最新考研英語語法歸納和練習(xí)

1、從2002年起,研究生英語考試取消了語法、詞匯等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的考查,將此部分改考為聽力。但取消了此部分知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查并不意味著英語語法等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的不重要。根據(jù)以往英語取得高分同學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和海文英語輔導(dǎo)名師的建議,他們都一致認(rèn)為英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ),其實(shí)完形填空是對(duì)語法、詞匯的綜合考查,但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對(duì)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解,有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的句式,這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解,而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢,寫好作文。(一情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustnt,;

2、can/cannt;need/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldnt;ougtht等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。1must have+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天一定”。如:My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”A must be B had been C must ha

3、ve been D had to be(答案為C2cant / couldnt have+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天一定沒”。如:Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A couldnt have received B ought to have receivedC has received D shouldnt have received(答案為A3may / might have +過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè),或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“也許”。如:At F

4、lorida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially ser ious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虛擬語氣。1 neednt have + 過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當(dāng)于”didnt need to do”,譯為“其實(shí)沒必要”。如:You neednt have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so for

5、mally.A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up(沒有必要穿的那么正式,體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議,實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定,答案為D2should have +過去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,譯為“本應(yīng)該”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本不應(yīng)該”。如:I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned eve

6、rything ahead carefully.我本來應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實(shí)際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒有完成。3 ought to have +過去分詞,表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了,但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該”,與should 的完成式含義類似。如:T he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he sawthe fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .4 could have +過去分詞,表示過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以”。這點(diǎn)與ought/s

7、hould/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如:What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5 may/ might have +過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“(那樣也許會(huì)”。如:It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation manage

8、rs.二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?1.may/might (just as well “不妨,最好”,與had better相近; Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。2 .cannot / canttoo “越越好,怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover.如:You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時(shí)候,越小心越好。The final c

9、hapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .3 .usednt 或didt use to 為used to (do 的否定式。4.should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外,考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that. 我無法想象他竟然這樣做。三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法1.want, require, worth(形容詞后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意

10、義。Your hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing.2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.(二形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一.形容詞的修飾與位臵一般來說,從構(gòu)詞法角度來看,后綴”ly”往往是副詞,

11、但有的以“l(fā)y結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞,這點(diǎn)要注意;形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語,表語等成份,但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前臵定語;這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下歸納:1 以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞:costly 昂貴的lonely 孤獨(dú)的deadly 死一般的lively 活潑的friendly 友好的silly 傻氣的kindly 熱心腸的likely 可能的leisurely 悠閑的ugly 長(zhǎng)得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的monthly 每月的earthly 塵世的2 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語:afraid 害怕的a

12、like 相象的awake 醒著的alone 單獨(dú)的,惟一的alive 活著的ashamed 羞愧的asleep 睡著的aware 意識(shí)到的、察覺到的well 健康的content 滿意的unable 無能的3 只作前臵定語的形容詞earthen 泥土做的,大地的daily 每日的latter 后面的golden 金子般的weekly 每周的inner 里面的silken 絲一般的monthly 每月的outer 外面的wooden 木制的yearly 每年的elder 年長(zhǎng)的woolen 毛織的former 前任的mere 僅,只不過only 惟一的sheer 純粹的very 恰好的litt

13、le 小的live 活的4.下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞,注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí),要求形容詞做表語: remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)1.考比較級(jí)時(shí),考生應(yīng)把握:1形

14、容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn),即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候,不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為AOn the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their

15、 studies than are those with little ambition.2比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念,既是說比較要具有可比性。如: The number of registered partic ipants in this years marathon was half .A of last years Bthose of last yearsCof those of last year D that of last years(前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”,而不能選擇B,those

16、是指代participants,不是同類對(duì)比,答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens farmore exciting than Thackerays.3比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位臵原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞,表示為“為.若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等,他們的位臵是,倍數(shù)詞+asas,或倍數(shù)詞+morethan,但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后,即“as+原級(jí)+again+as”.如: Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it ki

17、lls people each year than automobile accidents.A seven more times B seven times moreC over seven times D seven times(答案為B“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”A twice so much B twice as muchC as much twice D so much twice(答案為BMy uncle is a

18、s old again as I am4下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念:inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如:Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial

19、(答案為APrior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研題5“比較級(jí)+and +比較級(jí)”或“more and more/less and less +原級(jí)”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越”的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中,注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如: Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to

20、him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worseThe road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣,表示“更加”的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterdayI have yet more exciting news for you7 有關(guān)比較級(jí)的

21、特殊句型:A: not so muchas與其說不如說The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A and B as Cbut D or人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣?還不如說是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為BB no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不The heart is intelligent than th

22、e stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A not so Bnot much Cmuch more D no more(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力,他們都受大腦控制。答案為DThere is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.A much more than B no more thanC no less than D any more than(答案為DCno/not any

23、 lessthan兩者一樣,都注意基本上與no/not any morethan意思相反She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮Djust asso正如,也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is(答案為C2.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題:1最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。in, (all over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較,如:in China,

24、 all over the world. of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意:among相當(dāng)于one of ,不說among all。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來如:all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.A Among B Of CFor DTo 答案為B2比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí),比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用:any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞th

25、e othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語,切不可遺漏,尤其是other,否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說:John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。3most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞,意思相當(dāng)于very,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù),但不能用定冠詞the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意與“the +形容詞最高級(jí)+of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別,如:He spoke in the warmest of voice

26、sThey have been most kind to meBasketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of languageChinese is a most difficult language三.不用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞:1表示顏色的有:white, black2表示形態(tài)的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形,level3表示性質(zhì)和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific,

27、 sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy4表示狀態(tài)作表語的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike5表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final6表示極限、主次

28、、等級(jí)的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite7含有絕對(duì)概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如:The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at

29、the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的,有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not onlybut (also ;preferto;rather than有的是同類對(duì)比:and ;but; or;bothand;eitheror; neithernor.平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如:It is better to die ones feet than .Aliving

30、 on ones knees Blive on ones kneesCon ones knees Dto live on ones knees(答案為DDespite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。1rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如:We are taught that a business letter should be writ

31、ten in a formal style in a personal style.Arather than Bother than Cbetter than Dless than答案為AFor the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.A to name a few Blet alone Cnot to speak Dlets say(答案為B2如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語,而且介詞相同,一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如:A

32、t times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features andeditorials.(三代詞及其指代一致一.代詞的指代1.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù),用those,后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with

33、 that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如:A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that Bhe Co

34、ne Dthis答案為C3.do的替代作用。do代替動(dòng)詞,注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如:For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二.代詞指代一致問題代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致,或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disea

35、se form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920s that the friend ship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律:1.鄰近和靠近原則由either o

36、r, neithernor, not onlybut (also連接先行詞時(shí)候,如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致,就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致,人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destinationIf either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink2.當(dāng)no one, everyone,

37、 each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候,其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則,采取單數(shù)形式。如:Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?Everything is ready, isnt it?3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,后跟each作同位語時(shí),如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

38、;如果each位于動(dòng)詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如:They each have two coatswe are each responsible for his own family4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞,代詞用復(fù)數(shù)如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident (三主謂一致問題主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題,考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定,進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則:語法一致原則意義一致原則就近一致原則很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原

39、則來處理主謂一致,在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則,具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下:一.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況1.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語,謂語用單數(shù)。如:Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題To understand the situation completely requires more thought than h

40、as been given thus far.2.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too longFive times five makes twenty five3.一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語做主語時(shí)候,謂語用復(fù)數(shù),但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個(gè)概念,謂語用單數(shù):law and order 法制soap and water 肥皂水a(chǎn) cup and saucer 茶杯碟子fork and knife 刀叉the needle and thread 針線trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試,不斷摸索ho

41、rse and carriage 馬車time and tide 歲月bread and butter 奶油面包the ebb and flow 盛衰,潮漲潮落如:If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A. isB. areC. was d. were答案:A。4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意義上是單數(shù),根據(jù)意義

42、一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the policeThe news is a great encouragement to usA series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6.用and 連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候,動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily foodTime and tide waits for no man二.謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況1.由and, both and, 連接的并列主語,和both ,a f

43、ew, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2.集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworkingThe cattle are grazing in the sunshine3.當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very a

44、ggressive4.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人,做主語時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always selfish5.不可數(shù)名詞作主語,其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were exported that year三.謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1.就近一致原則這種情況下,謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù),存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能:1由連詞eitheror; neithernor; whetheror;not onlybut (also ;or 等連接的并列

45、主語Neither money nor fame has influence on meNot only you but also he is wrong2 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語一致Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of h

46、ouses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili2.主語帶有(together/alongwith, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分,謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current p