英語精讀 第三冊第1單元.

1、Your College YearsBob HartmanR einforcementT ext AnalysisYour College YearsB ackgroundW arming upUnit 1Questions/ActivitiesCheck-on PreviewObjectivesUnit 1Warming upYour College YearsWarming upQuestions/ActivitiesWhat is the article mainly about? How much do you know about developmental changes? Wha

2、t does the author say that strikes you most?What is an identity crisis? Can you define “identity”?Are there any other key concepts mentioned in the text that you know about or want to know? Warming upQuestions/Activitiesdevelopmental changes: a psychological term which refers to the physiological an

3、d behavioral changes throughout the lifespanidentity: the qualities that make sb or sth what they arewho you are; what strengths and weaknesses you have; how you perceive yourself as well as how other people perceive you ( self image and the image you present to others)Erickson: The identity is “a s

4、ubjective sense as well as an observable quality of personal sameness and continuity, paired with some belief in the sameness and continuity of some shared world image.”Identity is highly relational. Warming upQuestions/Activitiesidentity crisis: the difficulties, confusions and anxieties that one g

5、oes through when he/she is not sure who he/she is and what his/her purpose in life isCheck-on PreviewGive three translations of “意識到”.Offer at least three examples of quotation that you can find in the text.Define the following words: heightened (para. 3); observe (para. 4).Warming upObjectivesUnder

6、stand the key psychological concepts.Understand the structure of the essay.Appreciate the formality of the writing style.Learn about some useful writing techniquesquotation, parallelism.Warming upBackgroundErik EricksonSigmund FreudUnit 1Your College YearsBob HartmanThe authorBob Hartman was born in

7、 Pittsburgh, the United States, and moved to England in the summer of 2000. He has been working as a storyteller for children for more than a decade and is a part-time pastor. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud: (1856-1939) Father of psychoanalysis, author of The Interpretation of Dreams, famous for his co

8、nception of the unconscious, libido, death instinct, the Oedipus/Electra complex, and structural model of human psyche. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Ed. J. Strachey with Anna Freud, 24 vols. London: 1953-1964). Background Erik Erickson: (1902-1994) Freud

9、ian ego-psychologist, “father of psychosocial development” and “the architect of identity.” According to Erickson, the identity crisis is the most important conflict human beings encounter when they go through eight developmental stages in life. Erik EricksonBackgroundBackground Erik EricksonStage (

10、age)Psychosocial crisisSignificant relationsPsychosocial virtuesMaladaptations & MalignanciesI (0-1)infanttrust vs. mistrustmotherhope, faithsensory distortion withdrawalII (2-3)toddlerautonomy vs. shame and doubtparentswill, determinationimpulsivity compulsionIII (3-6)preschoolerinitiative vs.

11、guiltfamilypurpose, courageruthlessness inhibitionIV (7-12 or so)school-age childindustry vs. inferiorityneighborhood and schoolcompetencenarrow virtuosity inertiaEight Developmental Stages Background Erik EricksonEight Developmental Stages Stage (age)Psychosocial crisisSignificant relationsPsychoso

12、cial virtuesMaladaptations & MalignanciesV (12-18 or so) adolescenceego-identity vs. role-confusionpeer groups, role modelsfidelity, loyaltyfanaticism repudiationVI (the 20s)young adultintimacy vs. isolationpartners, friendslovepromiscuity exclusivityVII (late 20s to 50s) middle adultgenerativit

13、y vs. self-absorptionhousehold, workmatescareoverextension rejectivityVIII (50s and beyond)old adultintegrity vs. despairmankind or “my kind”wisdompresumption despairDetailedAnalysisStructure StyleThemeUnit 1Text AnalysisYour College YearsWhat does the author mean by developmental changes? Why is it

14、 important for college students to be aware of them?Do you agree with the author that young adults are bound to go through an identity crisis? Is it necessarily a “dangerous” or “negative” incident in our life?Why does the author emphasize the change in the way of dealing with knowledge as an import

15、ant aspect of our growth?Text Analysis ThemeThemeCollege is designed to be a time of changes for students. Threatening the changes may be, they contribute to young adults growth and maturity. College students are experiencing a lot. Not only are they being introduced to new people and new knowledge,

16、 but they are also acquiring new ways of assembling and processing information. They are also proudly growing in their understanding of themselves, others and the world. Style Genre: expository essay, e.g. formal, serious, academic, educational2. Diction: big, complicated, formal words, technical ja

17、rgon, e.g. personnel, occur, adolescence, adulthoodSyntax: long, involved sentences, e.g. paras. 4, 6 (During the course)Text Analysis Style 4. Techniques:quotation, e.g. in(source); according to; sb remarks/observes/comments/points out/defines parallelism, e.g.words (para. 2): strengths and weaknes

18、ses phrases (para. 2): determined by genetic endowment; shaped by environment; influenced by chance events sentences (para. 1): 3 consecutive questions other techniques?Para. 3 is developed by _. Para. 4 is developed by _ & _. How do we make a quotation?Text Analysiscomparisoncategorizationquota

19、tion1Text Analysis StructurePara. 1Introduction:Key developmental changes occur during college years.2Paras. 2-9Detailed discussion:Detailed discussion of these changesPara. 2: Identity crisisParas. 3-4: Dependence/ independence strugglePara 5: Establishing sexual identityPara 6: Relating to people

20、aroundPara 7: Internalizing faith, valuesPara 8: New ways of learningPara 9: Relating to people of other cultures 3Para.10Conclusion:College is a time of personal growth and expansion. What goals do you have for your growth and maturity during your college years? Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart I

21、: Discussion The article starts with three questions beginning by “Have ever?”. This structure is typically used to emphasize “是否曾經(jīng)?”. You will have to pay attention to the intended diction of the expressions of “你是否曾經(jīng)想到過?”. What if the author had used the same structure “Have you ever considered ”

22、three times? Try to learn to use different structures or expressions to convey the same idea in your writing and speaking. If you have formed the habit of learning English this way, then you are well on your way to success: Have you ever considered ? Has it ever occurred to you that ? Has it dawned

23、on you that ?Two usage patterns of the word “occur” If a thought or idea occurs to you, you suddenly think of it or realize it. Sth. occurred to sb./ones mind A smart idea occurred to me. The same idea had occurred to Elizabeth. His name simply did not occur to my mind. It occurred to sb that It nev

24、er occurred to me that Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston could get divorced. It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone. It occurred to sb. to do sth. It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her. It did not occur to me to check my insurance policy. It didn

25、t occur to her to ask how hed found her. It never occurs to him to help the poor and the old. Suppose it didnt occur to you to phone the police? It never seems to occur to my children to contact me.personnel ,p:snel n. plural 職員, 員工: the people who work in a company, organization, or military force

26、= staff The personnel of an organization are the people who work for it. a change of personnel on the management team There has been very little renewal of personnel in higher education. military/medical/technical etc personnel Since 1954 Japan has never dispatched military personnel abroad. senior

27、military personnel doctors and other medical personnel All personnel are to receive security badges. uncount人事部門: the department in a company that chooses people for jobs and deals with their complaints, problems etc = human resources Personnel is the department in a large company or organization th

28、at deals with employees, keeps their records, and helps with any problems they might have. the personnel department A copy should then be sent to Personnel for our files. Her first job was in personnel.dawn d:n n.黎明；開端，起始 vi.破曉；開始，出現(xiàn)Just imagine how the senses of the word are metaphorically associat

29、ed.the beginning of the day, when it begins to get light: I dont think he went to sleep until dawn. at dawn: They had decided to leave at dawn. at the crack of dawn (=very early in the morning): We had to get up at the crack of dawn. dawn breaks (=starts): As dawn broke, lines of people began to for

30、m at all the border crossings. We left as dawn was breaking. We left at the break of dawn. from dawn till dusk (=all day): He had worked from dawn till dusk without a break.the dawn of something (MAINLY LITERARY): the time when something such as a new period in history begins the dawn of the radio a

31、gedawn When you say that a particular day dawned, you mean it arrived or began, usually when it became light. (WRITTEN) When the great day dawned, the first concern was the weather. The big day dawned with a howling wind and heavy rain. As 1990 dawned, few people could have predicted the dramatic ch

32、anges that were to take place in eastern Europe during that year. If something is dawning, it is beginning to develop or come into existence. (WRITTEN) Throughout Europe a new railway age, that of the high-speed train, has dawned. If something such as a thought or a feeling dawns, you begin to reali

33、ze, understand, or feel it. Gradually the truth about him dawned. dawn that: The realization dawned that few of them would survive. It began to dawn that something was wrong. It eventually dawned that he wouldnt be coming back.“dawn on sb” or “dawn upon sb” If a fact or idea dawns on you, you realiz

34、e it. = strike It gradually dawned on me that I still had talent and ought to run again. Little by little it dawned on Archie that his wife was not coming back. Then the ghastly truth dawned on me. It dawned on me that Joanna had been right all along. Suddenly it dawned on me that they couldnt possi

35、bly have met before.Para. 2Explain the sentence “How people see themselves in both roles is unquestionably a part of their identity.” What does “both roles” refer to? Give examples to show how identity is determined.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Discussion perceive psi:v vt.感知，感覺，察覺；注意到，意識到

36、，人為，理解TECHNICAL: to notice something using your SENSES (=your ability to see, hear, smell, etc.)FORMAL: to notice or realize something: I perceived a change in his behaviour. He quickly perceived the truth. She perceived that all was not well. The doctor had perceived that something was troubling he

37、r. The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing.often passive to understand or think about something in a particular way: School heads perceive their roles in different ways. Computers were often perceived as a threat. politicians who are generally perceived to be corrupt a perceived ad

38、vantage/need/threat (=one that people think is real): The most important problem is the perceived threat to public health.Sentence Patterns in the 2nd Para. According to , in an article discussing in , identity is determined by , shaped by , and influenced by . 根據(jù)某人在發(fā)表的討論的一篇文章， Parallel structures i

39、n the sentence. Specific words for the specific ideas you intend to convey.Paras. 3-4 Did you experience independence/dependence struggle in your later adolescence stage? Why does the author say it may be heightened by the students choice to pursue a college education? What are the four distinct asp

40、ects of late adolescents psychological separation from their parents? Why should college students stand back to see where they are in the independence/dependence struggle? How is para. 4 developed?Part II: Discussion “yet” conj. 但，然而 You can use yet to introduce a fact which is rather surprising aft

41、er the previous fact you have just mentioned. = but It is completely waterproof, yet light and comfortable. He looks cheerful yet somehow sad at the same time. I dont eat much, yet I am a size 16. They had plenty of time, yet she felt there was almost none. The novel is 800 pages long, yet it reads

42、more quickly than many shorter books. What is the difference between the first two and the last three sentences?“yet” 的一些特殊用法 (1) Review or learn by yourselves the different uses and usages of the word “yet” 1. 用于否定與疑問句：“還沒有”，“已經(jīng)”：You use yet in negative statements to indicate that something has not

43、 happened up to the present time, although it probably will happen. You can also use yet in questions to ask if something has happened up to the present time. In British English the simple past tense is not normally used with this meaning of yet. They havent finished yet. No decision has yet been ma

44、de. She hasnt yet set a date for her marriage. -Has the murderer been caught? -Not yet. Have you met my husband yet? Hammer-throwing for women is not yet a major event.“yet” 的一些特殊用法(2) 2. 用于否定句：“現(xiàn)在暫時先不要做”， ：“現(xiàn)在暫時還不能” ：If you say that something should not or cannot be done yet, you mean that it shoul

45、d not or cannot be done now, although it will have to be done at a later time. Dont get up yet. The hostages cannot go home just yet. I cant leave the hospital yet. The doctor says maybe tomorrow. Dont get too excited just yet. None of these plans are definite. Im going back to New York, but not yet

46、. We should not yet abandon this option for the disposal of highly radioactive waste. 3. 用于否定句：“當時還沒有”，“當時還不”：You use yet with a negative statement when you are talking about the past, to report something that was not the case then, although it became the case later. There was so much that Sam didnt

47、 know yet.He had asked around and learned that Billy was not yet here.“yet” 的一些特殊用法(3)4. 與最高級一起使用：“目前為止最”：You use yet after a superlative to indicate, for example, that something is the worst or the best of its kind up to the present time. This is the BBCs worst idea yet. Her latest novel is her bes

48、t yet. In terms of profits, the company is preparing to face its worst year yet. This will be the presidents most important speech yet. one of the toughest warnings yet delivered5. “盡管到目前為止都失敗，但仍然還是有可能的”：You can use yet to say that there is still a possibility that something will happen. = still A n

49、egotiated settlement might yet be possible. This victory could yet put the team into the finals. Lawrences body was never found, and he may yet be alive.6. “還會有一段時間”：You can use yet after expressions which refer to a period of time, when you want to say how much longer a situation will continue for.

50、 Unemployment will go on rising for some time yet. The election wont take place for three weeks yet. Nothing will happen for a few years yet.“yet” 的一些特殊用法(4)7. 用于“have yet to do something”這一結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“竟然到目前為止還沒有過”：If you say that you have yet to do something, you mean that you have never done it, especia

51、lly when this is surprising or bad. She has yet to spend a Christmas with her husband. He has been nominated three times for the Oscar but has yet to win.8. “更甚”，“更進一步”：You can use yet to emphasize a word, especially when you are saying that something is surprising because it is more extreme than pr

52、evious things of its kind, or a further case of them. I saw yet another doctor. They would criticize me, or worse yet, pay me no attention. It is plain to see we will not have anything to eat yet again.9. “直到現(xiàn)在為止還”：You use as yet with negative statements to describe a situation that has existed up u

53、ntil the present time. (FORMAL) As yet it is not known whether the crash was the result of an accident.“very much”的特殊用法 You use very much to emphasize that someone or something has a lot of a particular quality, or that the description you are about to give is particularly accurate. be very much som

54、ething： Were very much a family, and we stick together. Foxhunting had always been very much the sport of the ruling class in the U.K. a man very much in charge of himself She looks very much like her mother. In fact, it may be heightened by their choice to pursue a college education. (para. 3) Actu

55、ally, if the students choose to go to college to continue their education, they will face an even more serious struggle between the desire to be independent and the need to depend on the financial support of their parents.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Paraphrasestand back The original meani

56、ng: to move a short distance away from something or someone: Please stand back - then all of you will be able to see what Im doing. If you stand back and think about a situation, you think about it as if you were not involved in it. = step back：要識廬山真面目，必須身置此山外 Stand back and look objectively at the

57、problem. College students need to stand back and see where they are in the independence/dependence struggle. (para. 4) (In the face of the arrays of challenges,) it is necessary for college students to avoid getting too emotionally involved in the struggle and try to get a clear idea of their situat

58、ion.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: ParaphrasePara. 5 What is meant by “establishing their sexual identity”? Why is it stressful?Part II: Discussion project used as a verb (1) projector prdekt: n. 放映機 A projector is a machine that projects films or slides onto a screen or wall. Why is the mac

59、hine called “a projector?” a 35-millimetre slide projector an early movie projector An overhead projector is a machine that has a light inside it and makes the writing or pictures on a sheet of plastic appear on a screen or wall. The abbreviation OHP is also used.“project” used as a verb (2) If some

60、thing is projected, it is planned or expected. Africas mid-1993 population is projected to more than double by 2025. The government had been projecting a 5% consumer price increase for the entire year. a projected deficit of $1.5 million If you project someone or something in a particular way, you try to make