微生物復(fù)習(xí)題具答案

1、Test 1: Development of MicrobiologyMultiple-choice:1. The fundamental unit of all living organisms is the:A. membrane B. cell C. nucleus D. cell wall2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:A. fungi B. eukaryotic C. prokaryotic D. nankaryotic3. The three kingdom classificat

2、ion system of organisms was proposed by:A. Pasteur B. Bacon C. Winogradsky D. Woese 4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composed of , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanA. chitin B. phospholipids C. protein D. glucosami

3、ne5. The first microscopes were developed by:A.Ehrlich B. Metchnikoff C. Leewenhoek D. Lister6. The term "antibiotic" means:A. a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsB. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsC. a substa

4、nce produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganismsD. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells7. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:A. RNA B. DNA C. protein D. lipidFILL IN BLANKS:1. Organisms that contain a true nucl

5、eus are called_eukaryotic_2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _prokaryotic_3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _archaea and the _eubacteria_.4._anaerobes_ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organi

6、c compounds from CO2 are called _autotroph_.6. _phototrophs are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. Heterotroph require organic compounds for growth. 8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as_thermophile_. 9. _methan

7、ogen_ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. _halophile_organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_ b._cylindrical or rod_ c._ spirals _ d._irregular or filament_絲狀體_12.Fungi, algae and p

8、rotozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_eukaryotic_ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _chitin_. 14. Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_surrounded by a protein coat.15. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called: _p

9、asteurization_ .18 .An _antibiotic_is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.19. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_immunization_. 20. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as _an

10、titoxin_or _antibody_. 22. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as_conjugation_. 23. _thansformation_ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.l. Anton Leeuwenhoeka. immunization 2. Louis Pasteurb. three kingdom classification based on rRNA3

11、. Robert Kochc structure of DNA4. Alexander Flemingd. first microscope5. Edward Jennere. rabies vaccine6. Watson and Crickf. penicillin7. . Carl Woeseg. established that bacteria can cause diseaseTest 2: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the mem

12、brane is referred to as the: A. bilayer model B. fluid mosaic model C. trilayer model D. permeable model3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: A. diffusion B. osmosis C. translocation D. transport4. The membrane of a cell is

13、able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a _ barrier. A. semipermanent B. Semitransparent C. Semipermeable D. semidiffuse 5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called: A. facilitated diffusion B. passive diffusion C. Osmosis D. permeation6.

14、 Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules with chemical alteration? A. active transport B. group translocation C. facilitated diffusion D. binding protein transport7. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes? A. active transport B. group translocation C. f

15、acilitated diffusion D. binding protein transport8. Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component; penicillin prevents its formation . A. lipopolysaccharide B. Phospholipid C. Peptidoglycan D. teichoic acid9. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lys

16、ozyme leaves a cell called a:A. protoplast B. spheroplast C. periplast D. capsule10. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as: A. iRNA B. mRNA C. rRNA D. tRNA11. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein

17、 synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis? A. golgi apparatus B. rough ER C. smooth ER D. microbody12. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan layer comprises

18、 _% of the cell wall. A. 90 B. 50 C. 30 D.1013. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cell? A. cell membrane B. a nucleoid C. ribosomes D. capsule14. Pili are tubular shafts in bacteria that serve as a means of .A. gram-positive, genetic exchange B. gram-positive, attachment C. gram-n

19、egative, genetic exchange D. gram-negative, protection15. Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?A. transport B. motility C. support D. adhension16. Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell wall?A. an outer membrane B. peptidoglycan C.

20、teichoic acid D. lipopolysaccharides17. Mesosomes are internal extensions of the A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. chromosome D. capsule 18. Bacterial endospores function in A. reproduction B. survival C. Protein synthesis D. storage 19. A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described

21、as a .A. micrococcus B. tetrad C. Diplococcus D. sacina 20. In general, if two haploid cells fuse, will result.A. a germ cell B. mitosis C. a diploid zygote D. meiosis 21. The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes:A. fungi B. algae C. Protozoa D. A and B22. Yeasts are fungi, and molds are fungi.A.

22、macroscopic, microscopic B. unicellular, filamentous C. motile, nonmotile D. water, terrestrial23. In general, fungi derive nutrients through A. photosynthesis B. engulfing bacteria C. digesting organic substrates D. parasitism24. A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called .A. nonsep

23、tate B. imperfect C. septate D. perfect 25. A conidium is a/an spore, and a zygospore is a/an spore.A. sexual, asexual B. free, endo C. ascomycete,basidiomycete D. asexual, sexual 26.Algae generally contain some types of A. spore B. chlorophyll C. locomotor organelle D. toxin27. Mitochondria likely

24、originated from A. archaea B. invaginations of the cell membrane C. purple bacteria D. cyanobacteria 28. A virus is a tiny infectious A. cell B. living thing C. particle D. nucleic acid29. Virus are known to infect A. plants B. bacteria C. fungi D. all organisms30. The capsid is composed of protein

25、subunits called A. spikes B. virions C. protomers D. capsomers31. The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the of its host cell. A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. glycolyx D. receptors32. The nucleic acid of a virus is A. DNA only B. RNA only C. both DNA and RNA D. either DNA or RNA 33. The ge

26、neral steps in a viral multiplication cycle are A. adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, and releaseB. endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and buddingC. adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, and lysisD. endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis3

27、4. A prophage is an early stage in the development of a/anA. bacterial virus B. poxvirus C. lytic virus D. enveloped virus35. Enveloped viruses carry surface receptors called A. buds B. spikes C. fibers D. sheaths 36. Viruses cannot be cultivated in A. tissue culture B. live mammals C. bird embryos

28、D. blood agar37. The protein coat structure of the virus is called a:A. coat B. envelop C. receptor D.capsid38. The composition of the envelop of some viruses is:A. phospholipids and proteins coded by the viral genome B. phospholipids and proteins coded by the host genomeC. phospholipids coded by th

29、e host genome and proteins coded by the viral genome D. phospholipids coded by the viral genome and proteins coded by the host genome39. In some cases intact viruses are not needed to infect a cell. Infectious protein molecules that can cause disease are given the term:A. prions B. viroids C. Capsom

30、ers D. VirionsFILL IN BLANKS:1. Most cells use energy in the form of_ ATP_ to run the cell.2. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall is called the _periplasmic space_.2. Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called_plasmids_.3. The fluid inside

31、 a cell is referred to as the _cytoplasm_.4. The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the _nucleus_.5. Bacteria stained by the gram method fall into two groups: Gram positive bacteria (G+), appear deep violet in color; Gram negative bacteria (G-) appear red in color.6. Staphylococcus a

32、ureus金黃色葡萄球菌 stained by the gram method appear deep violet in color7. Escherichia coli 大腸桿菌stained by the gram method appear red in color.8. The cell walls of most Gram-positive eubacteria have peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.9. The outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall contains phospholipi

33、d on its inner surface and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on its outer surface. 10. Among the more prominent bacterial inclusions are Carbon storage polymers PHB and glycogen、Phosphate polymer、Sulfur Granules、Gas Vacuoles。 11. Bacteria normally reproduce by Transverse binary fission. 12. The term nucleoid

34、 is used to describe aggregated DNA in the prokaryotic cell.13. The bacterial chromosome is usually a single covalently closed circular molecule.14. Plasmids dont contain the genetic information for the essential metabolic activities of the cell, but they generally do contain genetic information for

35、 special features. 15. The major types of plasmids are Resistant plasmids、Col plasmids、Conjugative plasmids、Metabolic plasmids、Virulence plasmids。16. Bacteria that produce extensive filaments絲狀體, such as Nocardia諾卡氏菌屬species, reproduce by fragmentation of the filaments.17. The methanogens甲烷微生物, extr

36、eme halophiles嗜鹽微生物and thermoacidophiles嗜酸微生物existed in extreme environments are termed as archear.18. Mycorrhiza 菌根is a symbiotic association of a fungus with the roots of a higher plants. 19. Lichens 地衣are composite organisms composed of fungi and algae, each contributing to the benefit of both. 1

37、. Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cell. List the properties that are common to both types. List the properties that are different in these two cell types. 2.The discovery of the bacterial endospore was of great practical importance. Why?3. What are the unique features of

38、 microorganism?4. List several applied areas of microbiology? Describe the importance of microorganisms in each of these applied fields.5. Discuss the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.6. What are some major differences between gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.7. Draw a ty

39、pical bacterial cell and identify all parts.8. List the sexual spores and asexual spores of fungi.9. Define the following termsarchaea, flagellum, bacterial chemotaxis, capsule, spore, mesosome, plasmid, simple staining, Gram staining, colony, lytic bacteriophage, temperate bacteriophage, Virus, HIV

40、, SARS, Actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, Lichen, mycorrhizaMicrobial ecology1. A group of microorganisms coexisting together in a given location is referred to as a:A. ecosystem B. population C. clones D. community 2. A native population is called: A. indigenous B. neutral C. obligatory D. community3.

41、A foreign population is referred to as a_ population. A. Autochthonous B. allochthonous C. xenochthonous D. chorochthonous4. The rhizosphere effect is an example of: A. commensalisms B. competition C. synergism D. cometabolism5. Organisms that grow on the surface of other organisms are called: A. sy

42、mbiotic B. epiphytic 附生的 C. lichens D. lichens6. Lichens are symbiotic relationship between fungi and: A. algae B. eubacteria C. protozoa D. archeabacteria7. Bgcteria that live within protozoa are and example of an: A. nonobligatory endosymbiotic relationship B. nonobligatory autochthonous relations

43、hip C. obligatory endosymbiotic relationship D. obligatory autochthonous relationship8. Which of the following bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen? A. Rhizobium B. Xanthomonas C. Agrobacterium D. Agrobacterium9. Ruminant bacteria utilize bacteria to degrade which of the following substrates? A.

44、chitin B. keratin C. galactose D. cellulose10. Luminescent bacteria engage in a symbiotic relationship with invertebrates and fish. In this relationship the fish contribute which of the following? A. energy B. food C. oxygen D. nitrogen11. Which of the following describes parasitism and not endosymb

45、iosis? A. parasitism is a relationship in which both host and parasite are harmed. B. parasitism is a relationship in which the parasite is harmed and the host is unaffected C. parasitism is a relationship in which the host is harmed and the parasite is unaffected. D. parasitism is a relationship in

46、 which both the host and parasite benefit.12. Bacterial plant pathogens are called _ by the USDA. A. bacteroids B. plant pests C. plant bugs D. plant germs13. Which of the following organisms causes crown gall tumors? A. Agrobacterium B. Xanthomonas C. Erwinia D.  Spiroplasma14. Most plant dise

47、ases are caused by: A. fungi B. bacteria C. viruses D. viroids15. Which of the following is not an effective biological control method for controlling plant pathogens? A. use of resistant crops B. use of viral pesticides C. use of bacterial pesticides D. use of fungal pesticides16. The greenhouse ef

48、fect is due to: A. excess production of CO-OH by burning of fossil fuels B. excess production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuels C. excess production of CO by burning of fossil fuels D. excess production of CH4 by burning of fossil fuels17. Which is the lowest trophic level in the food web? A. primar

49、y producers B. grazers C. predators D. hetertrophic organisms24. Decomposition of organic matter in streams and lakes leads to a decrease in: A. CO2 B. O2 C. CH4 D.NH3Test 10: Genetic Variation: Mutation and Recombination1. Bacterial genes are considered: A. homozygous B. heterozygous C. diploid D.

50、haploid2. Extrachromosomal elements that can be exchanged between bacteria are called: A. transposons B. plasmids C. alleles D. probes3. Extrachromosomal elements are known to contain genetic information for all the following except: A. nitrogen fixation B. toxin production C. antibiotic resistance

51、D. cell wall repair4. Which of the following mutations would have a higher probability of coding for a lethal event? A. suppressor B. silent C. nonsense D. missense5. Which of the following mutations would result in a change in the amino acid in the polypeptid chain? A. suppressor B. silent C. nonse

52、nse D. missense 6. The technique of replica plating is often used to detect nutritional mutations. Microorganisms that grow on complete media but fail to grow on minimal media are called: A. autotrophs B. auxotrophs C. symbionts D. heterotrophs 7. The technique of replica plating was developed by: A

53、. Crick B. Watson C. Lederberg D. Collins8. UV light induces mutations by: A. causing breaks in the DNA chain allowing for the substitution of additional bases B. causes links between thymidine molecules on the same DNA chain C. causes links between thymidine molecules on different DNA chains D. cau

54、ses an increase in melanin in the skin9. Various chemicals can induce mutations by modifying the nucleotides, causing base deletions or mimicking bases and substituting for them in the DNA chain. An example of the latter is: A. acridine B. 5 -bromouracil C. mitomycin C D. nitrous oxide 10. The Ames

55、test is used to screen chemicals for mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Which bacterial strain is utilized in this procedure? A. Escherichia coli B. Shigella dysenteriae C. Salmonella typhimurium D. Streptococcus pyogenes11. After infection of a cell by the HIV vires, a DNA copy of the viral geno

56、me may be inserted in the host chromosome. This is an example of: A. viral recombination B. disparate recombination C. homologous recombination D. nonhomologous- recombination 12. Multiple copies of an antibiotic resistance gene was found on the chromosome isolated from bacteria X. What is the most likely explanation for this occurrence? A. Multiple copies of an antibiotic resistance