清潔城市的路標(biāo)——評(píng)估指引系統(tǒng)研究

1、Papers Delivered at International Conference onCleaner ProductionBeijing, China - September 2001 - Paper10 of 30 The Signpost to Cleaner CitiesResearch on application of cleaner production assessing indicator system in ChinaDeli, Xi ; Ruirui, LiDepartment of Environmental Science and EngineeringTsin

2、ghua University, Beijing, China (100084)Abstract: It has become an urgent task to assess the execution of cleaner production in a city and compare with the similar cities. This article provides an insight of procedure, data gathering methods and indicator computing methods of applying the establishe

3、d indicator system assessing the cleaner production, also provides some applying cases. Presently “The Cleaner Production Law” is being drafted in China, this foreshows the coming tide of implementing cleaner production all through the country. Local governments will play dominant roles in the tide,

4、 including planning the layout, making the local policies, laws and management methods, and providing the support of training, information, technology and financing. It has become an urgent task to assess the execution of cleaner production in a city and to do the interurban comparison. As mentioned

5、 in the foregoing articles1, after the frame of the indicator system assessing the cleaner production was introduced, we visited some cities, got some constructive advices from local authorities and officials, so we modified some details of previous scheme. This article will provide an insight of th

6、e applying procedure, data gathering methods and indicator computing methods of the established indicator system assessing the cleaner production, also provide some applying cases, in order to induce methodologically. The main bodies which carries out this assessment should be the cities themselves,

7、 the comparison between the cities should be completed by State Economic and Trade Commission of China or State Environmental Protection Administration of China, which leading the execution of cleaner production in the whole country, the comparison also can be consigned to special research instituti

8、ons or consultative companies.ProcedureThis article is imitative of the procedure for assessing product life cycle stipulated in ISO14040, the procedure lengthways includes four steps. The first step is the analysis of the citys general situation, in order to determine the type and characteristics o

9、f the city, which is the basis of assessment and comparison. The second step is gathering relative data, especially the list of “three costs” (energy cost, material cost and water cost) and “two discharges” (waste discharge and pollutant discharge). The third step is calculation, the indicators of c

10、ost and discharge, and their annual variation rate are calculated. The final step is assessing the level and advance of the execution of cleaner production in the city, and making some comparison between cities on the basis of the data gained above. After each step, there should be a simple discussi

11、on about the results, for instance, the same data gathered from different sources should be discussed and checked when making the analysis of data lists.The analysis of the citys general situationThere are 667 cities in China by 1999. These cities can be classified into different groups according to

12、 different criteria. For example, according to the administration ranks, all the cities can be classified into cities directly under the Central Government, vice-provincial cities, district cities, county cities. According to the population, they can be classified into:Super city2,000,000Outsize cit

13、y1,000,000 2,000,000Big city500,000 1,000,000Medium city200,000 500,000Small city200,000According to geographic position, they can be classified into eastern cities, central cities and western cities. In addition, they also can be classified into littoral opening cities and special economic regions,

14、 or common cities and main cities. All the cities are different in industrial structures, economic development levels, material consumption and technological levels because of their difference in ranks, population, geographic position, history and other characteristics. Therefore, when assessing the

15、 execution of cleaner production and comparing between different cities, the comparability must be considered.The analysis of the lists of waste and dischargeIt is a heavy task to establish the lists of waste and discharge, especially the raw material statistics. According to the flow of material, c

16、ategory and weight of material should be considered first important. But according to the creation of fortune, the price of raw material and the total cost should be firstly considered. The categories of raw material are various, and different raw material has different price, and the price of raw m

17、aterial varies frequently. So it is much more difficult to investigate the material cost per GDP unit at the urban level than at the product or corporation level. For the cities with small area, the total freight amount can be calculated as the sum of raw material amount and product amount. Of cours

18、e, besides the output products, some products are consumed locally, but this amount can not be deducted accurately.In addition, we think that the toxic and harmful raw material should be listed and controlled for its high environmental risk, though it takes a little proportion in the total raw mater

19、ial amount. Therefore, it is necessary to instruct the corporations which purchase or use the toxic and harmful material to declare to local environmental protection departments, which are responsible for gathering and verifying the source, usage and disposition of the raw toxic and harmful raw mate

20、riel, and publicizing these results periodically. This task is being put into effect. We suggest, as the first step, the experience of U.S.A. be made as a reference, such as 17 kinds of toxic material listed in the 30/50 programs, it includes: benzene, cadmium and its compounds, carbon tetrachloride

21、, chloroform, chromium and its compounds, cyanogen and its compounds, plumbum and its compounds, hydrargyrum and its compounds, dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, nickel and its compounds, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, 1,1,1trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, xylene and al

22、l its isomers.We had imagined that most data could be gathered from the assessed cities. But actually this is unpractical. First, it will take a lot of money and time, especially when large amount of cities will be assessed. Second, the reliable and accurate data will be difficult to get for the ext

23、raneous experts. Therefore, we think that the relative statistical annals should be utilized as possible as we can, since the authority and comparability of the statistical annals is much more reliable than personal collection. It was found that most data could be looked up in “Urban Statistical Yea

24、rbook of China”2 and “Environmental Yearbook of China”3, other wanting data could be gathered from other sources.The data that can be found in “Urban Statistical Yearbook of China” include:Rank of the city, population, area, GDP, total industrial output value, industrial structure, all-year water su

25、pply, industrial discharged water, all-year electrical consumption, SO2 emission per square kilometer, total freight amount, familial gas consumption, familial liquefied petroleum gas consumption, etc.The data that can be found in “Environmental Yearbook of China” include:Fuel coal consumption and r

26、aw material coal consumption, fuel oil consumption, industrial boiler amount, industrial furnace amount, the total emission of industrial waste gas (including emission of fuel burning waste gas and emission of industrial production waste gas), industrial SO2 emission (including SO2 emission during f

27、uel burning and SO2 emission during industrial production), industrial soot discharge and industrial soot removal, industrial dust discharge and industrial dust removal, total industrial water consumption (including fresh water consumption and recycled water consumption), total industrial waste wate

28、r discharge, the treated industrial waste water amount, pollutants discharged from industrial waste water (including mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, volatile phenol, cyanide, COD, petroleum, SS, sulfide, etc.), industrial solid waste produced amount (including dangerous solid waste), indu

29、strial solid waste integrated utilized amount (including dangerous solid waste), industrial solid waste stored amount, industrial solid waste disposed amount (including dangerous solid waste), industrial solid waste discharged amount (including dangerous solid waste), annual investment of pollution

30、treatment project, etc.In the lists of waste and discharge, the wanting datum is integrated energy consumption, this have to be gained from local organs, this can also be calculated and checked using electrical consumption, fuel coal consumption, fuel oil consumption, industrial boiler amount and in

31、dustrial furnace amount.The investment and benefit list of cleaner production includes: input project, capital, output.The activity and result list of cleaner production includes: the amount of relative meetings, the amount of propagandistic activities, the amount of cleaner production projects, the

32、 person-time amount of cleaner production training, the amount of paradigmatic cleaner production industries and corporations, the amount of products which own the environmental marks, the amount of checked cleaner production, the amount of corporations which passed ISO14000, the amount of cleaner p

33、roduction publications, etc.The data gathered from Taiyuan and Jinan are illustrated in Table 1.Table 1 The Data Gathered from Taiyuan and JinanTaiyuanJinanTypeCapital of Shanxi ProvinceDistrait cityCentral cityOutsize cityCapital of Shandong ProvinceVice-provincial cityEastern cityOutsize cityPopul

34、ation(10,000 person)179.46173.35Urban area (km2)14602119GDP (10,000 RMB)1999: 26385971998: 25838311999: 61463261998: 5436468Total freight amount (10,000 ton)97939689All-year water supply (10,000 ton)2735530186All-year electrical consumption (10,000 kWh)809279576226SO2 emission per km2144.531.0Fuel c

35、oal consumption (10,000 ton)964422Raw material coalConsumption (10,000 ton)1571311Fuel oil consumption (10,000 ton)612Industrial boiler amount733566Industrial furnace amount882618Industrial waste gas discharge amount (100,000,000m3)1376976Industrial SO2 dischargeAmount (ton)22965389342Industrial soo

36、t dischargeAmount (ton)10578940373Industrial dust dischargeAmount (ton)6084063581Industrial water consumption(10,000 ton)213293158838Fresh water consumption(10,000 ton)1539111370Recycled water consumption(10,000 ton)197902147469Industrial waste water discharge amount (10,000 ton)92047687Treated indu

37、strial waste water amount (10,000 ton)2259530060Pollutants discharged from industrial waste water (ton)mercury0.085cadmium0.405chromium2.0950.269lead5.5790.028arsenic1.4850.263volatile phenol45.3157.240cyanide14.7116.386COD32330.87921701.549petroleum389.578180.935SS14703.9368107.210sulfide50.64832.5

38、20industrial solid wasteproduced amount (10,000 ton)980.36416.34(thereinto dangerous solid waste)12.626.36integrated utilized amount (10,000 ton)364.09313.59(thereinto dangerous solid waste)9.774.22stored amount (10,000 ton)115.0649.13(thereinto dangerous solid waste)1.511.94discharged amount (10,00

39、0 ton)44.530.51The analysis of assessing indicators This is the third step, in this step some other assessing indicators such as indicators of discharged waste per 10,000 RMB yuan, annual variation rate will be calculated. The results are illustrated in Table 2. Table 2 Cleaner Production Assessing

40、IndicatorsTaiyuanJinanIntegrated energy consumption (coal ton/10,000 yuan)6.99Material consumption (ton/10,000 yuan)37.1115.76Water consumption (ton/10,000 yuan)103.649.11Waste gas emission (10,000m3/10,000yuan)5.211.59SO2 emission (kg/10,000 yuan)87.0014.53Soot emission (kg/10,000 yuan)40.096.57Dus

41、t emission (kg/10,000 yuan)23.0610.34Waste water discharge (ton/10,000 yuan)34.2012.50Mercury (g/10,000 yuan)0.032cadmium (g/10,000 yuan)0.153chromium (g/10,000 yuan)0.7940.044lead (g/10,000 yuan)2.110.0046arsenic (g/10,000 yuan)0.5630.043volatile phenol (g/10,000 yuan)17.170.118cyanide (g/10,000 yu

42、an)5.581.04COD (kg/10,000 yuan)12.253.53Petroleum (g/10,000 yuan)147.629.44SS (g/10,000 yuan)5.571.32Sulfide (g/10,000 yuan)19.205.29Produced Solid waste (ton/10,000 yuan)3.720.677Thereinto dangerous waste (ton/10,000 yuan)0.0480.0103Discharged solid waste (ton/10,000 yuan)0.1690.000830The analysis

43、of urban assessment and interurban comparisonAs the indicators mentioned above, we can get some information about material flow in the two cities, and get to know their advantages and disadvantages. If the indicators of several years were calculated, we would have demonstrated the annual variation t

44、rends. If compared with the average level of the whole country, the rank of the cities would have been determined. According to different indicators, we can do some interurban comparison. On the basis of the indicators gained from Taiyuan and Jinan, the two cities are similar in population, area, in

45、dustrial structure, total freight amount etc., but they are quite different in GDP and indicators of waste and discharge per GDP, this indicates that there are much difference between central cities and eastern cities. The indicators calculated above is not complete, the data about toxic and harmful

46、 raw material and the investment benefit of cleaner production are absent. Here we can not give a complete case and result for the limit to length and space.Recently, there are two trends in establishing the indicator system. One is to establish a bulky system including various indicators, such as t

47、he system established by Niu Wenyuan4, which is composed of 5 systems, 16 models, 48 indicator groups and 208 items. The other trend is to minimize the system scale, using the indicators as few as possible to express the coral idea, for instance, the system put forward by World Bank in 19955, evalua

48、tes a countys sustainability considering the actual savings rate after the exhaustion of natural resources and the damage of environmental pollution. This shows, whether the assessment can be implemented scientifically is determined not by the scale of the indicator system, but by the possibility of

49、 reflecting the actual situations. We believe that the ecological efficiency is the basis of the assessment of the cleaner production at urban level. The consumed resources and environmental load should be considered when creating the fortune. Thus, the indicators of waste and discharge per GDP and

50、their annual variation rate are the coral indicators in our system, whereas the indicators describing the urban economic construction, municipal construction, environmental construction and the quality of urban environment and denizen living are not included in our indicator system. So it does, not

51、only the scale of indicator system is minimized, but also the developing trends of some cities, which do not execute cleaner production on purpose, can also be demonstrated without much difficulty.The urban nonmaterial development trend may be motivated by the change of industrial structure or the p

52、rogress of science and technology, tail-end treatment can also reduce the environmental load. For assessing the effort of implementing urban cleaner production, the indicators such as the investment to cleaner production, output benefit and the rate of input and output and so on are also included in our indicator