高考英語概要寫作專項復習

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上高考英語概要寫作專項復習一、考點分析：     概要寫作，是一道“跨界”題；相信我們對“跨界” 一詞應該不會陌生了：跨界歌手，跨界喜劇人等綜藝節(jié)目收視率頗高。Summary概要寫作就是在讀的基礎上進行寫作，所以是閱讀能力和寫作能力的綜合。簡單地表達Summary概要寫作= Reading+ Writing。在日常的英語教學中，教師也經(jīng)常讓學生就所學英語課文逐段概括段落大意或者復述課文，這在一定程度上都為概要寫作打基礎。除此之外，作為考生，還要注意以下幾點：（1）積累常見的同義短語和句型轉換，掌握并運用單詞、短語和句型?！扒蓩D難為無米之炊”

2、，即使有再好的寫作技巧，如果沒有相應的基礎詞匯和句法知識，也很難寫出概要寫作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基礎詞匯和句法知識上下功夫，以不變應萬變。（2） 進行適度地專題練習。有計劃地進行適度練習有利于考生快速掌握概要寫作的要點，找到概要寫作的感覺，沖破對概要寫作的不適感。平時可多關注往年的高考閱讀文章，進行結構分析和主旨概括訓練?？砂次捏w和題材，分類訓練篇章結構的布局，增強對文章上下文連貫性的把握。概要寫作首先要掌握各種文體的寫作特點和框架。如：記敘文：what / who / when / where / why / how議論文：opinion / idea + argument

3、(supporting ideas / reasons)說明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)新聞： a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs

4、       就目前出現(xiàn)的考題來看，以記敘， 說明，議論為主，新聞幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)過。新聞往往只需要通過第一句話就可以得知整個事件的梗概，這樣就無法考查學生的分析能力和概括能力，所以考的可能性較小。綜合以上分析可知，新高考更加重視考查考生高中階段英語基本技能的掌握情況，也注意考查考生進入高等學校繼續(xù)學習的潛能，目標是利用高考命題的導向功能推動新課程的課堂教學改革。 1.選材特點（1）所需閱讀的短文詞數(shù)在350以內(nèi)；（2）所選材料體裁沒有限制，以說明文、議論文和記敘文為主。2.評分參考閱卷時主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應

5、用語法結構和詞匯的準確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；（4）對各要點表達的獨立性情況。注意：理解準確，涵蓋全部要求，完全使用自己的語言，準確使用相應的語法結構和詞匯，得分相應比較高。相反，如果概要寫作部分出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象，得分檔次將會大大降低；所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無關不得分。 3、考查能力           概要寫作，簡言之就是對所讀過的文章簡要概括，寫出文章的中心大意，也可稱之為摘要。寫概要時，讀者要是把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細節(jié)性信息作為中心，而是要通過對

6、文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進行合理轉換，對文章的具體信息進行概括，再用合適的語言表述出來。這一題型主要考查學生對文章主旨大意的概括和準確獲取關鍵詞的能力，同時考查學生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對文章整體結構的把握能力。因此，概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達，是二者的有機結合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達的溝通橋梁。二、專題詳解1）知識點1 1.寫作步驟   1）細讀原文。首先要仔細閱讀短文，掌握文章主旨和結構，明確各段的大意。2）弄清要求。新高考的概要寫作是寫全文概要，不是寫某一部分的概要，或者就某些問題寫出要點。3）列出原文要點。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結構，將內(nèi)容分項扼要表

7、述并注意在結構上的順序。在此基礎上選出與文章主題密切相關的部分。4）在寫作時要特別注意下面幾點：（1）概要應包括原文中的主要事實，略去不必要的細節(jié)。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要應同原文保持協(xié)調，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容。（3）注意要點之間的銜接，要用適當?shù)年P聯(lián)詞語貫通全文，切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每兩句之間都加關聯(lián)詞語，以免顯得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的話語表達，至少對原文句子做一些同義詞替換，如果結構上也能有一些轉換會更好。（5）計算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。五個基本步驟概括起來就是：1）、

8、通讀全文，理解大意；2）、研讀文本，理清主次；3）、圍繞中心，擬寫初稿；4）、梳理整合，靈活表達；5）、修改潤色，完美呈現(xiàn)。        例題分析：    Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.    In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt

9、on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England i

10、n 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.    Tho

11、ugh the belief in the merit (好處) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that sta

12、ndards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?    Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many fi

13、rst-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫學家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is g

14、aining some ground.One possible version：    People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要點 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要點 2 ) However, people began to change th

15、eir attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要點 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要點 4)【范文點撥】 (一)要點分析     1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點：However

16、, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 換句話說：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再結合下文談到的主題可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要點1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精煉。     

17、2第二段主要談到了在16世紀，人們認為dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法兩國的貴族為代表。結合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世紀之前，人們都認為dirt是很“友好的”，有助于預防疾病。范文中的要點2 “For a long time in history, p

18、eople of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地總結了這些要點。     3. 第三段用Though引出人們對dirt觀點的轉變“since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再結合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the

19、idea可得出要點3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”     4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，On the contrary引出專家的觀點，一位免疫學家認為dirt有助于增強免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點獲得了一些支持。范文中的要點4“However, some

20、 scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表達很恰切。(二) 要點連接文章概要，在寫完了要點之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點用適當?shù)倪B接詞進行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結構是總分的結構，要點2和要點3在觀點上截然相反，因此，之間需要表示轉折的連接詞，范文用了However恰到好處。要點3和要點4在觀點上又存在不同，因此，還是用表轉折的連接詞However。不過小編認為，此處用Nevertheless可以避免三句話內(nèi)出現(xiàn)兩次However。(三) 關鍵

21、詞匯     第一段：fixed (確定的；不變的)   第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (擋住), open up (打開), upon (之后；立即)   第三段：long-lived (長期存在的), sell the idea (說服某人接收某個觀點) 第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (觀點), gain some ground (取得優(yōu)勢)    以上這些關鍵詞對于整篇文章的理解與轉化成自己的語言都很關鍵，如果不能準確

22、領會其用意，語篇理解的效果會大打折扣。所以，概要寫作的基礎是理解語篇，而讀懂語篇的基礎是詞匯，尤其是對關鍵詞匯的掌握與運用。在此基礎上，綜合運用語法與句法結構，按照行文邏輯組織語言，形成概要。2） 知識點2：1. Techniques of a summary Paraphrasing注意：使用Paraphrasing需要換詞、簡化；使用general words而不是detailed wordse.g.His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. è He was very brave.e

23、.g.She brought home several Chinese and English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. è She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation.寫摘要時可以采用下列幾種小技巧： 1) 刪除細節(jié)。只保留主要觀點。 2) 選擇一至兩個例子。原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。 3) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子

24、。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。 4) 避免重復。在原文中，為了強調某個主題，可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。 5) 壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為：“He

25、 was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought t

26、hem within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” （如果需要結合?？碱}中的例子，則推薦2017年虹口一?！癆

27、re You Ready for Your Exam?”， 是典型的將句子轉化成名詞短語的考例）7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vo

28、cation.” 8） 使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常，使用分號就能夠達成使用連接詞的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對白簡化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not goo

29、d for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wante

30、d to persuade him. She said firmly:” But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人稱概括為： Kat

31、e suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. (Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill

32、from the above ones.)1, Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips1) Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future.2).Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.3). Show your parents you are g

33、rowing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.Which skill: _Summary:_2. Sometimes, kids dont think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesnt like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether youre sp

34、eaking to a boy or a girl.Which skill: _Summary: _3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. Its not at all good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandju

35、st imagine bread without salt in it!”Which skill:_Summary:_4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.Which skill: _Summary: _1.Skill1: Omit the detailsThere are some tips

36、for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.2. Skill2: Omit the examples.It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents.3. Skill3: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt

37、. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.4. Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具體的) words.She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.2. Types of Summaries1）記敘文 串聯(lián)要素 （who, when, where, what, how, why）要求：a. 誰做了什么？b. 結果如何？2）

38、 說明文 根據(jù)不同類型a. 描寫事物性質功用?！皩ο?性質功用+利好”(In the passage) the writer introduces (對象) to us, especially its (性質或功用), from which we know (對象帶有的利好).b. 針對某個問題提出的解決方案或措施，“問題+解決方法”The passage tells us (問題), including (方法1), (方法2), and (方法3).c. 介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結果，“現(xiàn)象+原因+結果”。(The author/ writer said/ talks about) (現(xiàn)象)

39、of., because / but (原因/本質1), and (原因/本質3）議論文 論點、論據(jù)和結論；找出主題句，支撐句和結論句。積累模板Some Summary Models for You要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passag

40、e/author argues that we must not only value those who come firstor are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.The essay/passage/author outlines

41、 the harmful effects of smoking.B.而記敘文的概要則可以從以下模板中選擇：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.C.通用型模板：According to the passage, we knowThis arti

42、cle is mainly aboutThe writer states thatAs can be learn this passage, - - -The passage says thatIn this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of另外，更具體一點：(1) 記敘文概要模板a.點明寫作目的類：The writer tells us（主題）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情節(jié)）.b.作者經(jīng)歷類：In the passage, the writer mainly te

43、lls us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人經(jīng)歷類：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.(2) 議論文概要模板The article gives the view thatshould/shouldnt（主題）.（補充論據(jù)）.The passage highlights(強調) the importance of sth.The author argues that(3) 說明文概要模板a. 現(xiàn)象揭示類：This article points out the common

44、 phenomenon -（主題), which.（補充解釋）.b. 利弊對比類：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact(影響)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.c. 研究顯示類：The study reveals(揭露) thatThe purpose of the report is to show that練習：初級：找準主題句Passage 1 A terrible

45、earthquake broke out in Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, on the early morning of September 14, 2006, at 4 oclock. As most people were still in deep sleep when the earthquake was happening, all the people were in a panic, which led to a disastrous result about 200 people were killed in the earthquake

46、, and many more were seriously injured, with hundreds of thousands homeless. The local government is organizing the rescue and the international aid has also come from many countries, including China.Which of the following is the topic sentence?1. A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul.2. About

47、 200 people were killed in the earthquake.3. The international aid has also come from many countries, including China.4. All the people were in a panic during the earthquake.Passage 2 Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and danger

48、ous. Today the picture has changed. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take people where their dreams lie, whether within ones country or abroad. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. So we can say transportation has been improved a great deal.Which of

49、the following is the topic sentence?1. Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another.2. Today the picture has changed.3. Transportation has been improved a great deal.4. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.中級：1. 改寫訓練Rewrite the following se

50、ntences - (each with one sentence).1. Kate looked at Paul and said angrily, “You put too much salt on your food.”è Kate said to Paul angrily he put too much salt on his food. _.2. She bought a lot of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes and some eggs. She intended

51、to invite all his friends for her birthday party at the weekend.è She bought various vegetables to hold herself a birthday party with all her friends._.3. Nowadays more and more teenagers try to be more independent from their parents and sometimes become very rebellious. They always want to wea

52、r long and strange hairstyle, which their parents complain about a lot. They also spend too much time on the Internet and playing computer games.è Nowadays teens try to show their independence by doing strange things or wasting time online, thus some becoming rebellious. _4. It is better to pre

53、vent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.è Prevention is better than cure._ 2. 縮寫練習1). Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but s

54、he was fast asleep. So I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the l

55、adder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “I enjoy cleaning windows at night.” “So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to th

56、e station?” “Well, Id prefer to stay here,” I said. “You see, Ive forgotten my key.” “You what?” he called. “My key,” I shouted. Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.點撥：這是一篇記敘文，請從原文中劃出時間、地點、人物、事情的經(jīng)過和結果。填充下面所給的summary, 注意如何借用詞法，語法簡化句子。Summary:On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to _ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _, but was found by _. Soon _.On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to wake