河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試題庫(kù)

1、Unit 11. The devices, called defibrillators, fire an electrical shock to jolt the heart back into a normal rhythm if it starts to beat in a disordered way that can cause sudden death.(para.2)若心臟跳動(dòng)失常，則有可能導(dǎo)致猝死。這時(shí)，這種叫做心臟除顫器的裝置，能電擊心臟，使之恢復(fù)正常心律。 2. Professional societies set guidelines that specify when t

2、he defibrillators should be used, based on studies showing which patients they help.(para.5)基于除顫器對(duì)哪些患者有幫助的研究，職業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)制定操作指南，詳細(xì)說(shuō)明什么時(shí)候可以使用除顫器。 3. “I didnt expect the rate to be that high,” said Dr. Sana M. Al-Khatib, an associate professor of medicine at Duke University and the lead author of the study, w

3、hich is being published Wednesday in The Journal of the American Medical Association. (para.7)“沒(méi)想到比率會(huì)那么高，”杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)副教授薩娜·米·哈提卜博士、該項(xiàng)研究的帶頭人說(shuō)到。這項(xiàng)研究成果將于周三在美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)期刊上發(fā)表。4. Some of those patients will eventually need defibrillators anyway, but 30 to 40 percent will not, said Dr. Alan Kadish, a cardi

4、ologist who is president of Touro College (based in New York), and who wrote an editorial accompanying the article in the journal.(para.13)杜魯大學(xué)（位于紐約）校長(zhǎng)，心臟病專(zhuān)家艾倫·卡迪什博士認(rèn)為，不管怎樣，有些患者最終確實(shí)需要除顫器，但也有30%到40%的患者并不需要。他為期刊上發(fā)表的該文章寫(xiě)了篇評(píng)論。5. Neither hospital panels, insurance companies nor the government wanted

5、 to be given the power to decide who should receive a defibrillator. (para.20)醫(yī)院委員會(huì)、保險(xiǎn)公司，或是政府都不想獲得這種權(quán)利來(lái)決定誰(shuí)應(yīng)該植入除顫器。Unit 21.The plan for broad use of X-ray body scanners to detect bombs or weapons under airline passengers clothes has rekindled a debate about the safety of delivering small doses of rad

6、iation to millions of people-a process some experts say is certain to result in a few additional cancer deaths.(para. 1)廣泛使用X射線掃描儀來(lái)檢測(cè)乘客衣服下是否攜帶炸彈或武器的計(jì)劃重新引起了關(guān)于檢測(cè)給數(shù)百萬(wàn)人帶來(lái)的小劑量輻射的安全性的討論有些專(zhuān)家說(shuō)這項(xiàng)檢測(cè)肯定會(huì)導(dǎo)致另外一些癌癥死亡病例2.In a 2002 report on the safety of backscatter scanners, the National Council on Radiation Prote

7、ction and Measurements, which is highly influential in setting regulatory standards, said it “cannot exclude the possibility of a fatal cancer attributable to radiation in a very large population of people exposed to very low doses of radiation.”(para. 9)美國(guó)國(guó)家輻射防護(hù)與測(cè)量理事會(huì)在設(shè)定放射管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面極具影響力，該理事會(huì)在2002年關(guān)于反向

8、散射掃描器安全性的報(bào)告中指出：“不能排除大量人群暴露在低劑量輻射下（在接觸了低劑量輻射之后）致癌死亡的可能性?！?. The doses delivered by the scanners were tiny by any standard, and passengers would get the same dose in a few minutes in a high-altitude jet, where most of the earth atmosphere is not available to shield people from cosmic rays. (para. 17)按

9、照任何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看，掃描儀散發(fā)的輻射量都是很小的，與乘客乘坐高空飛機(jī)幾分鐘內(nèi)所受到的輻射是等量的，因?yàn)樵谀菢拥母叨认碌厍虼髿鈱訜o(wú)法保護(hù)人們不受宇宙射線的輻射。4. But rather than making an image from what passes through the body, as a doctor X-ray machine dose, backscatter machines measure what bounces back, producing an image of the passenger without clothing . (para. 20)醫(yī)用X光機(jī)使射線

10、穿過(guò)人體產(chǎn)生圖像，與之不同的是，反向散射機(jī)器測(cè)量反射量，形成一個(gè)乘客沒(méi)穿衣服的圖像5. The X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation , that is radiation powerful enough to strip molecules in the body of their electrons, creating charged particles that cause cell damage and are thought to be the mechanism through which radiation causes cancer.(

11、para. 20)X射線是一種電離輻射形式，也就是說(shuō)，輻射強(qiáng)度足以脫去電子所在體的分子，產(chǎn)生可以傷害細(xì)胞的帶電粒子，并且這被認(rèn)為是輻射致癌的機(jī)制。Unit 31. A computer tomography (CT) scan gives doctors a view of the troublesome area, but also subjects the patient to a dose of potentially hazardous radiation. So doctors face a dilemmathey can turn to CT, to save time and i

12、mprove their diagnosis, or they can err on side of caution, and spare their patient the radiation.CT掃描讓醫(yī)生可以看到患處，但也給患者帶來(lái)潛在的有害輻射。因此醫(yī)生陷入了兩難之境要么為了節(jié)省時(shí)間、提高診斷而采用CT掃描，要么寧可過(guò)于謹(jǐn)慎使病人免受輻射危害。2. A new study highlights the benefits of CT scan, adding to the growing debate surrounding this type of medical imaging. I

13、n the study, doctors recorded their diagnoses of patients with abdominal pain before and after a CT scan.一項(xiàng)凸顯CT診斷優(yōu)勢(shì)的新研究讓有關(guān)這類(lèi)醫(yī)學(xué)成像技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)論愈演愈烈。在這項(xiàng)研究中醫(yī)生記錄了腹痛患者使用CT掃描前后的診斷結(jié)果。3. Radiation exposure is of special concern for patients who receive multiple CT scans. In addition, there is a risk that improperly

14、performed scans may expose patients to radiation overdoses. And patients with recurring conditions, such as renal stones, end up with high doses from routine scan.輻射接觸問(wèn)題備受接受多次CT掃描患者的關(guān)注。此外，掃描操作不當(dāng)會(huì)使患者遭受的輻射過(guò)量。而且，像患腎結(jié)石之類(lèi)的復(fù)發(fā)病患者可能受到常規(guī)掃描帶來(lái)的大劑量輻射。 4.However，Miglioretti noted that the scans can reveal other

15、findings that turn out to be benign. Such findings may lead to follow-up tests and treatments patients dont need. Patients were not followed up over time to assess the potential harms of CT, such as overdiagnoses or increased radiation exposure, Miglioretti said.然而，米格麗奧藍(lán)緹指出CT掃描可以顯示其他良性結(jié)果的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能給患

16、者帶來(lái)一些不必要的后續(xù)測(cè)試和治療。米格麗奧藍(lán)緹還指出，患者卻并未被長(zhǎng)期跟蹤，評(píng)估其遭受CT的潛在危險(xiǎn)，比如過(guò)度掃描，即輻射接觸增加。5. The results of CT scans often lead doctors to change their diagnosis and management of patients. However, the benefits of these scans need to be considered against their risks.CT掃描結(jié)果常使醫(yī)生更改對(duì)病人的診斷結(jié)果及治療方案，但是這種優(yōu)勢(shì)還要建立在考慮其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的前提上。Unit41.

17、University of Utah (U of U) medical researchers have made an important step in diagnosing autism through using MRI, an advance that eventually could help health care providers identify the problem much earlier in children and lead to improved treatment and outcomes for those with the disorder. (para

18、 1)猶他大學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)研究工作者最近在運(yùn)用核磁共振診斷自閉癥這一領(lǐng)域取得了重要進(jìn)展。這一進(jìn)展最終將會(huì)幫助醫(yī)療服務(wù)人員在兒童群體中更早地發(fā)現(xiàn)自閉癥患者，并且改善該病的治療結(jié)果。 2. In a study published on October 15, 2010 in Cerebral Cortex online, researchers led by neuroradiologist Jeffery S. Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., U of U assistant professor of radiology, used MRI to identify areas wher

19、e the left and right hemispheres of the brains of people with autism do not properly communicate with one another. (para 2)發(fā)表于2010年10月15日的在線大腦皮層的一篇研究論文報(bào)道，由猶他大學(xué)放射系助理教授、神經(jīng)放射學(xué)家杰佛遜·S·安德森醫(yī)學(xué)博士、哲學(xué)博士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組使用核磁共振技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)：自閉癥患者的左右大腦半球某些區(qū)域并不能恰當(dāng)?shù)叵嗷ソ涣鳌?3. Other than increased brain size in young children

20、with autism, there are no major structural differences between the brains of people with autism and those who do not have the disorder that can be used to diagnose autism on a routine brain MRI. (para 4) 自閉癥幼兒的大腦體積會(huì)增加。除此之外，與正常人群相比，根據(jù)常規(guī)腦部核磁共振檢測(cè)，自閉癥患者腦部并沒(méi)有顯著的結(jié)構(gòu)性差異來(lái)診斷自閉癥。 4. The advances highlight MRI

21、as a potential diagnostic tool, so patients could be screened objectively, quickly, and early on when interventions are most successful. 這些進(jìn)展表明核磁共振是一個(gè)具有巨大潛力的診斷工具。借此，可以在治療干預(yù)效果做好的時(shí)候，及早地客觀迅速地對(duì)自閉癥患者進(jìn)行篩查。5. An increasing number of studies have shown abnormalities in connectivity in autism, but this study

22、 is one of the first of its kind to characterize functional connectivity abnormalities in the entire brain using MRI rather than in a few specific pathways. (para 6)越來(lái)越多的研究表明自閉癥患者腦部連接發(fā)生了病變，但這項(xiàng)研究是用核磁共振來(lái)描述自閉癥患者的整個(gè)大腦的功能連接異常，而非幾個(gè)特定通路異常的最早研究之一。 Unit51. The researchers found that screening high-risk peopl

23、e annually and low-risk people once in their lifetimes was a worthwhile and cost-effective approach to help curtail the epidemic .The screening would have to be coupled with treatment of HIV-infected individuals, as well as programs to help change risky behaviors. (Para 2)研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)：對(duì)高危人群進(jìn)行每年一次和對(duì)低危人群進(jìn)行一

24、生一次的篩檢在抑制該病流行方面相當(dāng)合算。此類(lèi)篩檢將與對(duì)HIV感染者的治療以及改變危險(xiǎn)行為的項(xiàng)目同時(shí)展開(kāi)。2. In 2006, the federal agency revised its guidelines to recommend that all patients ages 13 to 64 be screened for HIV, and many other professional groups, such as the American College of Physicians, advise routine patient screening as well. Still

25、universal screening, followed by treatment , has never been achieved in this country. (Para 7)2006年，聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)修改了指導(dǎo)方針，建議對(duì)13到64歲所有患者進(jìn)行HIV篩檢。很多其它專(zhuān)業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)，如美國(guó)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì) ，也建議患者做常規(guī)HIV篩檢。盡管如此，全民篩檢及后續(xù)治療在美國(guó)并未實(shí)現(xiàn)。 3. The researchers found that if all adults United States were screened annually, regardless of risk, the cost

26、 would be staggering-exceeding $750,000 per quality-adjusted life year gained. QALY is a measure of how long people live and their quality of life. (Para 9)研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果美國(guó)所有成年人每年進(jìn)行一次HIV篩檢，即使忽略掉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這項(xiàng)支出數(shù)目驚人生命質(zhì)量年每增加一年支出費(fèi)用會(huì)超過(guò)750,000美元。生命質(zhì)量年是用來(lái)衡量人類(lèi)生存年限和生活質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。4. “If you scale up screening but those people do

27、nt get treatment, you dont get as much benefit, ” Owens said. “If you scale up treatment but still have a lot of people who arent identified, then they arent going to benefit. You do the most for health outcomes by scaling up these programs together. They are synergistic.” (Para 12)歐文斯說(shuō)：“如果只是擴(kuò)大篩檢范圍，

28、感染人群卻得不到治療，他們將不能獲得相應(yīng)的好處。而如果只擴(kuò)大治療范圍，但還有很多人沒(méi)有檢查出HIV病毒，其好處也得不到凸顯。只有同時(shí)擴(kuò)大篩檢和治療范圍，人們才能從中獲取最大的健康利益。它們互相促進(jìn)?！?. Treating patients is important because it avoids complications and costly hospitalizations and also makes it less likely they will transmit the virus to others because the amount of virus in their

29、systems is low. (Para 13)對(duì)患者的治療十分重要，因?yàn)檫@可以避免并發(fā)癥和昂貴的住院支出，同時(shí)這也可以降低將病毒傳染給他人的幾率，之所以這么說(shuō)，是因?yàn)樵谒麄兊母鱾€(gè)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)病毒的數(shù)量是很少的。 Unit61. The Federal Bureau of Investigation recently opened its forensic DNA database of felony offenders and certain other arrestees to allow states to share information that does not exactly ma

30、tch blood, semen or other crime scene evidence but may come close enough to finger a relative.(Para1)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局（FBI）最近開(kāi)放了其所屬的重罪犯和其他某些被捕者的法醫(yī)DNA資料庫(kù)，目的是讓各州能共享信息。這些信息即使不能將犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采集的罪犯的血液、精液或其它證據(jù)與該庫(kù)所存的DNA精確配對(duì)，但足以指認(rèn)其可能涉案的親屬。2. When labs can show a match is close enough to indicate a likely relative-that is, whe

31、n at least one of the two versions (alleles) of the gene segment at each locus matches up-and there are no other leads, a new interim plan allows states to disclose identifying information on FBI approval.(Para3)當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室能夠出示足以指認(rèn)一名可能犯案的親屬的比對(duì)結(jié)果時(shí)（即當(dāng)每個(gè)基因座的兩個(gè)對(duì)位基因中至少有一個(gè)吻合時(shí)），在無(wú)其它線索的情況下，一項(xiàng)新的臨時(shí)規(guī)定允許各州在FBI核準(zhǔn)下公布指認(rèn)信

32、息。3. Princeton University sociologist Bruce Western questions the premise that familial searches will offer up strong leads, particularly as the databases expand under new laws to include more arrests, detentions and convictions for less serious crimes. (Para5 ) 美國(guó)普林斯頓大學(xué)社會(huì)學(xué)家魏斯頓懷疑“將搜尋擴(kuò)及家人能提供強(qiáng)有力的線索”這一

33、前提，特別是在依據(jù)新法律，資料庫(kù)將納入更多因較輕罪行而被逮捕、被拘留和被定罪者的資料的情況下。4. The database operates on a premise that Western says is severely at odds with criminological researchthat of criminality as a permanent trait.(Para6 ) 魏斯頓稱(chēng)，這種搜索資料庫(kù)依據(jù)的前提與犯罪學(xué)研究（對(duì)犯罪作有一種固定特征的研究）存在嚴(yán)重沖突。5. Arizona compared felons already in its database an

34、d reported 20 “hits” between offenders where both alleles matched at 10 loci. Only three would be expected based on established calculations. The extras could be relatives or even entirely coincidental matches.（Para 8）亞利桑那州最近比對(duì)了資料庫(kù)中的重罪犯，在其中找到了20個(gè)“命中”的結(jié)果：他們10個(gè)基因座的兩個(gè)對(duì)位基因全都吻合。但若根據(jù)原有機(jī)率計(jì)算，預(yù)計(jì)只會(huì)出現(xiàn)三個(gè)，而多出來(lái)的，

35、可能是親屬或完全巧合的情況。  Unit71. When the project to map human DNA was finally completed in 2003, many predicted a revolution. Drugs could be chosen to match individual patients with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effects, the advent of so-called personalized medicine. 2003繪制人類(lèi)DNA圖譜項(xiàng)目年終于完成，許多人預(yù)測(cè)這將帶來(lái)變革?？梢赃x擇與病人個(gè)體相匹配的藥物，使療效最大化而副作用最小化，即出現(xiàn)所謂的個(gè)性化醫(yī)療。2. But a summer spate of troubling stumbles for genetic-testing companies and programs shows just how long and twisting the road can be between advances in b