翻譯的語(yǔ)言對(duì)比規(guī)律I

1、第五章 翻譯的語(yǔ)言對(duì)比規(guī)律 （1）英漢語(yǔ)言差異n一、語(yǔ)義差異n二、詞法差異n三、句法差異n四、思維差異語(yǔ)義差異詞義的構(gòu)成n一個(gè)詞的詞義不是單一的個(gè)體，而往往是由多方面組成的統(tǒng)一體。詞義可以分成概念意義（Conceptual Meaning）和關(guān)聯(lián)意義（Associative Meaning）。n1）概念意義（Conceptual Meaning）：概念意義是詞義的核心，它直接地、明確地表示所指對(duì)象。實(shí)際上也就是詞典給詞下的定義。n2）關(guān)聯(lián)意義（Associative Meaning）：關(guān)聯(lián)意義是詞的附帶意義，包括詞的內(nèi)涵意義（Connotative Meaning），文體意義（Stylisti

2、c Meaning），感情意義（Affective Meaning）等等。nA. 內(nèi)涵意義（connotative meaning）：詞的概念意義的屬性。如比喻意義，象征意義，聯(lián)想意義等。E.g. Woman （概念） +人，-男人，+成年（內(nèi)涵）女性所有特征，品質(zhì)及屬性，生理，心理，社會(huì)，家庭角色等。Anyway, she is a woman. 這句話在不同的場(chǎng)合有不同的含義。nB. 文體意義（Stylistic Meaning）：語(yǔ)言中，有的詞可以用于所以場(chǎng)合，而有的詞只能用語(yǔ)特定的場(chǎng)合。前者具有中性文體意義，后者具有特定的文體意義（正式，非正式，方言土語(yǔ)，行業(yè)用語(yǔ)，俚語(yǔ)）。 e.g.

3、poor:colloquialgeneralliterarybroke, hard uppoorpoverty stricken n感情意義： 即詞的褒貶色彩，有中性詞，褒義詞，貶義詞之分。 nslim, thin, skinny 語(yǔ)義差異英漢詞義的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系 1）完全對(duì)應(yīng)2）部分或大部分對(duì)應(yīng)3）完全或大部分不對(duì)應(yīng)1）完全對(duì)應(yīng) 英語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)所表示的意義在漢語(yǔ)中可以找到完全對(duì)應(yīng)的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)，兩者的意義在任何上下文中都完全對(duì)等。（通用的科技術(shù)語(yǔ)和少數(shù)專有名詞）e.g. aluminum鋁 America 美國(guó) CIA（美國(guó)）中央情報(bào)局 zoology 動(dòng)物學(xué)2）部分或大部分對(duì)應(yīng) 譯語(yǔ)和原語(yǔ)詞在意義上部

4、分或大部分重疊，這是英漢詞語(yǔ)意義對(duì)應(yīng)的主要表現(xiàn)。e.g. parent 父親或母親 brother兄、弟 milk 奶（抽象）；人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具體） morning 早晨、上午3）完全或大部分不對(duì)應(yīng) 英語(yǔ)中一些帶有濃厚的社會(huì)文化、風(fēng)土習(xí)俗色彩的詞語(yǔ)，在漢語(yǔ)中找不到現(xiàn)成的對(duì)應(yīng)詞；反之亦然。e.g. teenager 十三至十九歲的男女 十幾歲的孩子，青少年 plumber （形成于“五角大樓文件”泄密事件后白宮設(shè)立的專門(mén)特工機(jī)構(gòu)。原意“鉛管工”，用以指特工，是借用“鉛管工”堵漏、防漏之含義）美國(guó)政府雇員調(diào)查泄密事件的特工一詞多義n1 I believed then that I would

5、die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. n2 The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. n 3 When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were beforen4 What a fine thing for our girls! n1. I believed then that I would

6、 die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. 這時(shí)我覺(jué)得我要死在那兒了，而下面山谷里的景致景致卻看得異常清晰。n2. The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. 大型哺乳動(dòng)物的大腦，就其體積而言， 是我們所知曉的最復(fù)雜的機(jī)體機(jī)體。n 3. When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were befor

7、e 每次完成之后，一切一切都依然如故n 4. What a fine thing for our girls! 真是女兒們的好福氣福氣??！Practice n1. Oh, what a story!n n2.Her story is one of the saddest. n n3. It is quite another story now.n n4. A young man came to the police office with a story. n n5. I have tried all I could do to silence such a story.n n6. It wa

8、s reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.Reference n1. Oh, what a story!n哦，好個(gè)謊言！(呵，你就編吧！)n2.Her story is one of the saddest. n 她的遭遇最慘.n3. It is quite another story now.n現(xiàn)在情形完全不同了。n4. A young man came to the police office with a story. n一個(gè)年輕人來(lái)到警察局報(bào)案。n5. I have

9、tried all I could do to silence such a story.n我已經(jīng)想盡辦法去壓下這個(gè)謠傳了。n6. It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.n據(jù)說(shuō)將軍已死，但官方拒絕證實(shí)這個(gè)消息。詞法差異n綜合性語(yǔ)言（synthetic language）n主要特征：綜合型語(yǔ)言主要通過(guò)詞匯本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義、詞與詞的關(guān)系,如括性（gender）、數(shù)（number）、格（case）、時(shí)（tense）、體（aspect）、語(yǔ)態(tài)（voice）、

10、語(yǔ)氣（mood）、人稱（person）、比較級(jí)（degree of comparison）等 。n分析性語(yǔ)言（analytic language）n主要特征：分析型語(yǔ)言中的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系主要不是通過(guò)詞匯自身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)，而是通過(guò)虛詞（助詞）、詞序等手段來(lái)完成的 詞法差異n1. 詞的分類n2. 詞的形態(tài)1. 詞的分類n1) 動(dòng)詞n2)量詞n3)語(yǔ)氣詞n4)代詞n5)名詞n6)介詞n7)冠詞n8)連詞1) 動(dòng)詞nA. 時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：n英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞有詞形變化，以表示動(dòng)作的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)；漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有詞形變化。漢語(yǔ)要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、需要加上表示時(shí)間概念的名詞或副詞。nB. 相比英語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞使用

11、頻率較高，動(dòng)詞可與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂詞組，擔(dān)任句子的各種成分。n1）前置的時(shí)態(tài)副詞: 過(guò)去、曾經(jīng)、剛剛、已經(jīng)、現(xiàn)在、正在、一直、將要n（2）附著的時(shí)態(tài)助詞: 過(guò)、著、了、起來(lái)n（3）后置的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)氣詞:了，來(lái)著nMrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. （p.71）n nI was and still am working as an English teacher in the school.n nWhat was I talking of?” said she, beginning again when they

12、were all in the street.n nMrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. （p.71）n朗太太剛剛來(lái)過(guò)，她把這是一五一十地全告訴我了。nI was and still am working as an English teacher in the school.n我過(guò)去是，現(xiàn)在仍然是這所學(xué)校的英語(yǔ)教師。nWhat was I talking of?” said she, beginning again when they were all in the street.n“我剛才說(shuō)什么來(lái)著？”等大伙

13、來(lái)到了街上，她又說(shuō)起來(lái)了。nI was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead body, and I still feel that stiffer sentences wouldnt change a thing.nI was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead body, and I still feel that stiffer sentences wouldnt change a thing.n我當(dāng)時(shí)在想，假如我被開(kāi)槍打死了，那他們就只能

14、對(duì)著我的尸體大發(fā)宏論，而我至今仍然認(rèn)為從嚴(yán)懲處毫無(wú)用處。2)量詞n漢語(yǔ)量詞：a.名量詞：一個(gè)人，兩只雞 b.動(dòng)量詞：去一次，等一下n英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有專門(mén)的量詞，多是用名詞表量詞的作用。 nBefore I arrived in sight of it, all that remained of day was a beamless, amber light along the west; but I could see every pebble on the path, and every blade of grass, by that splendid moon. (p.71)n我還沒(méi)有望見(jiàn)那座住

15、宅，天早已暗下來(lái)了，只有西邊天際還剩下一抹朦朧的琥珀色的余輝，但是我仍可借助皎潔的月光，看清小路上的每一顆石子，每一片草葉。n“No, read it over first correctly, without a single mistake.”n不行，先給我準(zhǔn)確的念一遍，不許有一個(gè)錯(cuò)。3)語(yǔ)氣詞n漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣助詞分類類：na. 陳述語(yǔ)氣詞: 的、了、呢（吶）、罷了、而已、啦等nb. 疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣詞: 嗎、吧、呢、啦、啊、么等；nc. 祈使語(yǔ)氣詞:吧、罷、呀、啊、啦等。n“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tireso

16、me! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”n“親愛(ài)的貝內(nèi)特先生，”太太答道，“你怎么這么令人討厭！告訴你吧，我在琢磨他娶她們中的一個(gè)做太太呢?！眓Just look at her face, red as an apple.n nJust look at her face, red as an apple.n你瞧她的臉喲，紅的跟個(gè)蘋(píng)果似的。Note n語(yǔ)氣詞使用差異性別差異nE.g. M: 走,吃飯。 F: 走吧，吃飯吧。4)代詞na) 英語(yǔ)代詞有性、數(shù)、格的變化；漢語(yǔ)代詞有性（她，他）和數(shù)（*們）的變化

17、，但沒(méi)有主格和賓格的變化。nb) 英語(yǔ)喜歡使用代詞，尤其喜歡使用人稱代詞和物主代詞；漢語(yǔ)中代詞使用頻率相對(duì)較低，尤其是物主代詞。英譯漢時(shí)，常將英語(yǔ)中的人稱代詞還原成它所取代的名詞，而物主代詞大多省略不譯。nA. Read books; they will give you knowledge and power. nB. She covered her face with her hands as if to protect her eyes. nC. He that cockers his child provides for his enemy. nA. Read books; they

18、will give you knowledge and power. 讀書(shū)吧，書(shū)籍給你知識(shí)和力量。nB. She covered her face with her hands as if to protect her eyes. 她用手捂住臉，像是要保護(hù)眼睛。nC. He that cockers his child provides for his enemy. 驕縱孩子，就是培養(yǎng)敵人。“Can you deny that you have done it?” she repeated.With assumed tranquility he then replied, “I have no

19、 wish of denying that I did everything in my power to separate my friend from your sister” (p.72)“你敢說(shuō)你沒(méi)干嗎？”伊麗莎白又問(wèn)了一遍。達(dá)西故作鎮(zhèn)定地答道：“我不想否認(rèn)，我的確竭盡全力拆散了我的朋友和你姐姐的姻緣”n代詞常見(jiàn)處理法： 一、如實(shí)保留 二、刪去不譯 三、換成它所指代的名詞 四、改成“其”、“之”之類的漢語(yǔ)代詞5)名詞A. 相比漢語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)中名詞的使用頻率更高，表示動(dòng)作時(shí)常使用具有動(dòng)作含義的名詞；而漢語(yǔ)則更喜歡使用動(dòng)詞。B. 名詞的數(shù)： 漢語(yǔ)中一般不特指出單復(fù)數(shù)。需要特別指出復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，須在名

20、詞前加上表示復(fù)數(shù)概念的數(shù)詞、量詞，或在名詞前加上“們”（僅用于指人）。nThe love of money is the root of all evil. nThe first acts were finally hammered out by the Western countries led by France to explore the possibilities of a rapprochement with that country.n nThe love of money is the root of all evil.愛(ài)財(cái)之心是萬(wàn)惡之源.nThe first acts wer

21、e finally hammered out by the Western countries led by France to explore the possibilities of a rapprochement with that country.n以法國(guó)為首的西方國(guó)家終于擬就了第一批行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，目的在于探索與中國(guó)修好的種種可能性6)介詞na) 英語(yǔ)中介詞非?；钴S，可以和其它詞類搭配成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。漢語(yǔ)中的介詞通常只跟其后的詞搭配做狀語(yǔ)。nb) 英譯漢時(shí)，英語(yǔ)中的介詞常常變成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，尤其是英語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)做表語(yǔ)時(shí)。nWesterners have their me

22、als with knives and forks, while the Chinese with chopsticks.n 西方人吃飯用刀叉，中國(guó)人吃飯用筷子。n His invention is of theoretical background as well as of practical use. n他的發(fā)明既有理論依據(jù)，又有使用價(jià)值。7)冠詞n英語(yǔ)有冠詞，漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有。翻譯時(shí)千萬(wàn)不要忽略冠詞的意義。a) 不定冠詞a, an 與one同源，表示“一”的概念時(shí)，常常需要翻譯出來(lái)。She picks up a magazine and began to read.她拿起一本雜志開(kāi)始讀起來(lái)。

23、b) 不定冠詞泛指某一種類，翻譯時(shí)不必譯出。We all thought him a suitable person for the job.我們都認(rèn)為他很適合這項(xiàng)工作。 8)連詞n英語(yǔ)使用大量連接詞構(gòu)成句子；漢語(yǔ)句子一般靠邏輯關(guān)系和詞序表現(xiàn)詞與詞、句與句之間的關(guān)系。英譯漢時(shí)，英語(yǔ)句子中的連接詞大多可以省略不譯。nHe fell in love with her, and she with him.n n You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours.n n Just drop in whenever you have time.n n Never giv

24、e advice unless asked.n nHe fell in love with her, and she with him.n 他愛(ài)上了她，她也愛(ài)上了他。n You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours.n 你替我說(shuō)話，我為你幫腔。n Just drop in whenever you have time.n 有時(shí)間過(guò)來(lái)坐坐。n Never give advice unless asked.n 別人不請(qǐng)求，千萬(wàn)別給人出主意。2. 詞的形態(tài)n1）英語(yǔ)中詞是句子的最小單位。而“字”是漢語(yǔ)特有的概念?！白帧北旧砭途哂幸欢ㄒ饬x，可以直接用來(lái)造句。n2）

25、疊字 漢語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的疊字現(xiàn)象有四種：nAA：人人、天天、個(gè)個(gè)、年年nAAB：呱呱叫、哈哈笑、隆隆響、拍拍手nABB：黑壓壓、亮晶晶、涼絲絲、熱乎乎nAABB：明明白白、堂堂正正、干干凈凈、清清楚楚nABAB：商量商量、研究研究、意思意思n廣泛運(yùn)用疊字疊詞以表達(dá)各種意義是漢語(yǔ)的一大特色。在英漢翻譯中，是當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)的重疊形式可以加強(qiáng)譯文的表現(xiàn)力，使之更加符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。nThe road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.nWalking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look.The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.路上擠滿了男男女女，他們熙熙攘攘，正在買(mǎi)賣(mài)各種各樣的東西。Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look.房間空空蕩蕩，他