英語(yǔ)名詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、第一章名詞名詞的數(shù)一、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)別1.定義:可數(shù)名詞:普通名詞中的個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算,有單復(fù)數(shù)之分不可數(shù)名詞:沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞2.可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的主要區(qū)別:1可數(shù)名詞可以被a/an修飾,且有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而不可數(shù)名詞不可以被a/an修飾,且沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式2有些限定詞只能修飾可數(shù)名詞,某些則只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞,而某些則既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有:few, many= a number of, a great/good many, a great many of等只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:much, littl

2、e, a large amount of, a great deal of即可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, a large quantity of只能修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)的有:many a, more than one3有些不可數(shù)名詞有相應(yīng)的名詞表其個(gè)體:Bread- a loaf, work- a job, clothing- a garment, poetry- a poem, traffic- a vehicle, jewellery- a jewel4有些不可數(shù)名詞加s,含義發(fā)生變化。如:Time時(shí)間- times時(shí)代;

3、paper紙-papers文件,報(bào)紙,論文,卷紙;manner方式- manners禮貌,water水- waters水域二、可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成規(guī)則如下:1.大部分名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),在詞尾加s,如:Cup cups, truck-trucks2.以因素s z td ,結(jié)尾的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),在詞尾加- es,如,Bus- buses, box-boxes, bridge bridges, watch- watches3.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加s,如:City- cities, party- parties, body- bodies4.以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加

4、s,如:Boy- boys, play- plays, day- days, key- keys5.以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),通常在詞尾加es,也有特殊情況,如:1Hero- heroes, potato- potatoes, tomato- tomatoes, negro- negroes, mango- mangoes, buffalo-buffaloes, echo(回聲-echoes, tornado(龍卷風(fēng)- tornadoes, torpedo(魚雷- torpedoes, domino(多米諾骨牌- dominoes, veto(否決,否決權(quán)- vetoes, mosq

5、uito(蚊子- mosquitoes2一些外來詞,特別是音樂方面的詞,在詞尾加s,如:Piano- pianos, solo(獨(dú)唱,獨(dú)奏- solos, concerto(協(xié)奏曲- concertos, tobacco- tobaccos, motto(座右銘-mottos, cello(大提琴- cellos3一些縮寫詞和專有名詞,在詞尾加s,如:Kilo( kilogram-kilos, photo( photograph- photos, memo(memorandum- memos6.以元音字母加o的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加s,如:Video- videos, radio- radio

6、s, studio- studios, folio(對(duì)開紙- folios, oratorio(清唱?jiǎng)? oratorios, embryo(胚胎- embryos, zoo- zoos, bamboo(竹子- bamboos, kangaroo- kangaroos, taboo(戒律- taboos注:有些以O(shè)結(jié)尾的單詞,即可加s也可加es,如:volcano7.一些以f, fe結(jié)尾的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),把f, fe變成v, 再加es,如:Half- halves, leaf- leaves, knife- knives, thief- thieves,self-selves, life- l

7、ives, wife- wives, shelf- shelves, loaf- loaves, wolf- wolves口訣:為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和一片樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成了兩半8.一些以f, fe結(jié)尾的名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加s,如:Gulf(鴻溝-gulfs, serf(農(nóng)奴-serfs, belief- beliefs, chief(酋長(zhǎng)- chiefs, cliff(懸崖- cliffs, proof- proofs, roof- roofs口訣:海灣農(nóng)奴信酋長(zhǎng),懸崖證據(jù)上房頂注:以上兩種情況均可的Wharf(碼頭, dwarf(侏儒, scarf(圍巾, ha

8、ndkerchief(手絹,9.名詞變復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化大體有以下變化1單復(fù)數(shù)形不同,如Man men, woman- women, foot- feet, tooth- teeth, mouse- mice, child- children, emphasis( 強(qiáng)調(diào)- emphases注:以man構(gòu)成的合成詞,是man變成men如:Englishman- Englishmen, Frenchman- Frenchmen, dustman- dustmen但German- Gemans, human- humans因?yàn)樗麄儾皇呛铣稍~2單復(fù)數(shù)詞形相同,如Deer, sheep, fish, wor

9、ks,(工廠 means( 方式、途徑, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, bellows( 風(fēng)箱, series, crossroad, horsepower及由漢語(yǔ)拼音拼出的計(jì)量單位,如: yuan, li, jin,英語(yǔ)中原有的計(jì)量單位不在此列,如:dollar- dollars, pound- pounds, metre-metres除上述情況外,關(guān)于名詞數(shù)的問題還應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般不直接受數(shù)詞或a(an修飾,如果要表示數(shù)量用相應(yīng)的起量詞作用的名詞。Clothes, glasses, trousers, compasses, scissors

10、( 剪刀等A pair of glasses, two suits of clothes注意:此時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和前面的量詞保持一致。如A pair of glasses is on the tableTwo pairs of glasses are on the table3有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù),沒有單數(shù)Police, people, cattle4有些集合名詞即可做單數(shù),指整體;又可作復(fù)數(shù),指該集體的成員,指整體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);指成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。常用的名詞有:Family, class, group, team, party, public等。比較下列句子The team is made up

11、of 12 membersThe team are having a bath nowMy family is going to move to ParisMy family usually watch TV after supper5合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,通常將其中所包含的中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),如passer-by變成passers-by, grown-up變成growns-up, father in law 變成fathers -in law, boy student- boy students6以s 結(jié)尾的專用名詞,如: the New York Times, the United Nation

12、s, the United States等,表示事物的整體,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),但有些表示群島,山脈的專有名詞,謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:The United States is a highly developed countryThe Alps are in Europe7字母、數(shù)字、引語(yǔ)或縮略(詞語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式是在其后加s或s,如There are two fs in the word ”office”Many VIPs are coming to our city8名詞作定語(yǔ),通常用單數(shù)形式,即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)的(如shoes或總用作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞(如trousers也是如此如:There are twen

13、ty boy students in our classThey are his girl friendsTrouser pockets注意:a當(dāng)sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和accounts做定語(yǔ)時(shí),不能變成單數(shù)修飾名詞,如A sports car一輛賽車,a customs officer一個(gè)海關(guān)官員,arms production武器的生產(chǎn),a clothes shop一家服裝店,a salesgirl一個(gè)女售貨員,an accounts department一個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)部門b但當(dāng)man, woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果被修飾的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),man和w

14、oman也要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如:A woman doctor, two women doctors; a man teacher, two men teachers三、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞一般情況下沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化。物質(zhì)名詞需要計(jì)數(shù)時(shí),通常用起量詞作用的名詞詞組來表示,如A piece of advice/ work/ news/ meat/ coal/ musicA cup of tea/ coffee/ water/, two bottles of milk, a bag of riceA set of furniture, two drops of water注意:1. 有些不可數(shù)名詞是以s結(jié)

15、尾,不要誤以為是可數(shù)名詞,如News, maths, physics, politics等,它們?nèi)缱髦髡Z(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)2. 在有些情況下,名詞作定語(yǔ),和of作定語(yǔ),含義不同,如A cup of coffee一杯咖啡,a coffee cup 咖啡杯名詞的格現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)名詞有兩個(gè)格,通格和所有格。當(dāng)名詞在句中做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),名詞無詞性變化,稱之為通格,當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞去修飾句中另一個(gè)名詞時(shí),有時(shí)用通格,有時(shí)用s屬格,或of 屬格1.所有格的構(gòu)成在名詞后加s,如Marys books, the boys girl friend1如果名詞以s結(jié)尾,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)再詞尾的s右上方加The students des

16、ks, these girls mother2如果名詞復(fù)數(shù)是不規(guī)則名詞,所有格的構(gòu)成是加s, 如The Childrens Palace, womens clothes3當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)并列名詞時(shí),如果所有格后的名詞為兩人或幾人共同所有,只將最后一個(gè)名詞變成所有格,如:Tom and Marys books; Jean and my sisters books4如果所有格后的名詞為兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)分別所有,則在每個(gè)名詞后都加s,如:Toms and Marys mother;Johns and Jeans photos5表示店鋪、醫(yī)院、診所、住宅等所有格后的名詞可省略,尤其當(dāng)后面的名詞是表示處

17、所的名詞Atthe doctors, at the tailors, at the teachers, at the barbers2.s屬格與of屬格的通用和區(qū)別1一般來說,s屬格多用于有生命的名詞,而of屬格則主要用于無生命的名詞(但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,這一界限已被打破,如:Newtons laws, 也可以說成the laws of Newton; the rules of the game,也可以說成the games rules注:a 有生命的名詞也可用of所有格形式,如:a photo of the babyb 但當(dāng)s屬格表示“類別”屬性,不可用Of屬格,如:A doctors degr

18、ee博士學(xué)位,a teachers book教師用書2如果s屬格表示的是具體名詞“個(gè)別”的屬性,可用of屬格,如:The doctors arrival= the arrival of the doctor注:a doctors degree, a teachers book表示的是“泛指類別”,沒有具體指哪個(gè)人,而the doctor s arrival表示的是“具體的特征”,譯成“那位醫(yī)生的到來”,可以換成the arrival of the doctor3名詞通格作定語(yǔ)和s屬格作定語(yǔ)的差別。名詞通格作定語(yǔ)表示泛指的類別,s屬格作定語(yǔ)表示具體的特指。如:Car engines are ma

19、de in this factory(轎車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),不是其他類別的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)That cars engine needs repairing(那臺(tái)轎車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),具體特指They are having afternoon tea(他們?cè)诤任绮鑉esterdays afternoon tea has gone bad(昨天的午茶壞了4表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞,也可以在詞尾加s或構(gòu)成所有格如:用于時(shí)間an hours ride用于度量thirteen tons weight用于價(jià)值 a hundred yuans order用于天體the earths satellite用于國(guó)家Be

20、lgiums capital用于城市Changchuns agriculture注:當(dāng)today, yesterday, tomorrow分別表示“現(xiàn)在,過去,將來”時(shí),只能用of屬格,如:地點(diǎn)加s作定語(yǔ),表示的關(guān)系是“所屬”和范圍,相應(yīng)形容詞作定語(yǔ),說明的是屬性和性質(zhì)。如:Chinas resources(資源世界各國(guó)都有,Chinas resources指在中國(guó)范圍內(nèi),屬于中國(guó)的資源Chinas agriculture, Chinas industry, Beijings streetsChinese history(世界各國(guó)都有本國(guó)的歷史, Chinas resources是闡述中國(guó)的歷

21、史,說明歷史的屬性Chinas food, Chinese food二、雙重所屬格1.構(gòu)成A /two/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+所有格/名詞性物主代詞。如:That invention of his will greatly benefit the whole worldI dont like that daughter of yours.He is a friend of my fathers.2.雙重所有格與所有格的區(qū)別He is my fathers friend. 他是我父親的朋友(說明一件事實(shí)He i s a friend of my fathers.

22、 他是我父親的一個(gè)朋友(強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量,相當(dāng)于He is one of my fathers friends His invention will greatly benefit the whole world(說明事實(shí)That invention of his will greatly benefit the whole world。(帶有贊揚(yáng)的感情色彩注:有些名詞,在of后面有所屬格和普通格,含義不同。常用的這類名詞有opinion(意見/portrait/ picture/ photo/ criticism(批評(píng)。比較:An opinion of the teacher對(duì)教師的意見An opi

23、nion of the teachers教師的意見A portrait of my father,我父親的肖像A portrait of my fathers我父親收藏的肖像A photo of him一張他的照片A photo of his 他所擁有的一張照片A criticism of the headmaster對(duì)校長(zhǎng)的批評(píng)A criticism of the headmasters校長(zhǎng)的批評(píng)單項(xiàng)選擇3.It is known to all that an ant has _. ( A. a stomachB. two stomachC. two stomaches D two stom

24、achs4._ like eating_ . ( A. Heroes, potatosB. Negroes, potatoesC. Heros, potatosD. Negros, potatoes5.The housewives cooked two _ and she asked us to help ourselves to some_. ( A. chicken, chickensB. chickens, chickensC. chickens, chickenD. chicken, chicken6.I saw _ lying on the ground. ( A. a ten- p

25、ound noteB. a ten- pounds noteC. ten-pound noteD. ten- pounds notes7.These _ are playing with these _. ( A. babys, monkeysB. babies, monkeisC. babies, monkeysD. babys, monkies8.Long live the friendship between _ of China and Japan! ( A. two peopleB. the two peopleC. the two peoplesD. two peoples9.We

26、 had many _ taken on the Great Wall. ( A. photosB. a photoC. photoD. pieces of photos10.Some _ lay eggs in the water, others produce living young. ( A. fishB. fishesC. fishsD. kind of fish11.Mr. Smith goes to church on _. ( A. a SundayB. SundaysC. the SundayD. the Sundays12.Ill give you _ to finish the work. ( A. two weeks timeB. two wee ks timeC. a two- week timeD. two weeks time13.We must find _ to reach himA. wayB. a meansC. a meanD. meaning14.Father bought _ for us the oth