)”。如：中國花生仁，1994年產(chǎn)，大路貨水分：最高13%雜質(zhì)：最高 5%含油量：最低44%B. Good Merchantable quality(G.M.Q)Fo

39、r the trading of wood and aquatic products, GMQ is employed to indicate the quality. GMQ means the goods is free from defects and is good enough for use or consumption. GMQ is usually not supplement with specification and when disputes arise because of the quality of the goods, exporters will have t

40、o be invited to make the arbitration.B、上等可銷品質(zhì)、上等可銷品質(zhì)也稱“精選貨”。在買賣木材和水產(chǎn)品時，可以采用“憑上等可銷品質(zhì)”方式?！皯{上等可銷品質(zhì)”是指賣方必須保證其交付的貨物品質(zhì)良好，合乎商銷，而無須以其他方式證明商品的品質(zhì)。但如果出現(xiàn)糾紛時，賣方卷入糾紛的仲裁。2.4 Sale by Description and Illustration憑說明書和圖表買賣憑說明書和圖表買賣 Aiming at the complex structure, the materials and design requirements are very strict

41、, illustrate its performance of large numbers of some goods, such as machinery, electrical, instrumentation. Sale by description and illustration, generally require a vendor quality assurance terms and technical terms of service. 針對結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、材料和設(shè)計(jì)的要求非常嚴(yán)格，說明其性能的數(shù)量較多的一些商品，如機(jī)器、電器、儀表等。 憑說明書和圖表買賣時，一般需訂立賣方品質(zhì)保證

42、條款和技術(shù)服務(wù)條款。 2.5 Sales by Trade Mark or Brand憑商標(biāo)或牌號買賣憑商標(biāo)或牌號買賣 Trademark brand name (Brand ) refers to the manufacturer or seller of the production or sale of commodity brands, also known as brand. Trademark (Trade Mark) is a brand of patterned, is a specific commodity sign. Trademarks and trademark by

43、 trademark law protection2.6 Sales by Name of Origin憑產(chǎn)地名稱買賣憑產(chǎn)地名稱買賣 Owing to some special factors like natural conditions and traditional production techniques in certain areas, the native products are renowned for their unique specialty in quality. So we can take the origin of the goods as character

44、istic of the commodity when stipulating the quality of goods such as France Perfume, German Beer, China Northeast Rice.3.Quality Clauses in Sales Contract合同中的品質(zhì)條款合同中的品質(zhì)條款Because quality clause is one of the essential terms and conditions in a contract, a breach of contract by the seller will lead to a very serious consequence. In order to facilitate the buyers performance of the contract, certain tolerance is allowed in commodity quality. In the quality clause concerning byproducts, quality latitude is stipulated, and as to manufactured goods, the concept of quality tolerance is applied