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1、0 / 144目錄1.FordAbandonsElectricVehicles12.WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakaDecadeEarlier ThanSomePredict33.CitizenScientists54.MotoringTechnology75.Late-nightDrinking96.MakingLightofSleep107.SugarPowerforCellPhones118.EiffelIsanEyeful139.EgyptFelledbyFamine1510.YoungFemaleChimpsOutlearnTheirBrothers17

2、11.WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach1912.FloridaHitbyColdAirMass2113.InvisibilityRing2314.JapaneseCarKeepsWatchforDrunkDrivers2515.WingedRobotLearnstoFly2716.JapaneseDrillingintoCoreofEarth2917.ASunshadeforthePlanet3118.ThirstforOil3219.MusicalRobotCompanionEnhancesListenerExperience3420.ExploreroftheExtre

3、meDeep3621.PlantGas3822.Snowflakes4023.PoweringaCity?ItsaBreeze4224.UndergroundCoalFiresaLoomingCatastrophe4425.EattoLive4626.MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferently4827.DriventoDistraction5028.SleepLetsBrainFileMemories5229.IllBeBach5430.DigitalRealm5631.HurricaneKatrina5832.Mind-readingMachin

4、e5933.ExpertsCallforLocalandRegionalControlofSites forRadioactiveWaste6134.BatteriesBuiltbyViruses6335.PuttingPlantstoWork6536.ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslide EarlyWarning6737.DontDrinkAloneGetsNewMeaning6938.LifeFormFoundonSaturnsTitan7139.CloneFarm7340.TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety7541.TooLittlefo

5、rGlobalWarming7742.RenewableEnergySources7943.ForecastingMethods8144.DefendingtheTheoryofEvolution StillSeemsNeeded8345.SmallButWise8546.AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentasEcosystem Engineers8747.ListeningtoBirdsong8948.ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingUpright9149.USScientistsConfirmWateronMars9

6、350.CellPhonesIncreaseTraffic,PedestrianFatalities951. FordAbandonsElectricVehicles福特放棄電動(dòng)汽車The Ford motor companys abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.分析人士評(píng)論，福特汽車公司放棄電動(dòng)汽車的舉動(dòng)有力地證明了這種技術(shù)是行不通的。General Motors and Honda ceased production of

7、 battery-powered cars in 1999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.通用汽車和日本本田公司早于1999年就停止了電池動(dòng)力汽車的生產(chǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)而開發(fā)燃料電池和電池內(nèi)燃混合機(jī)，這對(duì)消費(fèi)者更有吸引力。福特宣布它現(xiàn)在也要做同樣的嘗試。Three years ago, the company introduced the Thi

8、nk City two-seater care and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1,700 carts have been sold so far in 2002.3年前，福特推出名為Think City的雙排座汽車和Think或Th

9、ink Neighbor系列高爾夫車。本期望賣出5000輛汽車和10000輛手推車。但由于需求不足，截至2002年僅生產(chǎn)了1000輛汽車，售出1700輛高爾夫車?！癟he bottom line is we dont believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market,” Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. “We feel we have given electric our best shot.”“關(guān)鍵是我們認(rèn)為電動(dòng)車不能代表大眾市場(chǎng)環(huán)保交通

10、的未來”，福特歐洲區(qū)的 Tim Holmes于周五說?！拔覀兏杏X自己對(duì)電力車巴做了最好的嘗試?！盩he Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and, up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.Think city系列的運(yùn)行里程僅53英里，電池充電需6小時(shí)。通用公司的EVI電力車也僅能運(yùn)行100英里。The very expensive bat

11、teries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota RAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42,000 in the US, Compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota andNissan are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles. 昂貴的電池意味著電動(dòng)汽車的造價(jià)是

12、汽油動(dòng)力車的兩倍多。日本豐田產(chǎn)的RAV4EV系列電動(dòng)車在美國(guó)的售價(jià)達(dá)42000美元，而同系列的汽油動(dòng)力車僅售17000美元。豐田和日產(chǎn)汽車公司是現(xiàn)在僅存的兩大電動(dòng)車制造商?！癟here is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Fordnow has to move on with its hybrid program, and that is what we will be judging them on.” Roger Higman, a senior transport campaigner at UK F

13、riends of the Earth, told the Environment News service.應(yīng)該說電池動(dòng)力車已經(jīng)獲得了充分的機(jī)會(huì)。福特現(xiàn)已轉(zhuǎn)向電池內(nèi)燃混合機(jī)開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，我們應(yīng)據(jù)此評(píng)價(jià)他們的發(fā)展。”Roger Higman，英國(guó)Friends of the Earth 組織的一位高級(jí)交通運(yùn)動(dòng)代表這樣對(duì)環(huán)保新聞評(píng)論說。Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only

14、 engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines on vehicle emissions in the US.日本本田和豐田公司推出的混合機(jī)汽車在過去幾年取得了良好的銷售業(yè)績(jī)?；旌蟿?dòng)力車比汽油機(jī)車運(yùn)行里程更長(zhǎng)，電池又可自行充電。福特表示，他們認(rèn)為這樣的機(jī)車有助于達(dá)到美國(guó)新制訂的車輛排放規(guī)定。However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidel

15、ines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to a

16、llow for more low-emission, rather than zero- emission, vehicles.不過這些規(guī)定究竟允許怎樣的排放物現(xiàn)在還不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克萊斯勒公司贏得一項(xiàng)法庭裁決，可推遲兩年執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)加州法令，該法令要求汽車生產(chǎn)商在2003年前向該州提供10萬輛零排放和其他低排放汽車。制造商希望修改此法令，允許他們生產(chǎn)更多低排放而不是零排放的汽車。2. WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakaDecadeEarlierThanSomePredict世界原油產(chǎn)量可能提前十年達(dá)到峰值In a finding that may sp

17、eed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproduction will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS Energy & Fuels.科威特科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)世界常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將在2014年達(dá)到峰值，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)促進(jìn)儲(chǔ)存石油的努力。這一預(yù)測(cè)比其他預(yù)測(cè)提前了將近十年。這已經(jīng)發(fā)表在美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)能

18、量與燃料雜志上。IbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthat rapid growth in global oil consumptionhasSparkedagrowinginterestinpredictingpeakoil.Peakoil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists havedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispint,andsomeputthedateat2020orlater.On

19、eofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbert model. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve. A relatedconceptisthatofPeakOil.ThetermPeakOilindicatesthemoment in which world wide production will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline.伊布赫姆納夏威和同事們指出，全球石油消耗的快

20、速增長(zhǎng)使人們對(duì)“石油峰值”預(yù)測(cè)的興趣越來越濃。“石油峰值”指的是石油產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值然后開始下降的時(shí)間點(diǎn)?？茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)構(gòu)建了幾個(gè)模型來預(yù)測(cè)這一時(shí)間，有些模型認(rèn)為這一時(shí)間在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的預(yù)測(cè)模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型認(rèn)為世界石油產(chǎn)量呈鐘型曲線。與此相關(guān)的概念是“石油峰值”。這一術(shù)語指的是世界石油產(chǎn)量達(dá)到峰值的那一刻，之后將呈現(xiàn)無法逆轉(zhuǎn)的下降趨勢(shì)。TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gain

21、ed in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.赫伯特模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石油產(chǎn)量于1970年達(dá)到峰值。這一模型從此受到歡迎，已經(jīng)用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influencedbytechnol

22、ogychanges,politics,andotherfactors,thescientists say.但是，最近研究表明，這一模型不足以解釋某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期?？茖W(xué)家稱，這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)變化、政策和其他因素的很大影響。ThenewstudydescribesdevelopmentofanewversionoftheHubbertmodel thatprovidesamorerealisticandaccurateoilproductionforecast.Usingthe new model, the scientists evaluated the 0il produc

23、tion trends of 47 major oil- producingcountries,whichsupplymostoftheworldsconventionalcrudeoil. Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the worlds oil reservesarebeingreducedatarateof21percentayear. The n

24、ew model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.最新研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加實(shí)際、更加準(zhǔn)確的石油生產(chǎn)預(yù)測(cè)。科學(xué)家使用新模型評(píng)估了47個(gè)主要產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，這47個(gè)國(guó)家是世界常規(guī)原油的主要提供者?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將于2014年達(dá)到峰值，比之前預(yù)計(jì)的要早很多年。科學(xué)家還指出，世界石油儲(chǔ)量正在以2.1的速度逐年減少。他們認(rèn)為新模型會(huì)幫助做出與能源相關(guān)的決定，幫助進(jìn)行國(guó)家政策辯論。CitizenScientists公民科學(xué)家Unders

25、tandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoring keylifecycleevents-flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrog callsofthespring-allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscantbeeverywhere sotheyreturningto non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.理解大自然對(duì)氣候變化有怎樣的反應(yīng)需要監(jiān)視世界各個(gè)角落的關(guān)鍵生

26、命周期事件-花開、葉子的出現(xiàn)、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到來。但是生態(tài)學(xué)家不可能去到世界的各個(gè)角落，所以他們向非科學(xué)家求助，這些非科學(xué)家有時(shí)也被稱作公民科學(xué)家。Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomany placesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststo observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen sci

27、entist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc- and send their observationstoagiantdatabasetobe observed by professional scientists. This helpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountof data that they would never be able

28、to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.氣象科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下。因?yàn)樵谑澜缟嫌腥绱硕嗟牡胤?/p>

29、，沒有足夠的科學(xué)家來觀察它們，所以他們請(qǐng)求你來幫助觀察全世界氣候變化的跡象。公民科學(xué)家運(yùn)動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)普通人根據(jù)自己的興趣來觀察某一個(gè)特定的方面-鳥兒、樹木、花開等等-并把他們的觀察結(jié)果發(fā)送到一個(gè)巨大的數(shù)據(jù)庫來供專業(yè)科學(xué)家研究。這有助于數(shù)量有限的科學(xué)家得到如果只靠他們自己根本收集不到的巨大數(shù)據(jù)。就像公民記者幫助報(bào)道傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)的相關(guān)信息一樣，公民科學(xué)家也對(duì)他們所居住的環(huán)境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出幾分鐘來搜集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送過來。Agroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyear called the Nati

30、onal Phenology Network. Phenology is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.一群科學(xué)家和教育家在去年發(fā)起了一個(gè)叫做紐約國(guó)家物候?qū)W的組織?！拔锖?qū)W”就是科學(xué)家們所說的在自然中研究每個(gè)事件的時(shí)間。Oneofthegroupsfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The progra

31、m, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants fromacrosstheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject-whichis open to everyone record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.其中一個(gè)小組的首要嘗試就是依靠科學(xué)家和非科學(xué)家來收集關(guān)于每年植物開花和長(zhǎng)葉子的數(shù)據(jù)。這一項(xiàng)目叫做花季追蹤計(jì)劃，它收集遍布美國(guó)的各種各樣的植物生長(zhǎng)周期的數(shù)

32、據(jù)。參與這一項(xiàng)目的人們-這一計(jì)劃對(duì)所有人開放-把他們的觀察記錄在花季追蹤計(jì)劃網(wǎng)站上。Peopledonthavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundand see whats in their neighborhood, says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultantwiththeproject.Aswecollectthisdata,wellbe able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals

33、will respond as the climate changes.“人們不需要是植物學(xué)家-他們僅僅需要環(huán)視四周看看周圍有什么，”Jennifer Schwanz說，她是這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的教育顧問?！巴ㄟ^收集數(shù)據(jù)，我們就能夠估算出氣候變化對(duì)植物和生物群落會(huì)有怎樣的影響。”3. MotoringTechnology汽車技術(shù)12millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyear,plusafurther50 millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashrate,muchresearchnowisfocusedon safety and new fuels

34、 - though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.每年，全世界有120萬起路面交通死亡事故，以及五千萬起路面交通傷殘事故。為降低車禍發(fā)生率，現(xiàn)在有很多研究將注意力放在行車安全和開發(fā)新型燃料上一一而有些關(guān)于電動(dòng)機(jī)車和生物燃料的研究旨在達(dá)到更快的速度。Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeenrisky.Onecuttingedgeareaof research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. T

35、hey can ensure you dont miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesnt distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.高速駕駛一向是很危險(xiǎn)的。一

36、項(xiàng)在機(jī)動(dòng)車安全前沿領(lǐng)域的研究是有關(guān)車內(nèi)數(shù)字化輔助設(shè)施的。這些設(shè)施會(huì)確保司機(jī)們不會(huì)錯(cuò)過重要的路況指示牌或在開車時(shí)睡著。通過運(yùn)用人工智能軟件，這些輔助設(shè)施可監(jiān)控行車過程并確保在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻司機(jī)不會(huì)被手機(jī)或廣播干擾注意力。許多車禍?zhǔn)怯扇藶樵蛟斐傻亩菣C(jī)械故障。Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspot obstaclesinfog,whileothertechnologysees through high-sided vehicles blocking your view.一些行車安全方面的改進(jìn)力圖改善司機(jī)的視野。雷達(dá)可對(duì)霧中的障

37、礙物定位，而其他的科技手段可透過阻礙你視線的高大車輛看到前方。Andimprovementstoseatbelts,pedalcontrols and tyres are making driving smootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape.對(duì)安全帶、剎車板控制和車胎的改進(jìn)也使行車過程變得更順暢、安全。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)車的顏色與安全有關(guān)，令人不會(huì)感到驚訝的是，車的大小和形狀也與安全有關(guān)。And alternatives to

38、fossil-fuel based petrol, such as plant oils, are a hot areaofresearch.Fuelcellsbasedonhydrogenburncleanly,andarethesubject of a serious research effort.從礦物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物：例如植物油，也是研究中的一個(gè)熱門區(qū)域。取材于氫氣的燃料電池燃燒時(shí)無污染，并已成為一項(xiàng)重要研究的攻克對(duì)象。Butwhateverisinthefueltank,youdontwantathiefinthedriving seatandtherehavebeenma

39、nyinnovations,someusingsatellitetrackingand remotecommunications,tofightagainstcartheft.Thesecommunicationsystems can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.但不管燃料箱中盛為何物，你可不想在駕駛座上坐的是一個(gè)竊賊，對(duì)此，也有很多創(chuàng)新來打擊汽車盜竊，其中一些運(yùn)用了衛(wèi)星跟蹤和遠(yuǎn)程通訊。當(dāng)發(fā)生車禍時(shí)，這些通訊系統(tǒng)也可起作用，自動(dòng)地呼叫幫助。Accidentscausemanytrafficja

40、ms,buttherearemoresubtleinterplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyones personal chauffeur, but their latest effor

41、ts suggest that wont be soon.交通事故可引發(fā)許多交通堵塞，但在一暢通卻繁忙的路段上，汽車間也有很多的細(xì)微互動(dòng)，從而導(dǎo)致可能的阻塞。此類阻塞可用數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)工具來進(jìn)行分析。被編程的機(jī)器人可使交通流動(dòng)更順暢，并有朝一日有望成為每個(gè)人的私家司機(jī)，但最新成果表明這種設(shè)想并非短期內(nèi)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。4. Late-nightDrinking深夜喝咖啡Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick pick-me-up cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as

42、 being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.喜歡喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡會(huì)對(duì)你的睡眠造成嚴(yán)重破壞。并且咖啡因作為一種刺激物會(huì)打斷褪黑激素的流動(dòng)，褪黑激素是使人們進(jìn)入睡眠的神經(jīng)激素。Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 amand 4 am,

43、 before falling again. Its the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake, says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the

44、bodys levels of this sleep hormone.褪黑激素的濃度在睡前兩小時(shí)開始上升。凌晨2點(diǎn)和4點(diǎn)之間達(dá)到最高值，然后再次下降。加利福尼亞斯坦福大學(xué)的斯坦福睡眠流行病學(xué)研究中心的Maurice Ohayon說：“控制我們睡眠的是神經(jīng)激素，它告訴我們的身體什么時(shí)候睡覺什么時(shí)候醒?！钡且陨械难芯空甙l(fā)現(xiàn)含咖啡因咖啡能使人體中這種睡眠激素減半。Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well af

45、ter a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off - twice as long as usual - and jigged around in bed twice a

46、s much.特拉維夫大學(xué)的塞帕爾醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Lotan Shilo和一個(gè)小組發(fā)現(xiàn)六個(gè)志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因咖啡后不如喝了同量的脫咖啡因咖啡之后睡得好。試驗(yàn)對(duì)象喝完含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分鐘，而喝完脫咖啡因咖啡后平均每晚睡415分鐘。他們用半個(gè)小時(shí)才能睡著-比平常長(zhǎng)一倍-而且翻來覆去的時(shí)間比平常多一倍。In the second phase of the experiment the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measur

47、ed concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives me

48、latonin production.在試驗(yàn)的第二階段，研究者每三個(gè)小時(shí)叫醒志愿者一次，并要他們提供一個(gè)尿樣。Shilo 測(cè)量了褪黑激素分解物的濃度。結(jié)果表明飲用含咖啡因咖啡的人體內(nèi)的褪黑激素的濃度是飲用脫咖啡因咖啡的人體內(nèi)褪黑激素濃度的一半。在睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)上發(fā)表的一篇論文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻礙促使褪黑激素產(chǎn)生的酶的形成。Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from thebody, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.Ohayon建

49、議愛喝咖啡的人午飯后應(yīng)該換喝脫咖啡因咖啡，因?yàn)橐懦w內(nèi)的咖啡因要用好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。5. MakingLightofSleep不要太在意睡眠Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedside alarm clock, your internal clock runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle, called a circadian rhythm, helps control when you wake, when you eat and when you sleep.我們每個(gè)人的大腦里都有一個(gè)的生

50、物鐘。像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣，人腦里的生物鐘24小時(shí)走一圈。這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節(jié)律，正是這個(gè)節(jié)律決定了我們吃飯、睡覺和起床的時(shí)間。Somewhere around puberty, something happens in the timing of the biologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward,soadolescentsandteenagersare unabletofallasleepasearlyastheyused to. When your mother tells you its time for bed, your body may b

51、e pushing you to stay up for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.青春期時(shí)，人的生物鐘在定時(shí)方面會(huì)發(fā)生變化。生物鐘提前，青少年會(huì)比以前睡得晚。所以當(dāng)你媽媽告訴你該睡覺時(shí)，你的生物鐘可能會(huì)讓你多推遲幾小時(shí)。并且電腦或電視光線可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致你熬夜到更晚。Thisshiftisnaturalfor teenagers. But staying up very late and sle

52、eping latecangetyourbodysclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.It canalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringother problems,too.Teenagersareputina kind of a gray cloud when they dont get enoughsleep,saysMaryCarskadon,asleep researcher at Brown University in Providence, RI. It affects th

53、eir mood and their ability to think and learn.生物鐘的這種變化對(duì)青少年說是正常的。但熬夜到太晚會(huì)打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡。這樣就會(huì)帶來一些問題，例如：早晨很難按時(shí)起床。位于美國(guó)羅得州布郎大學(xué)睡眠方面的研究員Mary Carskadon說，當(dāng)青少年睡眠不足時(shí)會(huì)打不起精神。這將影響到他們心情、學(xué)習(xí)和思考問題的狀態(tài)?！盉utjustlikeyouralarmclock,yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact, it automatically resets itself every day. How? By us

54、ing the light it gets through your eyes.其實(shí)生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調(diào)的。事實(shí)上，生物鐘每天都在進(jìn)行著自我調(diào)節(jié)。這是怎么做到的呢？其方式就是通過你眼睛接收到光線的變化。Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years, researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebodysclockwere

55、 handled through the same pathways that we use to see.很早之前，科學(xué)家就知道了晝夜光線強(qiáng)弱的變化對(duì)生物鐘調(diào)節(jié)起到了重要的作用。長(zhǎng)久以來，研究者們認(rèn)為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類的視覺系統(tǒng)。Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehuman eye has two separate light- sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether its day or night.但

56、最近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)是視覺系統(tǒng)。另一個(gè)是感知晝夜的系統(tǒng)。6. SugarPowerforCellPhones用糖為手機(jī)發(fā)電Usingenzymescommonlyfoundinlivingcells,anewtypeoffuelcell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar. If the technology is able to succeedinmassproduction,youmaysomedayshareyoursweetdrinkswithyour cell phone.一種新型燃料細(xì)胞通過利

57、用活體細(xì)胞中很常見的酶能從糖中生產(chǎn)少量的電。如果這項(xiàng)技術(shù)能夠成功應(yīng)用于大批量生產(chǎn)，人們可以與自己的手機(jī)分享甜飲料(因?yàn)樘强梢园l(fā)電供給手機(jī)。In fuel cells, chemical reactions generate electrical currents. The process usuallyreliesonpreciousmetals,suchas platinum. In living cells, enzymes performasimilarjob,breakingdownsugarstoobtainelectronsandproduce energy.燃料細(xì)胞中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)能

58、產(chǎn)生電流。這個(gè)過程通常依賴于貴金屬，比如鉑。在活體細(xì)胞中，酶發(fā)揮類似的作用，通過分解糖得到電子進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生能量。Whenresearcherspreviouslyusedenzymesinfuelcells,theyhadtrouble keepingthemactive,says Shelley DMinteer of St Louis University. Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes, theres no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.圣路易斯大學(xué)的Shelley DMinteer說