2020年職稱英語考試真題衛(wèi)生類B級補(bǔ)全短文(文字版)

1、2020年職稱英語考試真題衛(wèi)生類 B 級補(bǔ)全短文（文字版）2020 年職稱英語考試真題衛(wèi)生類 B 級補(bǔ)全短文真題已公布（文字版），出自 2020 年職稱英語教材衛(wèi)生類閱讀判斷第九篇： What Is a Dream 附譯文。詳情如下：What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special mean

2、ing.Others ，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tellus about a persons mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started

3、 to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In hisfamous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to

4、express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in reallife.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung ， however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicatea message to the dreamer. He thought peo

5、ple could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too littleof themselves.Modern-day psychologi

6、sts continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes thatdreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts,and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there i

7、s a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For

8、example, the people in mens dreams are often othermen,and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ou

9、rselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this： If you dream thatsomething terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that someterrible event will actually take place. Its im

10、portant to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.詞匯：psychologist心理學(xué)家 psychiatrist精神病學(xué)家Austrian奧地利的 gender性別注釋：1. Sigmund Freud 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 (1856 1939) ，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學(xué)家。精神分析學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人。他認(rèn)為被壓抑的欲望絕絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有性學(xué)三論夢的釋義圖騰與禁忌日常生活的心理病理學(xué)精神分析引論精神分析引論新編等。2. Carl Jung ：卡爾·

11、;榮格，瑞士精神分析專家，分析心理學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。3. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is nottrueof womens dreams. 例如，在男性夢境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性而且常與打斗相關(guān)，而女性的夢境則不是這樣。譯文：夢是什么幾百年來，人們都對他們夢到的奇異的事情感到疑惑。一些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，這種大腦的夜間活動并沒有特殊含義，另一些人則認(rèn)為， 夢是生命重要的一部分。實(shí)際上，很多專家認(rèn)為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。

12、近代以前，很多人認(rèn)為夢傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到 20 世紀(jì)，人們才開始從科學(xué)的角度研究夢。奧地利心理學(xué)家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學(xué)的方法 研究夢的人。在他的著作夢的解析 (1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道， 夢是一個人愿望的表達(dá)。他認(rèn)為夢打開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達(dá)在 生活中不敢表達(dá)的情感、思想和恐懼。瑞士精神病學(xué)家卡爾 ·榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學(xué)生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同，他認(rèn)為，夢的作用是給做夢的人傳遞一種信息， 而人們通過自己的夢，能夠?qū)ψ约河幸粋€更深刻的了解。比如，如果 一個人夢到從高處墜落，那么他應(yīng)該反思自己是不是自視過高。反過 來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應(yīng)該想想平時可能太看低自己了?，F(xiàn)代心理學(xué)家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關(guān)于夢的理論，來自位于圣克魯茲的 加利福尼亞大學(xué)的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認(rèn)為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說，一個罪犯就可能 夢到犯罪。多姆霍夫還認(rèn)為，夢和年齡也相關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人那么多夢。他認(rèn)為，做夢也是一項(xiàng)心理機(jī)能，也隨著年齡增長而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢和性別之間的關(guān)系。通過研究.他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男 性，而且常與打