高考英語復(fù)習(xí)專題(共15個(gè)專題)-

1、WOR格式-專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)資料-可編輯抽象名詞（不可數(shù)）in surprise 驚訝地win success獲得成功win honor贏得榮譽(yù)by experience 靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)an experience 一次經(jīng)歷youth青春have pity on sb憐憫某人a pity可惜的事情with pleasure 樂意a pleasure 樂事語法復(fù)習(xí)專題一一一名詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1.可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)變化形式（1）規(guī)則變化。單數(shù)名詞詞尾直接加 -s。如：boy boys, pen - pens。以 s、x 、ch 、sh 結(jié)尾的單詞般力口 -es。如：glass - glasses,bok boxes,

2、watch - watches, brush - brushes。特制ij： stomach - stomaches。以“輔音字母 + y”結(jié)尾白變“ y”為“i”再加“ -es”。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以 “ o” 結(jié)尾的多數(shù)力口 -es。女口： tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以兩個(gè)元音字母結(jié)尾的名詞和部分外來詞中以o結(jié)尾的詞只力口-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo 一kilos, to

3、bacco - tobaccos o以“f”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變 “f”或“fe”為“v”，之后再加-es。 如： wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves 等。特例： handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief 一 chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。改變元音字母的。如： man men, mouse - mice, foot - feet, woman - wom

4、en, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, ox - oxen。特例： child - children。復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。（A）在復(fù)合詞中最后名詞尾加-s。如：armchair 一 armchairs, bookcase - bookcases, bookstore - bookstores o （B） man和woman作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，前后兩個(gè)名詞都要 變成復(fù)數(shù)。如： man doctor - men doctors, woman driver - women drivers o （C）與介詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加-8如：brother

5、-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。有的名詞有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： zero zeros 、 zeroes, deer 一deers、deer。penny的兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式含義有所不同。如： pence （便士的錢 數(shù)），pennies（便士的枚數(shù)）。（2）不規(guī)則變化。單、 復(fù)數(shù)同形。如： means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works （工廠）,cattle。合成名詞的 復(fù)數(shù)。 如： boy-friend boy-friends, go-between 一 go-betw

6、eens（中間人），grown-up grown-ups。有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers 褲子，belongings 所有物，wages工資，riches 財(cái)富，surroundings 環(huán)境,ashes灰塵，campasses圓規(guī)，cattle 家畜，congratulations 祝賀，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits 以很高熱情地，give one s regards to向英 人問侯，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth.有禮

7、貌做某事。集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如： people,cattle, police;有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如： machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看做整體，復(fù)數(shù)看做集體的各個(gè)成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多（指整體）；The crew are all tired. 船員們都累壞了（個(gè)體）。2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)（1） 一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí),可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如

8、：具體化（個(gè)體名詞，可數(shù)名詞）a surprise 一件令人驚訝的事a success一個(gè)（件）成功的人（事）an honor 一個(gè)（件）引以為榮的（事）Failure(失敗)is the mother of success a failure 失敗者失敗是成功之母。a youth 一個(gè)青年人抽象名詞與a（an）連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如:A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with

9、me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。 如：物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： some coffee一些咖啡， a coffee 杯咖啡，three coffees 三杯咖啡， some drink 些飲料,a drink 杯飲 料，three drinks 三杯飲料，his hair 他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs 幾根白發(fā)，glass 玻璃

10、，a glass一只玻璃杯。物質(zhì)名詞有前置后置修飾時(shí)，前面要使用不定冠詞。have breakfastThe road is covered with snow.-.have a wonderful breakfastThey have a heavy snow every year.-Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.(3)有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，起到一種豐富語言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào) 某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如：Use your brains, please.They have

11、 smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrow s meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示數(shù)量之多，范圍之廣。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The sto

12、ne bridge broke down in heavy rains.3名詞所有格(1) “ ”s所有格的特殊表示形式有： 用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如： today snewspaper, five minutes walk(drive),five pounds coffee。用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如： the earth planet, theword s population, China s industry, New York s parks(2) “of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“部分”時(shí)，一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞( a、two

13、, several、some、no、 many 等)，如： Some students of Mister Zhang college.張老師的一些學(xué)生已經(jīng)上大學(xué)了。表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思時(shí)，用： a friend of Tom湯姆的一個(gè)朋友(許多朋友中的一位)。表示贊揚(yáng)、批評或厭惡等感情色彩時(shí)，應(yīng)該用：that/this/these/those + 名詞(單、復(fù)數(shù)) of Mary s/yours/his/he改口：That invention of hers belongs to the world.她的那項(xiàng)發(fā)明是屬于全世界的 (表贊賞)。4、名詞作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對應(yīng)

14、的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語 修飾另一個(gè)名詞。(1)分類意義。air pollution 仝氣污染 coffee cup咖啡杯 tennis ball 網(wǎng)球body language身體語言Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)(2)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生 evening school 夜校 street dance 街舞 village people 村民 China problem中國問題(3)表目的、手段、來源, reception desk 接待臺(tái) stone table 石桌weather report 天氣預(yù)報(bào)boy friend男朋友 income

15、 tax所得稅song writer歌曲作家 road accident交通事故Professor Li 李教授 winter sleep 冬眠 country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂 school education 學(xué)校教育所屬意義。sports field 田徑場color TV 彩電二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. It is generally believed that teaching is it is a science. (NMET 2001)A. an art much asB. much an art asC. as an art much asD. as much an art

16、 as解析：答案為 D。當(dāng)名詞前有 what、so、as、too、quite等詞修飾時(shí)，其形 容詞被這些詞修飾，組成下列結(jié)構(gòu)，如： What a nice book! This is too heavy a boxweight, ten dollars題中所要WOHth曷f ”酬金，報(bào)酬”。注意正確理解名詞的含義及其搭配是活用語言s have gone to 解析：答案為Q本題考查特定語境中名詞的詞義及的基礎(chǔ)，在復(fù)習(xí)備考中要熟練掌握考綱中一些名詞的詞義、搭配、習(xí)慣等，才 能更好辨析名詞，從而選擇最符合句意的選項(xiàng)。3.You find this map of great in helping y

17、ou to get roundLondon. (NMET 1998)A. priceB. costC. valueD. usefulnessbe of +抽象名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Price (介格)，cost (價(jià)錢，費(fèi)用，成本)不符合題意，value作“quality ofbeing useful or desirable”解時(shí)，常與 of搭配，在句中作表語或補(bǔ)語，意為“有 用，有價(jià)值”。故選擇value。注意名詞詞義辨異及慣用法表達(dá)，題中“ of +抽象 名詞”相當(dāng)于該名詞的形容詞形式。4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off .A.

18、a priceB. priceC. the price D. price解析：答案為 Co本題考冠詞和名詞。全句合理句意應(yīng)是：如果你買超過 10個(gè)，他們從(現(xiàn)在標(biāo)出的)價(jià)格上減價(jià)20便士。此處價(jià)格是特指的定價(jià)，所以C項(xiàng)最佳。5 .The journey around the world took the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which解析：答案為Bo辨析名詞語義，a distance of遨字”距離”。6 . I

19、 keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children . sA. reachB. handC. holdD. place解析：答案為A?！皁ut of reach”是“超出某人夠得著的范圍”，即“夠不著”的意思，藥品應(yīng)放到孩子夠不到的地方。語法復(fù)習(xí)專題二一一冠詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1 .不用冠詞的情況(1)專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。China, America, SmithAir is matter.(2)可數(shù)名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等限制時(shí)， 不加冠詞This dictionary is min

20、e.(3)季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐名稱前一般不加冠詞。March, May Day, National Day, Children s Day, Women s DayHave you had supper?Spring is the best season of the year.(4)稱呼語或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名詞前及表示頭銜職務(wù)的名詞作賓語、補(bǔ)語及同位語時(shí)，一般不加冠詞。What s this, Father? We made him our chairman.學(xué)習(xí)資料分享for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy

21、as Mike等，應(yīng)采取 too/how + 形容詞(副詞)+ a(an) +名詞的形式。要記住一些類似的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)，并加以分析。Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.(5)學(xué)科名稱、球類、棋類名稱前不加冠詞。2. The police are offering a to anyone who can give informationabout the lost key. (NMET 1999)A. priceB. prizeC. rewardD. money解析：答案為Co price價(jià)格，錢；prize獎(jiǎng)金。D項(xiàng)是錢，屬不可數(shù)名詞，D

22、o you study physics?He likes playing football/chess.(6)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示泛指一類人或事物時(shí)前不用冠詞。They are peasants/ workers.(7)在與by連用的交通工具名稱前不加冠詞。by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus 需注意。(8)某些固定詞組中不用冠詞。名詞詞組中：husband and wife, brother and sister, body and so

23、ul, day and night, knife and fork介詞詞組中：to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university ( college) ,to (in, into, from) church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle,

24、 plane), on foot注意：在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。in hospital 住院(因病)in the hospital在醫(yī)院(工作、參觀等)in front of在前面，指某物體之外4n the front of在前部，指某物之內(nèi)in charge 負(fù)責(zé)，主管out of question 沒問題J in the charge 由負(fù)責(zé) out of the question 不可能I (9) as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，作表語的名詞不帶冠詞。Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.(10)系動(dòng)詞turn (作“變成”解)后作表語的單

25、數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前習(xí)慣不用 冠詞The young girl has turned writer.=The young girl has become a writer.(11)在單數(shù)名詞+ after +同一單數(shù)名詞(表示“一個(gè)接一個(gè)”)結(jié)構(gòu)中， 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞。She did experiment after experiment.類似的還有： shop after shop, mistake after mistake(12)形容詞的最高級前、序數(shù)詞前也有不用定冠詞的情況?！癿ost +形容詞原級”作“十分、非常、極”解時(shí)，前面不用定冠詞。Oh, it s most beautiful

26、.當(dāng)兩個(gè)形容詞最高級并列修飾同一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，第二個(gè)形容詞前通常不用定冠詞。She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.當(dāng)形容詞最高級作表語，不表示與其他人或物相比時(shí)，其前不用定冠詞。The market in the country is busiest in winter.形容詞最高級前有名詞所有格或物主代詞時(shí)，不能用定冠詞。A wolf in a sheep s skin is our most dangerous enemy.序數(shù)詞前面一般加定冠詞表示“第”之意，但在 second, third等詞 前加不定冠詞表示“又一，再一”之意

27、。why you took a second arrow注意：下句中“ a first”表示“第一名、冠軍”。He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.(13) no與such連用時(shí)應(yīng)放在such之前，such后面的名詞不用冠詞。No such thing has ever happened in this village.(14) never、ever置于作主語的名詞前，這些名詞前不用冠詞。Never did student study so hard.這個(gè)學(xué)生從未學(xué)得這么認(rèn)真。(15) 有時(shí)為了節(jié)省空間

28、、時(shí)間、金錢和精力，或?yàn)榱艘鹱⒁饬?，省?a(n)或the,這主要用于新聞標(biāo)題、工商業(yè)文件、廣告、電報(bào)、公告、提綱、書名 等。Conference opens 會(huì)議召開了。2.定冠詞的使用情況 1)使用定冠詞的一般情況。特指或第二次提到。序數(shù)詞前、最高級前、獨(dú)一無二的東西前。用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前或某些專有名詞前。 2)定冠詞使用特殊的場合。 He hit him in the face.beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，窮人，

29、傷員 the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two兩者中較年長的位，較漂亮的一個(gè) The sooner, the better.越,快越好。He got paid by the hour.他是按小時(shí)付工錢的。by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year但：by weight按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s (表示年代)the Smiths/the Whites (表示一家人或夫婦倆) in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/c

30、ountry/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home當(dāng)抽象名詞表示某一特定內(nèi)容，特別是當(dāng)它有一限定性修飾語時(shí)，它與定冠詞連用：She is fond of music.He is playing the music written by Beethoven.1. Good advice is beyond price.Im sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.、3不定冠詞常用的幾種情況(1) 表示 “一” 相當(dāng)于 “ one。I ll return in a day or tw

31、o.(2) 表示 “每” 相當(dāng)于 “ per。We have three meals a day.(3) 表示 “同一性” 相當(dāng)于 “ the same。The children are of an age.(4)表示類指，表示“某類 。He wants to he a doctor.(5) 表示泛指， 相當(dāng)于 “ any。 A horse is a useful animal.(6) 表示某一個(gè)，相當(dāng)于 “ a certainA Mr. Smith is asking to see you.(7)與抽象名詞連用，可以表示“一場、一次、一件” ，如：a pleasure 一 件樂事，a sur

32、prise一件令人驚訝的事，a joy 一件高興的事，a pity 一件遺憾的事， an honour 一個(gè)(件)經(jīng)以為榮的人 博)。(8)與物質(zhì)名詞連用，表示“一種，一陣、一份 oWhat a heavy rain!What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!4 .冠詞表類別的常見方式(1)定冠詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示一個(gè)，代表一類。The computer was invented in 1945.The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.(2)不

33、定冠詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(表示任意一個(gè)，某一個(gè))。A pen is a tool for writing.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful animal.注意：man, woman表示泛指時(shí)，不用冠詞，且常用單數(shù)。如：Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to be the protector of woman.(3)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，指類別(考慮到同類中的各個(gè)情況)。Horses are useful animals.Rice is a kind of food.5 .冠

34、詞位置問題(1)不定冠詞 +副詞+形容詞 +名詞。This is a very interesting story.(2) such、what、both、all、quite、rather + 不定冠詞 + 形容詞 + 名詞。I ve never seen suchfiim!Half a pound of pork,please!What a good idea it is!(3) as、 so、too、how、however、enough+形容詞 +不定冠詞 + 名詞。It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.I can t finish the

35、 task in so short a time.This seems not too long a distance.We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.However low te price you paid,you waste your money.He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.(4)定冠詞位置。 half、twice、three times + the + 名詞He paid twice the price for it.Their house is three t

36、imes the size of yours.all、both、double + the + 名詞Both the blind men were mistaken.All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. The warmth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort ofwool used. (NMET 2001)A.

37、The ; theB. the ; / C. /; the D. /; /解析：答案為Bo第一空格為特指，交待the warmth的內(nèi)容，第二空格為 泛指，the sort of wool used所用羊毛的種類。此題有三點(diǎn)需注意：正確理解 sweater這一句詞在句中的類別。掌握determine在句中作決定、取決于2. Most animals have little connection with animalsof different kind unless they kill them for food. （NMET 2000）A. thea B. /aC. the theD. /

38、the解析：答案為Bo名詞復(fù)數(shù)表類別，其前不用冠詞，故第一個(gè)空格不填冠詞， 表不定概念的“一種”，“某種”要用不定冠詞 a。要準(zhǔn)確掌握冠詞表類別的三種 表達(dá)方式和不定冠詞常用的幾種情況，見前面要點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)聚焦內(nèi)容。3. Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited thecountry in thirteenth century. （NMET1999）A. the / B. the the C. / the D. / /解析：答案為Co題中in use是固定搭配，意為“在使用，use為抽象名詞， 其前不用冠詞。后者是序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞

39、the。要牢記一些固定搭配如in use、under construction （在建設(shè)中）、in debt （欠債）、come to power （執(zhí)政）、on fire （著火）、at table （用餐）、out of work （失業(yè)）等。4. When you come here for your holiday next time don t gootel; Ican find you bed in my flat.A. the; aB. the;不填 C. a; theD. a;不填解析：答案為Co考定語從句。主句部分應(yīng)是The English play at the New Y

40、ear party was a great success.從句補(bǔ)全為獨(dú)立句子就是 my students acted in the play. 所以應(yīng)選in which,其余介詞不妥。5. John, there is Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.一I m in bath.A. a; the B. the; aC. a;不填 D. the;不填解析：答案為Ao本題考查冠詞用法。a+姓名，表示“一個(gè)叫的人”； in the bath 在浴室。6. Tom owns larger collection of books than any other stude

41、nt in our class.A. the;不填 B. a;不填 C. a; theD.不填；the解析：答案為B?？脊谠~，collection是可數(shù)名詞，須填冠詞，被比較級修飾， 但是大范圍的比較，故填不定冠詞，后一空是泛指的表類別的書，且已用了復(fù) 數(shù)，不填冠詞。故選 Bo 語法復(fù)習(xí)專題三一一代詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦代詞分為九類：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、指示代詞疑問代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞、關(guān)系代詞。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的作 用。1、人稱代詞（1）人稱代詞作主語用主格，作賓語、表語用賓格，但應(yīng)注意以下4中情況：作主語的人稱代詞如果孤立地使用于無謂語動(dòng)詞的句子中，或在這種句 子

42、中與動(dòng)詞不定式連用，常用賓格。Does any of you know where Tom lives?Me.What! Me （to） play him at chess? No!句子中代詞作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，與所替代的名詞在人稱、數(shù)、格在 意義上一般要保持前后一致。這個(gè)意思。掌握定冠詞表特指的基本用法。The thief was thought to be he.(the thief 是主格，故用 he 代替)They took me to be her.他們誤以為我是她。(me是賓格，故用her替代)作表語人稱代詞一般用賓格，但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分代詞的格不 變。I met her

43、 in the hospital. It was her who I met in the hospital.在比較級的句子中than、as后用主格、賓格都可以。如： He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有區(qū)別。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列，其次序排列原則：在并列主語中，“I”總是放在最后，排列順序?yàn)椋憾?三一(人稱)。賓 格me也一樣。Yo

44、u ,she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.第三人稱，男女兩性并用，男先女后。He and she still don t agree to the plan.(3)幾個(gè)人稱代詞的特殊用法。we/you( 口語)常用來泛指一般人。she可以代表國家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic ” was the largest, wasn t she?2 .物主代詞(1)名詞和形容詞性物主代詞各自的語法功能。(2) one s own=.of one 5的轉(zhuǎn)換。(3)某

45、些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中常用定冠詞代替物主代詞。如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.3 .反身代詞(1)反身代詞的語法功能：賓語、表語、主語或賓語的同位語。(2)反身代詞和某些動(dòng)詞連有，構(gòu)成固定短語。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood(3)反身代詞還可用于某些成語中。for oneself為自己或獨(dú)立地,of oneself自然地,自動(dòng)地by oneself獨(dú)自地，in oneself本身性質(zhì)，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至極Th

46、is problem gets a chapter to itself.這個(gè)問題占了一章(獨(dú)有) 。Just between ourselves, I don think much of him.私下地說我并不怎么看重 他。They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同)Left to himself he began to write.別人走后只留下他，他寫了起來。I m very angry with mysefe 自己的氣。4 .相互代詞 (each other, one another)相互代詞無人稱、數(shù)和格的區(qū)別，在句中作賓語

47、。其所有格分別為eachother 、s one another 彳語。一般來說,each other指兩者之間,one another指三者或三者以上之間,但現(xiàn)在區(qū)分已不明顯。5 .指示代詞 (this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代詞具有形容詞和代詞兩種詞性，在句子中可以作定語、主語、賓語 或表語等。(1)指示代詞this和that的區(qū)別。this (these)一般指時(shí)間或空間上較近的人或物；that(those)常指時(shí)間或空間較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.In those days they

48、could not go to school.this常指后面要講到的事物，有啟下的作用；that則指前面講到過的事物， 有承上的作用。I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday. That s why he didn t come.為了避免重復(fù)，常用that或those代替前面已提過的名詞。The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabb

49、it are longer than those of a fox.this在電話用語中彳自我介紹，that詢問對方；this和that可以當(dāng)副詞用， 意思相當(dāng)于副詞so。(2) such和same的用法。such指“這樣的”人或事，在句中作主語和定語。Such was the story.We have never seen such a tall building.same指“同樣的”人或事，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語， same的 前面要用定冠詞the.The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同樣的情況。(主語)Whether

50、 he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.他是否能做這事，對我來說都一樣。(表語)6、疑問代詞(who,whom,which,what,whose )疑問代詞在句中作主語、賓語、定語和表語。(1) who/what詢問姓名或關(guān)系。Who is he?He is my brother./He isHenry詢問職業(yè)或地位。What is he?He is a lawyer/teacher.What/who作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于說話人的視點(diǎn)，可單數(shù)也可復(fù)數(shù)。What is /are on the table?Who is/are in the

51、 library?(2)which 與 who、whatwhich表示在一定范圍內(nèi)，而 who、what則無此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7.連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞連接代詞與疑問代詞的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它們與 ever合成的代詞 whoever、 whomever、whatever、whichever 等。 它 們用來引導(dǎo)主語從句，賓語從句和表語從句，即連接復(fù)合句中的主句和從句， 并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，以連接代詞引起的名詞性從句前不能再加 that.關(guān)系代詞是用來引導(dǎo)定語

52、從句的代詞，它們包括 who、whom、whose、which、that等。這兩類代詞的用法詳見“名詞性從句”和“定語從句”部分。8、不定代詞不定代詞主要有： all、each every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、 few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no 等。還有由 some、any、 no和every構(gòu)成合成代詞，不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)，并有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語等（every、no只能作定語）。下面介紹幾組主要不定代詞的用法與區(qū)別。（1） some 與

53、 any一般用法：some、any可與單、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連有。some 一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑問、否定或條件句。He has some Chinese paintings.定語）Some like sports,others like music.（主語）Ask me if you have any questions.陡語）Do you have any questions to ask? 語）I don t know aoythe students.（賓語）特殊用法：any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any child can do that.（定語）You may t

54、ake any of them.（賓語）some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一”oSmith went to some place in England.（定語）在期待對方回答yes時(shí)，some用在表示請求或邀請的問句中。Would you like some bananas?（邀請）Mum,could you give me some money?（請求）some用于否定句表示部分否定。I don t know some of the students.賓語）some和any在句中還可作狀語，作副詞。some意為“大約”相當(dāng)于“about”, 而any則表示程度，意為“稍，絲毫”。如：Ther

55、e are some 300 workers on strike.Do you feel any better today?（2） One, both, allone作定語、表語、主語或賓語，可以指人或物，表示“一個(gè)”的意思，其復(fù)數(shù)為ones指人時(shí)，其所有格是 one ,s反身代詞是oneself.One should try one s best to serve the pele（定語）This is not the one I want.（表語）one、ones可以代替上文提到過的名詞，以免重復(fù)，one、ones前面分別可以用 this、that、these、those 或 the、wh

56、ich 等詞修飾。如：These books are more interesting than those ones.Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?both用作定語、賓語、主語和同位語，可以指人或指物，表示“兩者都” 的意思。This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.（定語）Both of the boys are here.（主語）We both are students.（同位語）注意：both用于否定