初中英語語法大全——定語從句

1、初中英語語法大全一一定語從句一.定語從句的概念、位置及構(gòu)成1 .定語從句的概念和位置在句子中起定語作用的從句稱為定語從句。定語從句在句子中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，故又稱為形容詞性從句。eg: Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage?你認(rèn)識正在舞臺上唱歌的那個女孩嗎 ？eg: This is the museum which was built last year.這就是去年建成的博物館。2 .先行詞和關(guān)系詞被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。指代先行詞，放在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用，同時又充當(dāng)定語從句的某一個成分（主語、賓語、表語、狀語等）的

2、詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有 that, who, whom, whose, which關(guān)系副詞有 when, where, why等。eg: The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle 手拿雨傘的那個人是我叔叔。eg: The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.剛開走的火車是駛往深圳的。eg: Let's find a place where we can have a picnic 我們找個能里子餐的地方吧。3 .定語從句的構(gòu)成eg:

3、He has a car.+ The car has 7 seats. He has a car which has 7 seats.他有一輛7座的汽車。eg: The hotel was very clean. + We stayed thergThe hotel where we stayed was very clean.我們待過的那家賓館很干凈。二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句出題點：（1）指代人的關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語的用法 ；（2）指代物的關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語、賓語、 表語的用法關(guān)系代詞在句子中起連接替代的作用在句子中充當(dāng)一定的成分，修飾前面的先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的 關(guān)系代詞有that

4、, which,who, whom, whose等，其主要用法見下表先行詞主語賓語屬格人who/thatwhom/thatwhose事物、動物which/thatwhich/thatwhose人+動物人+事物thatthat1. that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that既可以指人也可以指物，在定語從句中作主語賓語或表語。作賓語時可以省略。作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that之前若介詞提前，指物用 which,指人用whom。eg: Views that are entirely new may also be hard to accept觀些全新的觀點或許也很難被接受。eg: We need a pers

5、on that is right for the job.我們需要一位可以勝任這份工作的人。eg : The picture (that) we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.我們正在研究的這幅畫是一個15歲的學(xué)生畫的。2. which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which 一般指物，在定語從句中作主語賓語。作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which可以省略(放在介詞后除外)。eg: The river which runs through the center of the city was polluted seriously.穿過市中心的那條

6、河被嚴(yán)重污染了。eg: The story ( which) he told was very popular.他講的那個故事很受歡迎。eg: The house in which I used to live has become a shoe sho我過去住的房子現(xiàn)在變成了家鞋店。3. who, whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句二者都用于指人。who在定語從句中彳主語、賓語；whom在定語從句中作賓語。作賓語的關(guān)系代詞who, whom可以省略(介詞后作賓語的關(guān)系代詞除外)。eg: We are proud of Mo Yan. - Yes. He is a great writer who won

7、 the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.我們都以莫言為榮-是的。他是2012年榮獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的一位偉大的作家。eg: Her sister married a man (who/whom) she met on a planeft 姐姐嫁給了 一個她在飛機(jī)上認(rèn)識的人。重點提醒whom在定語從句中作介詞的賓語，且介詞提到whom前面時，不能用who代替。eg: The person to who you just talked is Deep.(X)eg: The person who/whom you just talked to is Deep. V)

8、剛剛和你談話的人是德普。4. whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句whose可以指人也可以指物，在定語從句中作定語。eg: Do you know the girl whose Japanese is excellent?爾認(rèn)識那個日語非常優(yōu)秀的女孩嗎 ？eg: I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要個窗子朝向大海的房間。要點提升有時“whose+名詞”可用“限定詞+名詞+of which/whom ”或者“of which/whom+限定詞+名詞”來代替。eg: He lives in a house whose windo

9、ws face south.=He lives in a house of which the windows face south.=He lives in a house the windows of which face south. 他住在一個窗戶朝南的房子里。三.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句出題點：關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why的用法關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語， 一般不可 省略。常用的關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。在選擇哪一個關(guān)系副詞時，一定要弄清楚前面的先行詞。關(guān)系副詞先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謜here表示地點的名詞地點狀語when表示時間的名詞時間狀語wh

10、yreason原因狀語eg: I remember the day.+ We first met then- I remember the day when we first met.1. when引導(dǎo)的定語從句when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。它的先行詞通常為time,day, week等表示時間的名詞。此時?？捎?on which, in which,during which 等替代。eg: April the first is the day when people make fun of others.軌 1 日是人們愚弄他人的日子。eg: I sill remember the

11、 time when I first travelled by plane.我仍然記得第一次坐飛機(jī)旅行的時間。2. where引導(dǎo)的定語從句where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。它的先行詞常為place,house, count冷表示地點的名詞。此時常可用in which, at which等替代。eg: Last year my parents went to the farm where they worked 30 years ago.去年我父母去了他們30年前工作過的那個農(nóng)場。eg: Keep the books in a place where you can find them

12、 easil 把書放在你容易找至 U 的地方。3. why引導(dǎo)的定語從句why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，它的先行詞通常為reason此時?？捎胒or which替代。eg: I know the reason why she left yo或知道她離開你的原因。eg: Please tell me the reason why she is crying so badl前告訴我她哭得如止匕傷心的原因。四、定語從句中的注意事項出題點：(1)只用that不用which的情況(2)只用which不用that的情況(3)定語從句中的主謂一致(4)"介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇1.只

13、用that不用which的情況(1)先行詞是不定代詞或者被不定代詞修飾時先行同是 anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等,或者由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代詞修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用that不用 which。eg: Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?李老師說的話你都記下來了嗎 ？eg: Any man that doesn't have a sense of duty can

14、't do the thing well.沒有責(zé)任感的人是做不好這件事情的。(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或者形容詞最高級或被其修飾時eg: The first thing that my brother is going to do this afternoon is to study physics,今天下午我弟弟要做的第一件事情就是要研讀物理。eg: I have found the best way that could finish the test.我已找到了 完成測驗的最好方法。(3)先行詞既有指人的名詞，也有指物的名詞時eg: He was watching the childr

15、en and parcels that filled with the car.他望著滿車的孩子和包襄。eg: Jack took photographs of the things and people that he was interested in.杰克把他感興趣的人和物都拍攝了下來。(4) 當(dāng)主句是以 who 或者 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時eg: Who is the person that is standing at the gate?占在門 口 的那個人是誰 ?eg: Which is the bike that you lost? 哪輛是你丟失的自行車?(5)先行詞前有

16、the only, the very 等修飾時eg: This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我想買的那本詞典。eg: After the fire, the old car was the only thing that he owned.火災(zāi)之后，那部舊車成了他唯一的財產(chǎn)。2 .只用which不用that的情況(1)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞且指事物時eg: Im looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches.我想找一個能把這些桃都放進(jìn)去的容器。eg: A zoo

17、 is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.動物園是展覽各種動物的公園。3 2) 先行詞本身就是that 時eg: I don't like that which he did.我不喜歡他做的那件事。eg: What is that which is on the ground?%上的是彳f么東西？(3)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞與先行詞之間常用逗號隔開。eg: Football, which is a very interesting game, is playe

18、d all over the world.足球是很有趣的運動項目，已在全世界普及。eg: Their house was washed away by the foods, which made them sad.他們的房子被洪水沖走了，這讓他們很難過。4 .定語從句中的主謂一致這里是指關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要與先行詞一致的問題。先行詞是單數(shù)時，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)；先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)時，從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。eg: The man who is playing football is my PE teacher.正在踢足球的那個人是我的體育老師。eg: I l

19、ove singers who write their own music.我喜歡能自己創(chuàng)作音樂的歌手。要點提升“one of+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”充當(dāng)先行詞時，定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式“the only/every/right one of+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”充當(dāng)先行詞時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。eg: Tom is one of the students who were awarded湯姆是當(dāng)時獲獎的學(xué)生中的個。eg: Tom is the only one of the students who was awarded姆是當(dāng)時唯一一個獲獎的學(xué)生。5 .關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別(1)根據(jù)

20、定語從句中的謂語動詞判斷一般定語從句的謂語如果是及物動詞，后面沒有賓語時就用關(guān)系代詞;從句的謂語如果是不及物動詞，則用關(guān)系副詞。eg: This is the factory that which I visited last year.這就是我去年參觀過的那家工廠。eg: This is the factory where he used to work.這就是他以前工作過的那家工廠。(2)根據(jù)定語從句中所缺少的成分判斷分析定語從句缺少何種成分(主語、賓語、表語定語、狀語)，如果是缺少主語賓語表語定語用關(guān)系代 詞，如果是缺少狀語則用關(guān)系副詞。eg: Is this the museum (t

21、hat/which) you visited a few days ago?® 就是你幾天前參觀的那家博物館嗎 ？ eg: Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?S 就是舉辦展覽白那家博物館嗎 ？6 .介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的用法有時定語從句中的介詞可以提到關(guān)系代詞之前，形成 介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞可用which, whose, whom,不可以用that和who。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以根據(jù)定語從句中謂語的搭配，與先行詞的搭配或者句子意義來確定。eg: This is the house of which I spo

22、ke.這就是我提至U的那所房子。eg: Is this the car for which you paid a high price?這就是你花高價買的那輛車嗎 ？eg: This is the camera with which he often takes photos 這就是他經(jīng)常用來拍照的相機(jī)。eg: This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.這就是救了 我兒子的那位飛行員。重點提醒有些動詞+介詞”短語，如look for, look after, call on等不可拆開，不可把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。eg: It is the book

23、for which she was looking for.這就是她過去一直在找的那本書。eg: The babies after whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.由這些護(hù)士照看的嬰兒都很健康。例題解析1. The reason she gives for not coming to the party is not true.A. whatB. whyC. whenD. which解析：D 所選項引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾名詞the reason!1從句中g(shù)ives后缺少賓語成分，故用that或which,選D項。what不引導(dǎo)定

24、語從句；why和when在從句中作狀語。2. We should learn from those are always ready to help others.A. whoB. whomC. theyD. that解析：A所選項引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾those旦從句中缺少主語，故用 who引導(dǎo)。whom在定語從句中作賓語；they不引導(dǎo)定語從句；先行詞為one, ones, thos妤時，定語從句不用that引導(dǎo)。3. Li Mei is the student handwriting is the best in our class.A. whoseB. whomC. whoD. that解

25、析：A whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是the student與定語從句中的handwriting構(gòu)成所有關(guān)系，因此用充當(dāng)定語的關(guān)系代詞 whose 引導(dǎo)。4. Do you know the mancame here yesterda？y Yes, he bought me the most interesting bookI had wanted to buy.A. who; which B. who; that C. whom; which D. what; that解析：B the man指人，且在句中作主語，故用who或that,不能用whom;第二空前先行詞book被形容詞最高級修飾，故只能用 that。4. This is the schoolI studied three years ago.A. whereB. whenC. thatD. which解析：A本題的先行詞為the school定語從句中studied后缺少地點狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞 where弓I導(dǎo)。w