托福培訓(xùn)丨名師教你新托福閱讀總結(jié)題得高分

1、.托福培訓(xùn)丨名師教你新托福閱讀總結(jié)題得高分對(duì)于中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，雖然閱讀題是得分點(diǎn)，但是每當(dāng)提到托福閱讀的最后一道總結(jié)題(prose summary)的時(shí)候，很多同學(xué)都會(huì)抱怨讀不懂，做不對(duì)，做不完這“三不交響曲”。因此，這道題也就慢慢的被很多同學(xué)總結(jié)為是自己的硬傷，為此老師們也一直在為這個(gè)題苦苦摸索，希望可以探索到幫助學(xué)生快速解決這題的良方。那么在接下來(lái)的文章中，朗閣名師將會(huì)就總結(jié)題的快速解題方法展開(kāi)論述。首先我們需要知道所有的總結(jié)題題目都是由兩部分組成的：題干介紹句。An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is pr

2、ovided below. plete the summary by selecting the THREE answers that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.以上是題干。這個(gè)題的題干

3、在每篇TPO中都是一樣的，所以我們只需要看一次了解一下這個(gè)題的相關(guān)信息，以后就可以一勞永逸了。首先這個(gè)題干中提到了這道題目2分。它的給分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是錯(cuò)一個(gè)扣1分。言外之意就是從6個(gè)中選擇3個(gè)，3個(gè)全部選對(duì)，可以獲得2分。對(duì)了2個(gè)就是1分，對(duì)1個(gè)沒(méi)有分。有些同學(xué)認(rèn)為這種給分方法不公平，明明做對(duì)了一個(gè)為什么會(huì)不得分.但是筆者認(rèn)為這往往從另一個(gè)方面證明它是非常公平的。大家可以想想我們的目標(biāo)是從6個(gè)中選3個(gè)，你對(duì)了1個(gè)證明什么.這往往說(shuō)明這個(gè)題做的非常糟糕，我們沒(méi)讀懂，對(duì)這篇文章的了解和把握上面是有很大的問(wèn)題的，所以此時(shí)老外會(huì)認(rèn)為水平非常low, 所以就直接不給分。出國(guó)考試中的評(píng)分通常是這樣的，如果英語(yǔ)水平

4、非常高，老外允許你錯(cuò)1個(gè)或者2個(gè)還是給滿分，但是如果水平非常低就會(huì)直接打壓。在這個(gè)給分上面我們就不過(guò)分的爭(zhēng)議了，畢竟木已成舟。我們只需要知道這個(gè)評(píng)分規(guī)則，盡力去拿高分。其次題干中說(shuō)到在題干下面會(huì)有一個(gè)對(duì)全文總結(jié)的介紹句給出。但凡是研究過(guò)總結(jié)題的朋友都應(yīng)該知道這個(gè)introductory sentence不一定是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，有可能是對(duì)段落的總結(jié)。接下來(lái)我們來(lái)看幾個(gè)例子。An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the paragraph:Eg. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety

5、of foods and migrate seasonally to hunt forfood.（摘自Deer Populations of the Puget Sound）Eg. Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.（摘自Minerals and Plants）Eg. Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the described as

6、the Pacific islands, or Oceania.（摘自 The Origin of the Pacific Island People）An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage:Eg. There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early childhoods.（摘自Infantile Amnesia）Eg. Researchers use a number of techniques

7、 to determine how infants respond to changes in their environment.（摘自Methods of Studying Infant Perception）Eg. Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead children.（摘自Children and Advertising）為什么會(huì)把這個(gè)introductory sentence的不同類別列舉出來(lái).也許很多同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)會(huì)直接影響后面的解題方法。筆者提供解答這道題目的兩種方法：1. 根據(jù)介紹句直接做題：根據(jù)介紹句

8、直接做題這種方法有一個(gè)前提，就是此時(shí)介紹句是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)。但是此時(shí)同學(xué)們可能問(wèn)題又來(lái)了，我怎么知道這句話是對(duì)全文總結(jié)還是對(duì)于段落的總結(jié).因?yàn)榭偨Y(jié)題永遠(yuǎn)都是處于最后一題，所以當(dāng)有了前面那么多題目的鋪墊，我相信看到一句話是可以判斷出這句話是對(duì)全文總結(jié)還是對(duì)段落總結(jié)的。正確選項(xiàng)特征：1). 與介紹句中所討論話題一致2). 正確選項(xiàng)論述高度相似因?yàn)橹豢唇榻B句，所以此時(shí)我們要結(jié)合錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征一起考慮某個(gè)陳述是否正確。題干中也說(shuō)了minor ideas和ideas that not presented in the passage是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。細(xì)節(jié)和信息錯(cuò)誤不可以入選。信息錯(cuò)誤很好判斷，一般在前面的題目中

9、會(huì)留下線索。但是細(xì)節(jié)信息就不是很好判斷。細(xì)節(jié)信息的特征：1). 例子舉的例子肯定是為了證明前面的觀點(diǎn)，所以如果選項(xiàng)中看到文中提到的某個(gè)例子肯定是細(xì)節(jié)。Eg.Studies show that misleading tactics are used most often in mercials for breakfast cereals, with toy mercials using such tactics only slightly less frequently.（摘自Children and Advertising）.For example, the claim that breakf

10、ast cereal has a health benefit may be acpanied by the disclaimer when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast. .（摘自Children and Advertising）Eg.Isotopes of a given element have exactly the same physical properties, but their chemical properties are slightly different.（摘自Development of the Periodi

11、c Table）.For example, tellurium es before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the isotopes or varieties of each element.All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in th

12、eir number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass.2). 一類中的一種所謂一類中的一種指的是原文是對(duì)一個(gè)大X圍的描述，而選項(xiàng)是縮小X圍對(duì)其進(jìn)行論述。Eg.小明喜歡吃蘋(píng)果，香蕉，梨。如果選項(xiàng)說(shuō)小明只喜歡吃蘋(píng)果，這就是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檫@就是縮小X圍，只是我原文所述中的一種。而如果選項(xiàng)說(shuō)小明喜歡吃水果，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)則是對(duì)的，因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)原文進(jìn)行了概括。Eg. 1. Artificially producing the Duchenne smile can cause a person to have pleasant feelings. （摘自The

13、Expression of Emotions）Psychological research seems to confirm that people associate particular facial expressions with the same emotions across cultures.通讀選項(xiàng)和介紹句知道選項(xiàng)中的smile是facial expression中的一種，pleasant feelings是emotion中的一種，所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也偏細(xì)節(jié)。Eg. The number and sophistication of the architectural, adminis

14、trative, mercial, andreligious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.Teotihuacan may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the citys great prosperity.As a result of its large number of religio

15、us shrines, by the first century A.D., Teotihuacan became the most influential religious center in all of Mesoamerica.上面這個(gè)題是一個(gè)非常好的例子。選項(xiàng)1非常宏觀從architectural, administrative, mercial, and religious角度來(lái)討論這個(gè)城市崛起的原因。但是選項(xiàng)2僅從specific local religion討論，選項(xiàng)3提到religious shrinesX圍更小。所以只有選項(xiàng)1是符合對(duì)原文總結(jié)的，選項(xiàng)2 & 3都是細(xì)節(jié)。3)

16、. 某個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)通常情況下個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)也是為了說(shuō)明文章中的主題，所以個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)也是為了佐證其它論點(diǎn)，因此個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)也是細(xì)節(jié)。Eg. Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facial expressions was valuable for human beings.第一種方法直接通過(guò)介紹句做題就是直接看introductory sentence,并且結(jié)合錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)去排除，用其中一篇文章詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。Eg. The levels of education, the acquisition o

17、f wealth, and occupational prestige determine social status in the United States.（摘自Layers of Social Class）介紹句里面包括education level & wealth & occupational prestige和social status, 同時(shí)還是前者決定后者?；仡櫳衔乃岬降恼_選項(xiàng)特征，1). 必須和介紹句討論話題保持一致；2). 正確選項(xiàng)論述高度相似。所以正確的選項(xiàng)就不是很難判斷了。People who have made their money more recently

18、 tend not to be accepted by those who have inherited their wealth from family holdings.1里面所討論的是一批人不被另外一批人所接受，介紹句說(shuō)的是某某決定社會(huì)地位，所以話題不一致，直接排除。The lower classincludesworking people with low ine and a new underclass of people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.2里面提到lower class對(duì)應(yīng)social status,

19、提到people with low ine, people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime, 概括一下就是the acquisition of wealth, 所以2同時(shí)提到了介紹句里面的信息，先保留，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)我們沒(méi)有看原文，不要太武斷地直接選取或者排除。The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the upper middle class has a high ine that they earn their professions.

20、3里面提到upper class對(duì)應(yīng)social status, 提到acquire wealth through inheritance & earn their professions, 這是說(shuō)the acquisition of wealth。所以2和3里面在說(shuō)一件事，要選都選，要排除都排除。 Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for majority, it is difficult for many people to maintain this standard of living.4里面講到的

21、是中上層的生活方式，和很難維持這種生活方式，與介紹句中某某決定生活方式討論的不是一回事，所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)排除。 Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workers and service workers as well bureaucratic employees.5里面提到middle class對(duì)應(yīng)social status, 提到blue-collar workers, service workers & employees, 這是說(shuō)occupation。也就是說(shuō)什么樣的社會(huì)地位與之相匹

22、配的職業(yè)是什么樣的。選項(xiàng)5和選項(xiàng)2 & 3陳述一致。 It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States by working your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.6里面說(shuō)可以從一個(gè)社會(huì)階級(jí)移動(dòng)到另外一個(gè)社會(huì)階級(jí)。如果可以移動(dòng)那應(yīng)該沒(méi)有決定因素。所以此時(shí)把介紹句推翻了，與介紹句意思相反，不可選。此時(shí)正確選項(xiàng)就非常清楚了，選擇2 & 3 & 5。2. 讀每段的段首句，總結(jié)文章段落大意做題：在第一遍瀏覽文章的時(shí)候就應(yīng)該讀文

23、章的段首句以此了解文章的段落大意和文章大意。注意：1). 若首段很短（兩三句），首段需要全部讀完，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)極有可能在首段介紹文章的主要脈絡(luò)。若首段很長(zhǎng)就只需要讀首句。Eg.In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key fact

24、ors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.（摘自Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth）這篇文章就是圍繞increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade如何促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)展開(kāi)論述的。注意：2). 若首段首句是問(wèn)句，則需要找后面一兩句作為段落大意。Eg.How did those dense southern Maya population

25、s deal with the resulting water problem It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the kars

26、t by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.顯然這段的TS（Topic Sentence）不在首句，而是后面的The explanation is that.,知道了總結(jié)中心句之后，我們把每段的中心句合在一起就是對(duì)文章的總結(jié)。此時(shí)有個(gè)小技巧就是在草稿紙上用一兩個(gè)詞記錄中心意思。我們接下來(lái)看

27、一個(gè)具體的例子，看看知道了文章的段落大意之后怎么去解題（以下是文章的每一段首句）。Eg1.Young children are trusting of mercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook.2. General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exag

28、geration.3. Fantasy is one of the more mon techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.4. The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is mon in advertising.5. Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidenc

29、e is mixed.（摘自 Children and Advertising）以上是文章中每段的首句，接下來(lái)我們總結(jié)一下每段的意思。1. 兒童和廣告關(guān)系：兒童相信廣告，廣告利用孩子的信任誤導(dǎo)孩子。2. 誤導(dǎo)方法一：exaggeration3. 誤導(dǎo)方法二：fantasy4. 誤導(dǎo)方法三：celebrity5. 還是圍繞celebrity展開(kāi)討論所以這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰，主要在圍繞廣告如何誤導(dǎo)孩子展開(kāi)討論。我們看看最后的總結(jié)題。Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead children.Answer ChoicesAdvert

30、isements can be misleading to children when the advertisements use audio and visual formats that are especially appealing to children.Children may not be able to interpret exaggerated claims made by advertisers or understand the disclaimers used to offset claims.Although the use of celebrities is not necessarily e