(全國用)2018年高考英語二輪復習與增分策略專題一閱讀理解第三節(jié)題組練習2科普知識

1、科普知識A（2017 甘肅甘谷二中一模 ）Are you an optimist ? Do you look at your glass and see it as half full? Do youbelieve that every cloud has a silver lining and that things generally turn out for the best ? Do you believe that if something is meant to be, it will be ? If you reply"yes" to all of these

2、 questions , then you are an optimist.Youprobably areenthusiastic, cheerful and outgoing.You may be successful at work and in love.But you may be misguided because things don ' t turn out for the best.You may believe that when one door closes another one opens （for example, you may fail toobtain

3、 a new job; another chance will come around soon） . Wrong.When one door closes , another door slams（砰然關(guān)上）in your face.That ' s bitter reality.Now a book has been published which confirms what pessimists（悲觀者 ）havesuspected all along.It ' s called The Positive Powerof Defensive Pessimism.Its a

4、uthor argues that defensive pessimism can lead to positive results.Defensive pessimism is a strategy used to manage fear , anxiety and worry.Defensive pessimists prepare for the things by setting low outcomes for themselves.They carefully consider everything that may go wrong and plan for ways to ha

5、ndle these problems.And this gives them a sense of control.Lawrence Sanno, a psychology professor , says , "What' s in teresting about defensive pessimists is that they tend to be very successful people , so their low opinion of the situation ' s outcomes is not realistic.They use it to

6、 motivate themselves to perform better. ”So far , so good.This is not rocket science.Defensive pessimists prepare carefully and consider what might go wrong, whether at work, on date or even in a sports game.It makes sense to have a back-up plan.There are many sayings in English urgingcaution.For ex

7、ample, "Don' t put all your eggs in one basket. " And "Don' t count your chickens until they hatch. " To have a confident and optimistic approach to life ' s problems is good.But listen to what Woody Alien , the American comedian says, a Confidence is what you have be

8、fore you understand the problem.”There are pros a nd cons to being an optimist and a pessimist.Don ' t feel bad if you see the glass half empty.You are a realist.But lighten up and hook up with someone who sees the same glass half full.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文，說明了防御性悲觀的積極力量，防御性悲觀主義是一種 管理恐懼、焦慮和擔心的策略。防御性悲觀者為自

9、己設(shè)定較低的結(jié)果，他們仔細考慮可 能出現(xiàn)的問題并計劃處理這些問題的辦法，這給了他們一種控制感。1. What s the passage mainly about?A. A book that has recently been published.B. How to become successful in life.C. The dangers of being too optimistic.D. The benefits of defensive pessimism.答案 D解析 主旨大意題。文章在第一段提出了人樂觀一點會更好，接著主要討論了要做一個防御 性悲觀者，因為這樣的悲觀者才會對

10、以后的事情做好充分的準備，會有詳細的計劃和安排。 那樣才能有更好的結(jié)果。故D正確。2. The underlined sentence in Para.4 means . A. it ' s not a dangerous thing to doB. it is quite simple to understandC. the cost is not so highD. there is no real proof答案 B解析 句意理解題。諺語"This is not rocket science. "中的 rocket science 指困難的 事情，難以理解的事

11、情。本句話的意思就是指這很好理解。故 B正確。3. Which of the following English expressions would a defensive pessimist believe?A. Don' t put all your eggs in one basket.B. The glass is half full not half empty.C. Whatever will be , will be.D. Every cloud has a silver lining.答案 A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的"There are many s

12、ayings in English urgingcaution.For example , 'Don' t put all your eggs in one basket. '" 可知該諺語表示 做事要謹慎，與防御性悲觀者觀點一致，故 A項符合。4. The writer would probably describe himself as . A. an optimistB. a defeatistC. a realistD. a scientist答案 C解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“當上帝關(guān)上一扇門的時候，他會為你打開另外一扇門。但是實際上并不是總是

13、如此?！痹俳雍献詈笠欢蝺?nèi)容可知作者是個現(xiàn)實主義者。故C正確。（2017 吉林長春外國語學校期中）Showers can be relaxing.You can hum a song , daydream or think about nothing , leaving the real world behind you.But did you know that showering can also benefit your mind?A research by Scott Barry Kaufman , a psychologist from Yale University in the U

14、Sinterviewed over 3,000 people around the world.It turned out that nearly two-thirds of the interviewees said they had experienced new ideas in the shower and were more likely to have them in the shower than at work.So why does a simple shower have such magic power ? Science can explain it.Showering

15、 can help to raise our level of dopamine, a hormone（荷爾蒙）closelyrelated to our creativity. "People vary in terms of their level of creativity according to the activityof dopamine, " explained Alice Flaherty , a famous Americanneuroscientist."Taking a warm shower can make us feel relaxe

16、d andtherefore makethe dopamine level rise and bring 'Aha! ' moment to us.”Besides the chemical changes, showering may give you a break from what you feel you have been stuck with.Especially when you have thought hard all day about a problem , jumping into the shower can keep you from the ou

17、tside world so that you can focus on your inner feelings and memories.In this way, according to American psychologist Shelley H . Carson , author of Your Creative Brain , “a showering hour may turn into an 'incubation（孵化）period ' for your ideas.”Showering allows us to enjoy the creative juic

18、es of our minds, but it needn ' tjust be the bathroom where you get your inspiration.For instance, Gertrude Stein ,a female American writer and poet , got new ideas by driving around a farm and stopping at different cows until she found the one that most inspired her.So try to create your own wa

19、y to free your mind, whether it ' s a walk near the ocean, a country drive or reading a book at home.語篇解讀一項科學實驗證實了淋浴不僅能讓我們感到放松，還能激發(fā)大腦的創(chuàng)造力。5. According to the article , what changes can showering cause?A. Bringing the terrible moment to us.B. Increasing the level of dopamine.C. Leading to boredom

20、 or tiredness.D. Setting the conservative part of the brain free.答案 B解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù) 第三段中的"Showering can help to raise our level of dopamine”可知，淋浴能增加人體內(nèi)多巴胺的水平。故選 R6. If one has focused on something all day, showering can help 二A. turn one ' s attention inwardsB. draw one' s attention to the

21、 outside worldC. one make an important breakthroughD. many chemical changes to take place答案 A解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句"Especially when you have thought hard all dayabout a problem , jumping into the shower can keep you from the outside world so that you can focus on your inner feelings and memories. ”

22、可知， A項正確。7. What' s the author ' s attitude towards the opinion that showering can lead to creativity?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Not mentioned.答案 A解析 觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Showering allows us to enjoy the creative juicesof our minds. ”可判斷出，作者認為淋浴能激發(fā)我們的創(chuàng)造力，即作者對“淋浴能激發(fā)人 的創(chuàng)造力”這一觀點持積極態(tài)度。

23、故選A。8. The example of Gertrude Stein in the last paragraph is used to . A. encourage readers to find their own ways of getting inspirationB. point out to readers that it ' s hard to find inspirationC. explain how to link inspiration with readers' daily livesD. show that creativity often come

24、s from strange places答案 A解析 推理判斷題。最后一段開頭作者指出淋浴能激發(fā)我們的創(chuàng)造力，但是并不一定非得在浴室淋浴獲得靈感，后面就以Gertrude Stein為例講述其他方法也能激發(fā)我們的靈感。由此可判斷出，作者以Gertrude Stein為例是為了鼓勵讀者找到自己的獲取靈感的方法。故選A。C（2017 第三次全國大聯(lián)考）Feeding knowledge directly into your brain, just like in sci-fi classicTheMatrix （黑客帝國 ）,could soon take as much effort as f

25、alling asleep , scientists believe.Researchers claim to have developed a simulator which can feed informationdirectly into a person' s brain and teach them new skills in a shorter amount of time , comparing it to“l(fā)ife imitating art ".Researchers from HRL Laboratories , based in California ,

26、 say they have found a way to amplify learning , only on a muchsmaller scale than seen in the Hollywood film.They studied the electric signals in the brain of a trained pilot and then fedthe data into novice（ 初學者 ）subjects as they learned to pilot an airplane in a realistic flight simulator.The stud

27、y , published in the journal Frontiers in HumanNeuroscience , found that subjects who received brain stimulation via electrode-embedded head caps improvedtheir piloting abilities and learnt the task 33 percent better than a placebo group.“Our system is one of the first of its kind.It ' s a brain

28、 stimulation system,” explained Dr Matthew Phillips. "It sounds kind of sci-fi , but there ' s large scientificbasis for the development of our system.The specific task we were lookingat was piloting an aircraft , which requires a combination of both cognitive and motor performance.When you

29、 learn something , your brain physically changes.Connections are made and strengthened in a process called neuro-plasticity.It turns out that certain functions of the brain , like speech and memory, are located in very specificregionsof the brain , about the size of your pinky. ”Dr Matthew believes

30、that brain stimulation could eventually be implemented for tasks like learning to drive, exam preparation and language learning.“What our system does is it actually targets those changes to specific regions of the brain as you learn , " he added. "The method itself is actually quiteold.Inf

31、act , the ancient Egyptians 4,000 years ago used electric fish to stimulate and reduce pain.Even Ben Franklin applied currents to his head, but the rigorous , scientificinvestigation of these methods started in the early 2000s and we' re building on that research to target and personalize a stim

32、ulation in the most effective way possible.What we found is brain stimulation seems to be particularly effective at actually improving learning. ” 語篇解讀美國休斯研究實驗室的研究人員已經(jīng)研發(fā)出一種幫助人腦快速學習的系統(tǒng),W們聲稱該系統(tǒng)能夠直接將新技能和新知識上傳到你的大腦。9. What can we know about “l(fā)ife imitating art " ?A. Knowledge can be directly put in

33、to our brain.B. There is no need for people to learn new knowledge.C. A simulator can help people acquire what they want.D. It ' s just a kind of art that hasn ' t been explained yet.答案 C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段的內(nèi)容可知“l(fā)ife imitating art”是借助一種模擬器在短時間內(nèi)教會人類新技能的方法。故選Co10. Which of the following about the

34、system studied is FALSEaccording to Dr Matthew? A. It ' s nothing but a system related to brain stimulation.8. It ' s based on enough scientific foundation.C It expects to be fully used in all walks of life.D. It focuses on the changes to certain regions of brain.答案 C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"Dr

35、Matthew believes that brain stimulation couldeventually be implemented for tasks like learning to drive, exam preparation andlanguage learning."可知 C為正確答案。11. What' s the purpose of writing the passage?A. To introduce the technology used in a classic film.B. To illustrate a new study connect

36、ed with human brain.C. To show how to train pilot effectively.D. To study the people ' s physical response to outer changes.答案 B解析 寫作目的題。文章主要闡述了一項對開發(fā)人類大腦的刺激系統(tǒng)的研究成果。故選BoD（2017 貴州遵義航天高級中學四模）Scientists found that sleeping considerably improves our creativity.After taking a nap people are able to th

37、ink faster and put more imagination into their thinking.Besides , if we dream , the thinking abilities are improved even more.Researchers consider that sleeping on a problem in most cases leads to elucidation（ 解釋）.They say when a person enters a phase called Rapid Eye Movement （REM） during sleep , i

38、t increases the effect.Such phase takes place right before we awake and according to scientists it helps our brain make links between unrelated subjects.In the study , led by Professor Sara Mednick , scientists made a conclusion that the REM/vas aimportant for assimilating（ 消化）newinformation into pa

39、st experience in order to find solutions to creative problems.Prof.Mednick is a psychiatrist at the University of California.Her study involved the analysis of 77 adults.Each participant was given several word-associated creative tasks.All tasks were given in the morning, with participants being sho

40、wn a numberof groups of 3 words, for example : cookie , heart and sixteen.Theywere asked to comeup with a word that would be associated with all threegiven terms likesweet.Sometime later , after someparticipants were allowed to sleep , they were asked to perform the same tasks and some new ones.It i

41、s worth mentioning that while some people slept , researchers used brain scans to see the type of sleep each participant entered.When given the same tasks , participants , who took a nap, were able to give more varied solutions , someof which were muchbetter than they gave earlier.But when given new

42、 tasks , researchers found that those who entered REMsleep had a 40 percent better result compared to the performance they showed in the morning.語篇解讀研究發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠能提升人的創(chuàng)造性。如果在睡覺時做夢,人的思維能力會得到更大提升。12. What does "it " refer to in the second paragraph?A. The effect.B. REM.C. Sleep.D. A problem.答案 B解析

43、代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞前面的" They say when a person enters a phase called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) during sleep”可知 it 指代 REM 故選 B。13. Why do the researchers study the REM?A. Because REM takes place just after you sleep.B. Because REM can store more information.C. Because REM can help find creative solutions

44、.D. Because REM can make a creative invention.答案 C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的"scientists made a conclusion that the REM was(important for assimilating( 消化)new information into past experience ' in order to find solutions to creative problems ” 可知答案為C。14. What can we know from this passage?A. Taking a s

45、hort nap is good for your thinking during the day.B. Sleeping has three processes which is good for creativity.C. Each adult was allowed to sleep after the task was given.D. REM is a process taking place right after we awake when we nap.答案 A解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段首句"When given the same tasks , particip

46、ants, who tooka nap , were able to give more varied solutions , some of which were much better than they gave earlier."可知小睡一會會讓人有更好的表現(xiàn)。故選A。15. The important stage in the study is .A. to think of a creative wordB. to show a group of 3 wordsC. to give participants time to thinkD. to let some part

47、icipants sleep for a while答案 D解析 推理判斷題。由最后兩段可知這次研究的過程為：先讓測試者進行測試，然后讓其中一些測試者睡一會兒，之后再進行測試，從而對比兩次測試的結(jié)果。由此可推斷讓一些測試者睡一會兒是本次研究的關(guān)鍵。故選D=以上語篇訓練之I .單詞梳理1. He aims to be a successful(success) writer.2. A good cry would probably(probable) make you feel better.3. Fresh air is beneficial(benefit) to our health.4. The city is famous for its various(vary) bridges.5. London was different(difference) from most European capita