2011英語(yǔ)專升本語(yǔ)法詞匯復(fù)習(xí)1

1、復(fù)習(xí)資料一、重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)I. 典型時(shí)態(tài)和特殊用法1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): （1）表示習(xí)慣性的行為或動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)等；（2）表示最近的行為或動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)；（3）表示當(dāng)前職業(yè)和愛好；（4）表示真理性的行為、動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)等 常用時(shí)間副詞：often, always, usually, every day（week/month）, once a week, the other day Do 和dose 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)變化的助動(dòng)詞。 2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): (1)表示最近按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事,往往有表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ). 能夠這樣用的動(dòng)詞有: arrive, come, leave, return, start, work,

2、 play, have等.(2) 表示意愿的將來(lái) (3)在時(shí)間、條件從句中表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:We are leaving on Friday. / He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是亂扔?xùn)|西./ Dont interrupt him if he is reading.（4）表示什么事情即將，馬上就要發(fā)生：be about to V原形/ be to V原形 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): 1)將來(lái)完成用法: 用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,說明將來(lái)某時(shí)刻以前動(dòng)作完成的情況。2)用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中:往往是在定語(yǔ)從句中。3) "must +

3、完成式”表示過去必定發(fā)生過的事情,是對(duì)發(fā)生在過去的一種行為的推測(cè)。 “should (或ought to) + 完成式”表示一個(gè)應(yīng)該在過去做,而沒有做的動(dòng)作,它往往帶有埋怨和后悔的情緒。如: 1) Ill go with you as soon as I have finished my work. / Its (will be) the first time I have been there.注:表示瞬間行為動(dòng)詞come, join, finish, marry, return等不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 只能用系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替。如: He has been back for o

4、ver a week. (不能用has come back) / I have been in the army for three years. (不能用have joined) since "自從"以來(lái)；for表示時(shí)間,從過去開始延續(xù)至今,它們都是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的典型信號(hào)詞。 句子中有表示過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last week, in 1990, ago)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)要用過去時(shí)態(tài)。4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)下去,通常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如: All the mornin

5、g, for hours, since this morning / They have been watching television for two hours. / He has been writing letters since this morning. 5. 過去完成時(shí): 1) 過去完成時(shí),表示在過去某時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成廠的動(dòng)作.即”過去的過去”.常用的信號(hào)詞有by(到時(shí)候?yàn)橹?, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或用unless, when, after, once, as soon as等連詞引起的表示到過去某時(shí)間為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.2) 過去完成時(shí)常用在“no soonert

6、han” 和“hardlywhen (before)”等句型的主句中,從句中常用一般過去時(shí)。如: By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years. / No sooner had he finished his performance than the audience began to cheer. (He had no soonerthan) (他剛表演完，觀眾就喝彩)6.其它要注意的時(shí)態(tài)1) be going to口語(yǔ)中常用,表示最近打算要做的事情; 根據(jù)某種跡象表明可能要發(fā)生的事情。如:What a

7、re you going to do this evening? / Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.2) 過去將來(lái)時(shí),多見于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)足一般過去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:He said that he would get married soon.3) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用法之一是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景,往往在一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過程中,突然發(fā)生第二個(gè)戲劇性的動(dòng)作.第二個(gè)戲劇性動(dòng)作為一般過去時(shí),由when或while引出,意為”此時(shí)”。有二種句型: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt h

8、imself. / Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. / Someone knocked at the door while I was taking a shower. / Just as I was opening the door, the telephone rang.4) 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都引人注目且同時(shí)發(fā)生,并沒有一個(gè)比另一個(gè)更形象,更主要時(shí),那么兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都可以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：My husband was reading while I was cooking. 7. 有些動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn),卻有被動(dòng)含義。 如：T

9、he knife cuts well. / Nylon underwear washes easily. 尼龍內(nèi)衣容易洗 / The novels written by the young man sell well. 那個(gè)年青人寫的小說銷路好 / This ball-pen writes in four colours. 這支圓珠筆可以寫出四種顏色 / The note reads as follows”. 字條上寫著:”8. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,介詞或副詞不可省略。如：More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near futu

10、re. / The old woman has been operated on. (這位老婦人已經(jīng)動(dòng)過了手術(shù)) / The purse was picked up and handed to the police. 此外,固定搭配 “動(dòng)詞 + 名詞 + 介詞” 習(xí)語(yǔ)中,介詞也不能省掉。 Time must be made good use of./ Less clever children should not be made fun of.9. 如果賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式,在被動(dòng)態(tài)中,主補(bǔ)的不定式必須帶to.如:His parents make him study hard. / He i

11、s made to study hard.10. 在want, need, desire, require和形容詞worthworth + doing后,動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義. 如:The house wants repairing (=to be repaired)./ The point deserves mentioning (to be mentioned). / The novel is worth reading.(=The novel is worthy to be read.= The novel is worthy of being reading.= It is w

12、orthwhile to read the novel.) 11.表示將來(lái)時(shí)的還有: be about to / be to do / be on the point of等.如:I was on the point of leaving when the phone rang. / The road is to open to the public on October 1, 2004.12. 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞： hanghangedhanged hunghunglielaylainlay laidlaidbindboundboundwind woundwoundgrind groundgroun

13、dcostcostcostcutcutcutcastcastcastshutshutshutII. 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)一致的重點(diǎn) 1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。2. 事件、國(guó)家、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、書刊及其他作品的名稱(專有名詞)用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3. 表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、度量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)形式主語(yǔ),習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如: One and a half bananas is left on the table.4. 表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。5. 主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟as well as

14、, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍為單數(shù)形式。如: The child as well as parents likes the game.6.某些不定代詞, 如: either, neither, each, one, other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, someone, something, everybody,

15、 everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等, 當(dāng)他們作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。7. 用and連接的并列成分前面有each, every, many a, more than one, no等詞修飾時(shí),意義為單數(shù),動(dòng)詞則相應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如: Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks. / Many a student and teacher has seen the film.8. 用and, bo

16、th.and, both,(a) few, many, several等。如: Few people know it.9. 某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如: The aged suffer from various miseries in this country. 10. 不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Three millions tons of coal were exported that year. 11. more than + 數(shù)詞 + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如: More than three hundred p

17、eople attended the meeting. 12. A series of / A group of + 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞13. 用連詞eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut(also),or與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致。如: One or two friends are coming this evening. / Either the boy or the girl knows him well. / Not only you but also he is wrong.14. 一些表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)與名詞連用時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于

18、名詞的數(shù),名詞是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),反之就用單數(shù)。a lot (lots of), plenty of, a heap of(heaps of), half of, two-thirds, ninety percent of, part of, rest of, some of, none of等。如: 40 percent of the students come from the south of China. / Three millions tons of were exported that year.15. 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意義.。當(dāng)表示整體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)

19、動(dòng)詞用單數(shù); 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:army, audience, band, board, crowd, cattle, class, club, committee, crew, family, crowd, firm, flock, gang, government, group, majority, party, police, public, staff, team, troop等。如：The committee meets twice a month. / The committee are divided in opinion.16. 定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作

20、主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須與其先行詞一致。 One of the students who have written to the authority about the problem of population raises his hand. / He is the only one of the students who is from Beijing.附：代詞一致1. 由eitheror, neithernor, not only, but (also), or連接先行詞,如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上是一致的,就用其相應(yīng)的一致的人稱代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致,人稱代詞一般與鄰近

21、的先行詞在數(shù)、性上保持一致。 如: Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. / Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.2. 當(dāng)each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的限定詞時(shí),其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語(yǔ)法一致原則,采取單數(shù)形式。如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.3

22、. everything, anything, something, nothing之類的不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句中相應(yīng)的代詞,一般只按語(yǔ)法一致的原則,用其單數(shù)的形式。如: Everything is ready, isnt it?4. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式, 后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí), 如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果each位于動(dòng)詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如: They each have two coats. / We are each responsible for his own family.III、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名

23、詞表示：籠統(tǒng)、泛指的意思 / 抽象或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作 / 已成為過去或經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談不定式表示：一時(shí)性的具體的或特定的動(dòng)作 / 現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作如：Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具體)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. (經(jīng)驗(yàn))To study abroad has long been my dream. (一件尚未完成的事情)二、非謂語(yǔ)的句型(1) It takes sb. + some time + to do =

24、sb. spend some time (in) doing 、(2) It is + adj. + for sb. + to do (3) It is + adj. + of sb. + to do (常用的形容詞有：kind, nice, considerate, thoughtful, stupid, wise等.)(4) It is + no use, no good, no point, a great fun, a real pleasure, a waste of time, a bore等名詞 + (in) doing sth. 如: It is a great fun pla

25、ying football./ It is a waste of time trying to explain./ It is no good helping him. / There is no point in talking with you.注意：Whats the point of talking with you?(5) There is no + doing . (There is no表示”不可能”) 如：There is no telling what he is going to do. 說出他要干什么是不可能的. / There is no saying what may

26、 happen. 說出要發(fā)生什么是不可能的. (6) have difficulty (trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time) + (in) + doing sth.(7)go + doing,表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動(dòng)如:go + jogging(慢跑) /fishing / dancing/ skating / bowling(打保齡球)/ shopping / sightseeing / camping / surfing (沖浪)(8) be busy + doing = be busy with sth. 忙著做sb. spend time (

27、money, energy) in doing sth. 三、V1 + V2 的模式1. V1 + V2 (to do)afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 hope希望 pretend假裝 appear似乎intend企圖 promise答應(yīng) arrange安排 like喜歡 refuse拒絕 attempt試圖 learn學(xué)會(huì) try試圖 decide決定 long渴望 want想要 desire欲得到manage設(shè)法 wish希望 expect期望 mean打算fail未能 offer表示要 happen碰巧 plan計(jì)劃2. V1 + V2 (doing)admit承認(rèn) imagine想象 appre

28、ciate贊賞,感激mind介意 avoid避免,避開 miss錯(cuò)過complete完成 postpone推遲,延期 consider考慮practice實(shí)踐 delay耽擱,延誤 resist忍住endure忍受 risk冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) enjoy享之樂,喜愛suggest建議 escape逃跑 insist on堅(jiān)持excuse原諒 give up放棄 object to反對(duì)cant help禁不住 put off延期等 如：He admitted having made mistake. / Would you consider going north this summer? / They h

29、ave finished their studying.3. V1 + V2 (介詞 + doing)succeed in 成功地4. V1 + V2 (to do 或 doing), 但語(yǔ)義不同(1) forget to do忘記要去做某事(此事未做) / forget doing 忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生) (2) stop to do停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 / stop doing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事(3) remember to do記住去做某事(未做) / remember doing記得做過某事(已做)(4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾 / r

30、egret doing對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔(5) try to do努力、企圖做某事 / try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法(6) mean to do打算 / mean doing意味著(7) like, love, hate, prefer + to do 表示具體行為 / like, love, hate, prefer doing 表示抽象、習(xí)慣、傾向行為(8) need, require, want, deserve + to be V-ed或V-ing, 表示要(修、清理)等意思. 試比較：Dont forget to come tomorrow. (to come動(dòng)作未做)

31、/ I shall never forget seeing the Queen. / I dont regret telling her what I thought. (已講過) / I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒辦法.(未做但要做)5. V1 + sb. / sth. + V2 (do / doing / done) (V1為感官動(dòng)詞)V1 主要有：find, feel, notice, hear, observe, listen to, perceive(察覺),see, look at

32、, overhear, watch, notice 如：We felt the house shake. / I heard the clock strike twelve last night. / I saw him go out of the classroom a minute ago. / He saw his son watching TV when he left. / I find the window broken. 四、非謂語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)1.不定式作定語(yǔ) 1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系 He was the last one to leave school yester

33、day. 2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 3)不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ),要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這里的介詞不能省去. I need a pen to write with./ There is nothing to worry about. 4)不定式修飾一些抽象名詞, 如: ability, decision, need, plan, promise, failure, wish等. the first, second, last, only, best等.如:

34、His wish to buy a car came true./ He is always the first to come and the last to leave.2.分詞作定語(yǔ) (1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài),或做完(完成)的事. 如：The room facing (=which faces) south is our classroom. / Is there anything planned (=that has been planned) for tomorrow?3. 不定式和分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系一般

35、來(lái)說,不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前.如:1) Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 2) Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 五、非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)1. 不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)(1) In 1935 he left home never to return.(2) so + 形容詞(或副詞) + as

36、 to The house is so high and narrow as to resemble(象) a tower.(3)such + 名詞短語(yǔ) + as to His indifference is such as to make one despaired. (4)only to 竟然(表示與預(yù)料相反的結(jié)果) He studied hard only to fail in the exam. (5)形容詞(或副詞) + enough(副詞) to 夠,足以 The room is big enough to hold a hundred people. 2.分詞作狀語(yǔ) 分詞和分詞短

37、語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件,讓步、方式和伴隨情況.在表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時(shí),通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句,表示方式和伴隨情況時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)成份.Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom(Whenthestudentssaw the teacher entering the room),thestudentsstoodup./ Heated.(When it is heated), ice will be changed into water. /Being excited (= As I was excited, I couldnt go

38、to sleep.), I couldnt go to sleep. / I stood there, listening to the broadcast. (= I stood there and listened to the broadcast.) (伴隨). /The children went away laughing.(The children went away. They laughed as they went.) (行為方式) / Knowing all this (Although they know all this), they made me pay for t

39、he damage. (讓步)3.分詞作狀語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系 (1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作.它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系.如：Not knowing what to do (Because he didnt know what to do), he went to his parents for help. (2)過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作.它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系.如：Given more attention (If the trees had been given more attention), the trees could have

40、grown better.4.分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)前面可用連詞When, while, once, if, unless, though等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,若其主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí),可保留該副詞連接詞,其余部分則化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ).如：When (being) free, Ill fetch you. / While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her. / If falling ill, Ill see my doctor./ Once completed, this power station supplies the ne

41、arby towns and villages with electricity./ Even though given every opportunity, they would not try. / Though knowing the truth, she remained silent. / Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.5.動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別(1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的. They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.(伴隨) / They s

42、tood by the roadside to talk about the plan. (目的) (2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開頭,除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件; 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),除了表示目的以外,還表示結(jié)果或原因. 1)Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch. /Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.(時(shí)間) / Reading carefully, youll learn something new. (條件) /Her family wa

43、s too poor to support him.(結(jié)果) /The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 6.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1) 結(jié)構(gòu)：(with) + n./pron. + doing(done, adj., prep. phrase)例句：With you standing there, we cant work. / He fell asleep with the lamp burning. / The boys returned with their face covered with sweat. / He slept well

44、 with the door open. / He stood there with his hat in hand. / The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. / 2) 結(jié)構(gòu)： S1 , S2 . (S1和S2的主語(yǔ)不一致)Weather permitting (If weather permits), well play basketball tomorrow. / This done (When this had been done), they packed their tools and went hom

45、e. (事情辦完了,他們裝起工具回家了)./ The rain having stopped (After the rain had stopped), the soldiers continued their match. 六.非謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1非謂語(yǔ)的完成式：V1 + V2 (V2 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在V1的動(dòng)作之前)The house is said to have been burnt in a fire. The whole company was praised for having provided a good service.注意： 在be, wish, intend, mean,

46、 plan, hope, expect, should (或) would like 等動(dòng)詞之后,則表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為. 如: He planned to have gone abroad.他原計(jì)劃出國(guó)(但他沒有去)./ I hoped to have seen her.我原希望會(huì)見到她的(可是我沒見到她)./ I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的幫助(實(shí)際上我卻沒有得到)./ The enemy expected to have found him.敵人本來(lái)指望找到他(實(shí)際上卻沒有找到).2.不定式的進(jìn)行式When mother came in

47、, the child pretended to be sleeping.He is said to be writing a paper on this project. (It is said that he is writing a paper on this project.)試比較：He is said to write a paper on this project. (It is said that he will write a paper on this project.) 3非謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)Dick prefers to be assigned heavier work to

48、do.試比較：Dick prefers to do a light job.I dislike being interrupted when I am speaking.試比較：I dislike having to work.七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)1.疑問詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ). 如: When to start has not been decided./ I dont know what to do. / The difficulty was how to cross the r

49、iver./ I can tell you where to get this book. 注意：1) 有時(shí)疑問詞前可用介詞,如: I have no idea of (as to) how to do it. 2) why 后面不能加不定式。2.不帶to的不定式 (1)在表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to.(2)使役動(dòng)詞make,1et,have. 如: Let him do it. / I would have you know that I am ill. 注:上述感覺動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后的不定式一般須帶”to”, 如:He was seen to come./ The

50、 boy was made to go to bed early. 在動(dòng)詞find與help之后,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to, 如: He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.3.but(except)后帶不帶”to”?決定but(except)是否帶”to”，關(guān)鍵在于看句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否是動(dòng)詞”do”1) do nothinganythingeverything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中不帶to如: Last night I did nothing but watch T.V. / John wi

51、ll do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。2) but(except)后必須帶”to”如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是”do nothing, anything, everything”, 那么but (except)所跟的不定式則須帶”to”。 如: The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. / There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. / I have no alternative but to go with him.注意： 不

52、得不 can not but + do / can not help but + to do 情不自禁 can not help + doing 如:Mary cannot but sing.(= She couldnt help but to sing.) / I can not help singing.4.V + to ”to”是介詞的詞組下列詞組中的to都是介詞,后面須跟動(dòng)名詞： be accustomed to = be used to習(xí)慣于/ adapt to適應(yīng) / adjust to適應(yīng)于/ agree to同意 / amount to合計(jì)；等于/ confess to承認(rèn) /

53、 attend to出席;照料/ devote to獻(xiàn)身于 / take to 養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣;喜歡 / turn to著手工作 / look forward to盼望 / object to(=be opposed to = oppose) 反對(duì) / pay attention to 關(guān)注 / contribute to 貢獻(xiàn) / deny (to)否認(rèn) / come to 提到等.如：I am looking forward to seeing you again./ I prefer reading books to doing housework./ Most people object t

54、o smoking.注意： 比較When it comes to doing sth.（說到） When sb. come to do sth. （逐漸地）如：When it comes to repairing the computer, he is at a loss. / After several failures, he came to know it was not easy to pick up a language.5動(dòng)名詞的所有格如:Tom insisted on my going with them. / He dislikes his wifes working late

55、./ I am glad of the examination being over. / I never hear a person of character doing such a thing. / I object to anyone smoking in my roomIV. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. neednt + 不定式完成式: 表示本來(lái)不必做而實(shí)際已經(jīng)做的行為. 如：You neednt have come over yourself. 你不必親自來(lái).2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done及其它1) could + have done表示與事實(shí)相反 2) might + have don

56、e表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為 3) neednt + have done表示做了不該做的事情 4) must + have done表示對(duì)過去行為的肯定推測(cè) 5) should + have done表示該做而未做到的事 6) should not + have done表示做了不該做的事 如：He could have helped me, but he didnt. 他能幫助我,但他沒有. / You might have done the work better. 你本來(lái)可以把工作做得更好. / You neednt have come over yourself.你本來(lái)不必親自過。/ It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. / They should have made a good job of it. 他們本來(lái)可把工作做好。/ You should not have done such things. 你不該干出這種事情來(lái).注意：表示對(duì)過去行為的否定推測(cè)為cant have done, 而非mustnt have done.3. shall / should (ought to); will / would 1) shall在疑問句中用于第一、三人稱單復(fù)數(shù)表示征求意