演講的文體特點(diǎn)PPT精選文檔

1、1 Stylistic Feature of Speech2What is Pubic Speaking? Public speaking is the way of making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people and influence them. Types of Public Speaking Informative 信息性演講 Persuasive 勸說性演講3Qualification of a Good Speech A proper topic with a clear purpose 選題合適，意圖明確

2、 Wealthy contents and convincing materials 內(nèi)容豐富，有理有據(jù) Reasonable structure and logical development 展開得當(dāng)，布局合理 Appropriate Rhetoric 修辭得體4Basic Structure of a Speech Introduction Body Conclusion5Beginning the Speech Get the Audiences Attention Establish the need Reveal the topic and your interest or poi

3、nt of view Establish credibility and goodwill with the audience Preview the body of the speech6How to open your speech Asking rhetorical question 設(shè)問 Creating a suspense 懸念 Relating a story/an example 講故事/舉例 Citing a quotation 引言 Acknowledging audience/ referring to the audience 致謝/點(diǎn)題 Reviewing histo

4、ry 回顧歷史7Development of the Body Supporting Materials Examples 事例 Statistics 數(shù)據(jù) Testimony/Quotation 證言/引言 Transitions 8Organizational Patterns Topical Chronological Past/present/future Spatial Classification Problem/solution Cause/effect/solution 9Topical What issues will determine the 2004 President

5、ial Election? -Health Care -Economy -National Security 10classification Who will win the 2004 Presidential Election? -Independence -Democrats -Republicans11Conclusion/ending the speech Summarize Signal the end of the speech Motive the audience12How to conclude Summing up gist 總結(jié)要點(diǎn) Citing a quotation

6、 引言 Referring to the introduction 首尾呼應(yīng) Issuing a challenge or an appeal 提出挑戰(zhàn)，呼吁行動(dòng)13Language style Clarity and Economy 簡潔、清晰 Precision 準(zhǔn)確 Vividness 生動(dòng) Appropriate 恰當(dāng)14Clarity of language Avoid polysyllabic words. Use foreign words and phrases sparingly. Avoid technical language when speaking to liste

7、ners out of your profession.15Precision of language Use “omnibus” words sparingly Avoid hazy words Avoid words that have become emotionally charged labels (Synonyms)16 Concrete and precise具體準(zhǔn)確 Taxes will go up. Taxes will increase by 22 percent. She is wealthy. She makes 400,000 a year, has a winter

8、 home in San Diego and a summer home in Switzerland, and owns four different sports cars.17 用alarmingly （貶義）代替surprisingly（中性）使聽眾體會(huì)的巨大危險(xiǎn)或不愉快來臨時(shí)的吃驚，緊張得情緒。 用turnout(貶義）代替result(中性）使聽眾體會(huì)到結(jié)果得出人意料和不知所措。 用challenging(褒義)代替difficult(中性）使聽眾感受到困難的相對(duì)有趣和積極性。 用determined(褒義)代替unyielding(中性)時(shí)聽眾感受到講話人堅(jiān)決地毫不動(dòng)搖的決心。1

9、8Vividness of language Avoid the overworked words and expressions Use personal pronouns. Vary the sentence. Use figurative language occasionally. Use assertive sentence Use active voice19vividness 形象的描繪色彩、聲音、光、味覺、嗅覺等的感性語言稱之為生動(dòng)的語言（Beebe,1994:294） 富蘭克林羅斯福于1941年在日本偷襲珍珠港后在國會(huì)所做的演講 A date which will live

10、in world history. A date which will live in infamy.(一個(gè)遺臭萬年的日子)美國人們的憤慨和對(duì)日本侵略者的譴責(zé)20Assertive sentence The committee rejected the proposal. The proposal was favored by management21Active voiceManagement favored the proposal.The proposal was favored by management.22Vary the sentence “It is in vain, sir,

11、 to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? Wh

12、at would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!”23 “先生，大事化小，小事化無的做法無濟(jì)于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事實(shí)上戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)開始！不久北方刮起的風(fēng)暴即將帶來震耳的隆隆

13、炮聲。我們的弟兄已經(jīng)開赴戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，為什么我們還在這里投閑置散？諸君究竟希望什么？他們會(huì)得到什么？難道生命真的這樣可貴，和平真的這樣美好，竟值得用枷鎖和奴役為代價(jià)？全能的上帝啊，制止他們這樣做吧！我不知道別人選擇什么樣的道路，但對(duì)我來說，不自由，毋寧死！” 不自由，毋寧死帕特里克.亨利24 里根總統(tǒng)就挑戰(zhàn)者號(hào)航天飛機(jī)失事做的悼詞： This is a truly national loss. Nineteen years ago almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But

14、weve never lost an astronaut in flight. Weve never had a tragedy like this. And perhaps weve forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle.25appropriateness occasion/purpose/audience Check to make sure that the words you are using are not going to offend anyone. Sexist, ageist, racist26T

15、ips for Effective Speaking Overcoming Stage Fright Vocal Effects Visual Aids Nonverbal Means of Communication Types of Delivery27Vocal Effects Volume Pronunciation and Articulation Pitch and Inflections Rate Pause28Nonverbal Means of Communication Personal appearance Eye contact Posture Gesture Faci

16、al Expression29Types of Delivery Manuscript Delivery 念稿演講 Memorized Delivery 背誦演講 Impromptu Delivery 即興演講 Outline/Extemporaneous Delivery 提綱演講30Figures of speech Simile Metaphor Personification Antithesis Climax Synecdoche Metonymy Alliteration onomatopoeia31Simile “Five score years ago, a great Ame

17、rican, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity

18、.” “100年前，一位偉大的美國人今天我們就站在他象征性的身影下簽署了解放宣言。這項(xiàng)重要法令的頒布，對(duì)于千百萬灼烤于非正義殘焰中的黑奴，猶如帶來希望之光的碩大燈塔，恰似結(jié)束漫漫長夜禁錮的歡暢黎明?！?我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想 馬丁路德金32Metaphor “But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains

19、of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here t

20、oday to dramatize a shameful condition.” “100年后，黑人依然沒有獲得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲慘地蹣跚于種族隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物質(zhì)繁榮翰海的貧困孤島上。100年后，黑人依然在美國社會(huì)中間向隅而泣，依然感到自己在國土家園中流離漂泊?！?我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想 馬丁路德金33Personification Books cannot be killed by fire. People died, but books never die. No man and no force can abolish memoryIn this w

21、ar, we know, books are weapons. -by Franklin D. Roosevelt34Antithesis “I do not shrink from this responsibility - I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor wil

22、l light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we ca

23、n do for the freedom of man.” “在世界的悠久歷史中，只有很少幾個(gè)世代的人賦有這種在自由遭遇最大危機(jī)時(shí)保衛(wèi)自由的任務(wù)。我決不在這責(zé)任之前退縮；我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間會(huì)有人愿意跟別人及別的世代交換地位。我們?cè)谶@場(chǎng)努力中所獻(xiàn)出的精力、信念與虔誠、將照亮我們的國家以及所有為國家服務(wù)的人，而從這一火焰所聚出的光輝必能照明全世界。所以，同胞們：不要問你們的國家能為你們做些什么，而要問你們能為國家做些什么?！?約翰肯尼迪就職演講35Antithesis My love are many, my enemies are few. It was the best of time

24、s, it was the worst of times.36Climax層進(jìn) But no president, no Congress, no government can undertake this mission alone. -by Bill Clinton37Synecdoche The glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh see it together. -Martin Luther King38Metonymy39Alliteration And from our roots, we have drawn trem

25、endous power from two great forces-faith and freedom. -by Ronald Reagan40Onomatopoeia41Other kinds of rhetorical devices Parallelism Word repetition Rhetorical question Periodic sentence42Parallelism “With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing t