00522-英語國家概況自考大綱

1、00522-英語國家概況自考大綱附件:英語國家概況目學(xué)考試大綱的考核目標Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Partsstrictly adv.嚴格地；完全地；確實地geographical adj.地理的；地理學(xué)的remainder n.數(shù)余數(shù)，殘余；剩余物；其余的人adj.剩余的；吃剩的vt.廉價出售；削價出售vi.廉價出售；削價出售 division n.除法；部門；分割

2、;師（軍隊）;體賽區(qū) regard n.注意；尊重；問候；凝視vi.注意，注重；注視vt.注重，考慮；看待；尊敬；把 看作；與一有關(guān)imperialist n. 帝國主義者adj.帝國主義的 expansion n.膨脹；闡述；擴張物ruled v.統(tǒng)治；裁決（rule的過去分詞）adj.有橫隔線的；有直線行的；受統(tǒng)治的empire n.帝國；沼王統(tǒng)治，君權(quán)British Empire 大英帝國colonies n.殖民地（colony的復(fù)數(shù)） commonwealth n.聯(lián)邦；共和國；國民整體association n.協(xié)會，聯(lián)盟，社團；聯(lián)合；聯(lián)想 member n.成員；會員；議員cer

3、tain adj.某一；必然的；確信；無疑的；有把握的pron.某些；某幾個 arrangement n. 布置；整理；準備The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones.The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.(Britain

4、, the United kingdom or simply U.K.) Capital: LondonAnother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire.(Ireland)Capital: Dublin.Great Britain(three political divisions):England, Scotland and Wales.Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world s people and one fourth of the world s lan

5、d area.Colonies: North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.bytheThe British Empire disappeared and it was replaced Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.The are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth(1991).II. Geographical Featuresnorth Atlantic Ocean 北大西洋 coast n.海岸；滑坡 vt.沿,一岸航行vi.滑行；沿岸航行separated v

6、.分開； 隔開 (separate的過去式和過去分詞) adj.分開的；分居；不在一起生活的narrow n.海峽；狹窄部分，隘路 adj.狹窄的，有限的；勉強的；精密的；度量小的 vt.使變狹窄 vi.變窄narrowest狹隘的（narrow的最高級）狹窄的（種類或數(shù)目）有限的traffic in估價Straits of Dover利海峽最窄之處被稱作多佛海峽Channel tunnel- Chunnel n.英法海峽隧道 （was open toMay 1994）extend vt.延伸；擴大；推廣；伸出；給予；使竭盡全力；對vi.延伸；擴大；伸展；使疏開provide vt.提供；規(guī)定

7、；準備；裝備vi.規(guī)定；撫養(yǎng)；作準備inland n.內(nèi)地;內(nèi)陸adj.內(nèi)陸的；內(nèi)地的；國內(nèi)的adv.在內(nèi)地；向內(nèi)地；向內(nèi)陸；在內(nèi)陸tilting n.傾卸臺v.使傾斜（tilt的ing形式）adj.傾斜；傾卸formation n. 形成； 構(gòu)造； 編隊beaches-flatflat n.平地；平面；公寓adj.平坦的；扁平的；淺的；單調(diào)的vt.使變平vi.變平adv.平直地；斷然地settlements n.定居;殖民地（settlement 復(fù)數(shù)）routeway n. 通路，通道fertile n.肥沃，多產(chǎn)adj.富饒的，肥沃的；能生育的soil n. 土地；土壤；國家；糞便；務(wù)農(nóng)

8、；溫床vt.弄臟；污辱vi.變臟 farmland n. 農(nóng)田sea routes海上航線spectacular adj.壯觀的，驚人的；公開展示的mountain scenery 山景Snowdonia n.斯諾登尼亞（英國山峰）the Lake District 湖區(qū)（英國最美麗的國家公園）the Scottish Highlands 蘇格蘭高地valley n.山谷；流域；溪谷waterfalls n.瀑布；懸瀑（waterfall的復(fù)數(shù)形式）ribbon lakes絲帶湖泊ribbon n.帶；緞帶；（勛章等的）綬帶；帶狀物；勛表vt.把撕成條帶；用緞帶裝飾vi.形成帶狀floor n

9、,地板，地面；樓層；基底；議員席vt.鋪地板；打倒，擊倒；（被困難）難倒steep n.峭壁；浸漬adj,陡峭的；不合理的；夸大的；急劇升降的vt.泡；浸；使充滿vi.泡；沉浸boulder n,卵石，大圓石；巨礫clay n, 土壤粘土；泥土；肉體；似黏土的東西vt.用黏土處理The English Channel between England and France is Straits of Dover. They rebuild channel tunnel called Chunnel ”was open in May 1994. the North-west slowly risi

10、ng and the South-East slowly sinking .1. Englandoccupy vt,占據(jù)，占領(lǐng)；居住；使忙碌 southern n.南方人 adj.南的；南方的south-west n. 西南the Severn valley 塞文谷Cheshire-Lancashire plain（round Liverpool 禾U物浦）柴君B蘭開夏平 原roll n.卷，卷形物；名單；搖晃vt.卷；滾動，轉(zhuǎn)動；輾vi.卷；滾動；轉(zhuǎn)動；起伏，搖晃occasional moors /occasional adj.偶然的；臨時的；特殊場合的moors n.沼澤；荒野vt.系住；

11、使停泊pennines n.奔寧山脈；北乃恩山脈range n.范圍；幅度；排；山脈vt.漫游；放牧；使并列；歸類于；來回走動vi.平行，列為一行；延伸；漫游；射程達到North Midlands 北中部the Scottish border 蘇格蘭邊境principal adj.主要的；資本的n.首長；校長；資本；當(dāng)事人chain n.鏈;束縛；枷鎖vt.束縛；囚禁；用鐵練鎖住peak n.山峰；最高點；頂點；帽舌 adj.最高的；最大值的 vt.使達到最高點；使豎起vi.消瘦；到達最高點；變憔悴Scafell斯科菲峰 cultivated v.發(fā)展（cultivate的過去分詞）;耕作；教

12、化 adj.耕種的；有教養(yǎng)的North Yorkshire 北約克郡（英國一個地區(qū)）passage n. 一段（文章）；走廊；通路coastal adj.沿海的；海岸的Northumberland n.諾森伯蘭郡（英國英格蘭郡名）strip n.帶；條狀；脫衣舞 vt.剝奪；剝?nèi)?；脫去衣?vi.脫去衣服in withEngland occupies the largest, southern part of Great Brita Wales to its west and Scotland to its north.The highest peak of England is Scafel

13、l.2. Scotland wild n.荒野adj.野生的；野蠻的；狂熱的；荒涼的adv.瘋狂地；胡亂地rocky adj.巖石的，多巖石的；堅如巖石的；搖晃的；頭暈?zāi)垦５腸oastline n. 海岸線indented adj.犬牙交錯的；受契約約束的；縮進排印的 v.縮進；切割成鋸齒狀（indent的過去分詞）Ben Nevis本尼維斯山（位于英國蘇格蘭中西部，是英倫三島的最高 峰）western n.西方人；西部片,西部小說 adj.西方的，西部的；有西方特征的Hebrides n.赫布里底群島（位于英國蘇格蘭西部）region n.地區(qū)；范圍；部位sea-lochs n./格蘭英語;

14、湖,湖泊fiords n.峽灣；海灣 alternate n.替換物adj.交替的；輪流的 vt.使交替；使輪流 vi.交替；輪流 hill n.小山；丘陵；斜坡；山岡reached 至 1）達 boat n.小船；輪船vi.劃船comprise vt. 包含； 由 組成the ForthClyde valley 克萊德谷coal n.煤；煤塊；木炭vt.給加煤；把燒成炭vi.上煤；加煤iron n.熨斗；烙鐵；堅強adj.鐵的；殘酷的；剛強的vt.熨；用鐵鑄成vi.熨衣；燙平field n.領(lǐng)域；牧場；曠野；戰(zhàn)場；運動場adj.掃描場；田賽的；野生的vt.把暴曬于場上；使上場vi.擔(dān)任場外隊

15、員dairy pasture 乳牛用草地moorland高沼地；荒野fertile n.肥沃，多產(chǎn)adj.富饒的，肥沃的；能生育的 the Orkneys奧克尼群島Shetlands設(shè)得蘭（郡）（蘇格蘭舊郡）;Hebrides n.赫布里底群島（位于英國蘇格蘭西部Edinburgh n.愛丁堡（英國城市名capitalThere are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands.Capital: Edinburgh.3. Wales:pasture

16、 n.草地；牧場；牧草vt.放牧；吃草cattle n.牛；牲畜（罵人的話）；家畜；無價值的人arable n.耕地adj.適于耕種的；可開墾的massif n.山丘；斷層塊；大廈fringe .邊緣；穗；劉海adj.邊緣的；附加的vt.加穗于coal bearing 含煤的Most of Wales is mountainous.Snowdonia in the northwest is the highest muntain in Wales.Capital: Cardiff.4. Northern Irelandindentations n.缺口；壓痕；刻痕（indentation 的復(fù)

17、數(shù)）County Antrim 安特立姆郡Lough Neagh內(nèi)伊湖（英國最大的淡水湖）Capital: BelfastIII. Rivers and Lakesfreeze n.凍結(jié)；凝固vt.使凍??；使結(jié)冰vi.凍結(jié)；冷凍；僵硬Liverpool n.利物浦Glasgow n.格拉斯哥（英國城市名）the Tweedthe Tynethe Teesthe Thames泰晤士河（英國河流）the Cotswolds科滋窩丘陵區(qū)semicircle n.半圓，半圓形flow n.流動；流量；漲潮，泛濫vt.淹沒，溢過vi.流動，涌流；川流不息；飄揚sail n.帆，篷；航行vi.航行；啟航，

18、開船vt.航行The longest river is the Severn River （338K）The second largest is the Thames River.(336K)Oxford is on the Thames.the most important river in Scotland : River Clydethe largest lake in Britain (in Northern Ireland): the Lough Neagh (396).IV. Climate1. A maritime type of climateaverage n.平均；平均數(shù)；

19、海損adj.平均的；普通的vt.算出,一的平均數(shù)；將平均分配；使 平衡vi.平均為；呈中間色2. Factors which influence the climate in BritainHeilongjiang Province 黑龍江省moderate adj.穩(wěn)健的，溫和的；適度的，中等的；有節(jié)制的 vt.節(jié)制；減輕 vi.變緩和，變?nèi)鮯easonal adj.季節(jié)的；周期性的；依照季節(jié)的 relative n.親戚；相關(guān)物；語關(guān)系詞；親緣植物 adj.相對的；有關(guān)系的；成比例的 prevailing adj.流行的；一般的，最普通的；占優(yōu)勢的；盛行很廣的 v.盛行，流行（prevai

20、l的現(xiàn)在分詞形式）；獲勝 current n.（水，氣，電）流；趨勢；涌流 adj.現(xiàn)在的；流通的，通用的；最近的；草寫的forecast n.預(yù)測，預(yù)報；預(yù)想vt.預(yù)報，預(yù)測；預(yù)示vi.進行預(yù)報，作預(yù)測break n.休息，中斷；破裂處vt.打破，弄破；中斷；弄壞；削弱vi.突變pouring n.冶澆注；傳布v.傾瀉；傾訴（pour的ing形式）uncertainty n. 不確定，不可靠cautious adj.謹慎的；十分小心的drizzles vi. 下毛毛雨vt.下毛毛雨n.細雨，毛毛雨3. Rainfalldistribution n. 分布；分酉已surplus n.剩余；貿(mào)易

21、順差;盈余；過剩adj.剩余的；過剩的deficit n.赤字；不足額reservoirs n.水庫（reservoir的復(fù)數(shù)）；油箱；儲液器；儲藏所；貯4. Natural calamities 自然災(zāi)害equable adj.平靜的；變動小的prolonged adj.延長的；拖延的；持續(xù)很久的cubic adj.立方體的,立方的remain n.遺跡；剩余物，殘骸vi.保持；依然；留下；剩余；逗留；殘存fog n.霧；煙霧，塵霧；迷惑vt.使模糊；使困惑；以霧籠罩vi.被霧籠罩；變模糊smog n.煙霧frost n.霜；冰凍，嚴寒；冷淡vi.結(jié)霜；受凍vt.結(jié)霜于；凍壞crops n.

22、農(nóng)作物（crop的復(fù)數(shù)）；收成；切頭v.種植（crop的三單形式）；收割；修剪；產(chǎn)莊稼the sulphur n.硫磺；硫磺色vt.使硫化；用硫磺處理dioxide n.二氧化物atmosphere n. 氣氛； 大氣； 空氣dirt n.污垢，泥土；灰塵，塵土；下流話hurricanes n.颶風(fēng)（hurricane 的復(fù)數(shù)）storms n.風(fēng)暴；暴風(fēng)（storm 復(fù)數(shù)）；暴風(fēng)雨v.起風(fēng)暴；大怒（storm的三單形式）typhoon n.氣象臺風(fēng)cyclone n.旋風(fēng)；氣象氣旋；颶風(fēng)flood n.洪水；泛濫；一大批vt.淹沒；充滿；溢出vi.涌出；涌進；為水淹沒shipwreck n.

23、海難；遇難船vt.使失事；使毀滅；使失敗In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog left 4,000 people dead or dying.V. The people.densely adv.濃密地；密集地distributed adj.分布式的）分散式的urban adj.城市的；住在都市的rural adj.農(nóng)村的，鄉(xiāng)下的；田園的，有鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)味的tract n.束；大片土地）地帶；小冊子barren n.荒地adj.貧瘠的；不生育的；無益的；沉悶無趣的；空洞的 concentration n.濃度；集中；濃縮；專心；

24、集合 distinguish vi.區(qū)別）區(qū)分；辨別vt.區(qū)分；辨別；使杰出，使表現(xiàn)突出regional adj.地區(qū)的；局部的；整個地區(qū)的 preserven.保護區(qū)；禁獵地；加工成的食品 vt.保存；保護；維持；腌；禁獵Population:57,411,00（1990）I.The Englishconquered vt.戰(zhàn)勝）征服；攻克）攻取vi.勝利；得勝invaded v.入侵；擁入；遍布（invade的過去分詞）adj.被侵入的Danes丹麥人Vikings n.維京人；北歐海盜（Viking的復(fù)數(shù)union n.聯(lián)盟，協(xié)會；工會；聯(lián)合defeated v.被擊敗）失?。╠efea

25、t的過去式）adj.挨打的，被打敗的ancestor n.始祖）祖先；被繼承人estimated adj.估計的；預(yù)計的；估算的division n.除法；部門；分割；師（軍隊）;體賽區(qū)Bow Bells n.倫敦broader adj.廣大的；一片的比較級noticeable adj.顯而易見的）顯著的；值得注意的the English are Anglo-Saxons .盎格魯-撒克遜人；英國血統(tǒng)或國 籍的人（Anglo-Saxon的復(fù)數(shù)） the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts史前期的石斧；凱爾特人（Celt的復(fù)數(shù)）（from Germany andFr

26、ance, Spain and Britain)The Celts came to Britain after 700BC.2 .The WelshBritons .英國人；不列顛人，大不列顛人( shelter ,庇護；避難所;遮蓋物 vt.保護；使掩蔽vi.躲避，避難defended 辯護quarter num.四分之一n.四分之一；地區(qū)；季度；一刻鐘；兩角五分；籃球節(jié)vt.將四等分；供某人住宿vi.住宿；駐扎Celtic language 塞爾特語equality n.平等；相等；數(shù)等式poetry n.詩；詩意）詩情；詩歌藝術(shù)they have festivals of song an

27、d dance and poetry called: Eisteddfodau.3 .The Scotsborderland n.邊陲；中間地帶；迷糊含混之情境serious adj.嚴肅的，嚴重的；認真的；莊重的；危急的cautious adj.謹慎的；十分小心的hospitable adj.熱情友好的；（環(huán)境）舒適的4 .The IrishProtestants 新教徒bitter n.苦味；苦啤酒adj.苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充滿仇恨的vt.使變苦adv.激烈地；嚴寒刺骨地dominant n.顯性adj.顯性的；占優(yōu)勢的；支配的，統(tǒng)治的the Roman Catholics羅馬天主教徒

28、seekvt.尋求；尋找；探索；搜索vi.尋找；探索；搜索peacen.和平；平靜；和睦；秩序charm n.魅力，吸引力；魔力vt.使陶醉；行魔法vi.有魔力；用符咒vivacity n.活潑；快活；精神充沛Irish often called: Erse5.Immigrantsprotect vt.保護）防衛(wèi)；警戒unfair adj.不公平的）不公正的discrimination n.歧視；區(qū)別）辨別；識別力landlady n.女房東；女地主；女店主club owners俱樂部老板sack n.麻布袋；洗劫vt.解雇；把裝入袋；劫掠42Chapter 1 land and people

29、s, Great1 .what are the differences between Britain and the British Isle Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?The British Isles,Great Britain and England are geographical names. They arenot the official names of the country. So the official Kingdom,but the full name is the

30、 United Kingdom Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a independent countries that were once colonies of B is the Unitedof Great Britainfree associationandof2 .Describe the geographical position of Britian?Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the no

31、rth coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3 .Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?andThe north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south south-east are mostly lowlands.4 .Does B

32、ritain have a favourable climate? why?typeofYes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime climate-winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too.5 .what are the factors w

33、hich influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet ai

34、r in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall,while the south-eastern corner is the driest.6 .Describe the distribution of Britain' s population.Bri

35、tain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated, with an average of 237people per square kilometre. It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas.Geographically, most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people,

36、47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.7 .What are the three natural zones in Scotland?The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands.8 .What is the difference between the ancestors of the E

37、nglish and Scots, Welsh and Irish?The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts.southernScots arecharm andin Welsh9 .What are the differences in character and speech between England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?

38、The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held poetry

39、,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10 .What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?sent to live in between the the dominant and economicHundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter

40、 fighting Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are group,while the latter are seeking more social,pliticalapportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

41、IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleI .Names1. Different names for Britain and its parts< Engl and 、Sf曲皿1 theBatishlsfea ( / Noitliem.Iilarnd / Ie1ali皿J the Republic of kelaiid.( Eire) ©9ital:' hun出of small islands2. British Empire (100 years ago)About 100 years ago, as a result of its imper

42、ialist expansion, Britain ruled anempire thathad 1/4 of the world 's people and 1/4 of the world 's land area. It had coloniesin NorthAmerica, Asia, Africa and Australia.3. Commonwealth (1931)The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries thaonce colonies of Bri

43、tain. Member nations are joined together economicallywereand havecertain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision tobecome a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.4. Reason for Britain Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatlyweakene

44、d Britain.H .Features1. Locationhimdtds of small islands其他島嶼Northern Ireland爾蘭島北部DU5LIUSoudiem Ireland爰爾蘭島南郃一Ireland泵爾蘭； Great Eiitaiai大不列航north Atlantic Ocean北大西洋CardiffEuropean Contiiientis very far from the coast and it providesIirish.JStraits of Dover多佛爾海峽English Channel英吉利海峽1 UOIEDOITScotlandNo

45、rth Sea北海蘇格蘭/ Eiiglaiid英格蘭Wales iAdvantage: No part of BritainT吃工（1鴕51994） 英吉利符峨隨道*a valuableresource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbours. Sea routes extend farinland, providing cheap transportation.2. General featuresa. Tilting: Rising in North-West cause highlands there; Sinking

46、 in South-East causeb. Ice Agelowlands.responsible for Britain s spectacular mountain scenery.3. England (more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island)a. Pennines, principal mountain chain.b. Scafell (978 m), the highest peak of England.c. Capital: London.4. Scot

47、land (78,760 square kilometres)a. Three zone: Highlands in the north: plateau; Central Lowlands: Most important area in Scotland which contain most of the industry and population; Southern Uplands: moorland.b. Ben Nevis (1,343 m), the highest mountain in Britain.c. Capital: Edinburgh.5. Wales(20,761

48、 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% of the whole island)a. Most of Wales is Mountainous;b. 12% of the land is arable;c. Massif 斷層;d. Snowdonia (1,085 m), highest mountain in Wales;e. Capital: Cardiff.6. Northern Ireland(14,147 square kilometres which takes up 1/5 of Ireland)a. It has a ro

49、cky and wild northern coastline;b. Capital: Belfast.田.Rivers and Lakes1. Riversa. Importance: Great ports (through river) to sea; Rivers to both European Continent and fishing grounds; Rivers (carry raw materials) to inland.b. Rivers: Severn River (338 km): longest river; Thames River (336 km): seco

50、nd largest and most important (water transportation, Oxford site); River Clyde: most important river in Scotland.2. Lakesa. Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland).b. Lake District: One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain; 15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermer

51、e, Ullswater, Derwentwater and Coniston Water; The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.IV .Climate1. Maritimea. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of

52、temperature.2. Factorsa. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating upthe landin winter and cooling it off in summer;b. The Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air inwinter andkeeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlanti

53、c Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the BritishIsles and warms them.a. General3. Rainfall :Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: Water surplus in north and west; Water deficit

54、in south and east.c. Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake Districtand the Scottish Highlands.4. Natural calamitiesa. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphereformed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people de

55、ad or dying. So most cities inBritain have introduce Clean air zones“ whereby factories and households areonly allowto burn smokeless fuel.b. Many areas are subjected to severe gales, which cause flooding, shipwrecks and loss oflife, especially in winter.V .People (Britain has a population of 57,411,000 in 1990)1. General features:a. Densely populated with an average of 237 people per square kilometer;b. Unevenly distributed: 90% in urban, 10% in rural;c. Concentr