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1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作基本要求基礎(chǔ)階段學(xué)生寫作能力的基本要求為:能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時(shí)作筆記、回答問(wèn)題、寫提綱,能就一定的話題或提綱在半小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出120 150 個(gè)詞的短文,能寫短信和便條,表達(dá)意思清楚、無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。寫作能力測(cè)試部分比例為15%,體裁包括議論文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文等。分析:四級(jí)作文范文檔的要求是:切題。表達(dá)思想清楚、文字通順,連貫性較好。基本無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。該要求蘊(yùn)涵著大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作的四個(gè)基本考點(diǎn): 1、 切題所謂切題是指在形式上諸如段落、字?jǐn)?shù)、文體、格式等方面滿足題目要求,并在內(nèi)容上沒(méi)有偏差。2、 表達(dá)清楚、條理清晰本要求考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的

2、掌握,要求文章主題觀點(diǎn)明確,有頭有尾,論證說(shuō)明安排有主次,有輕重。3、 文字通順,連貫性較好本要求考查學(xué)生對(duì)過(guò)渡句和連接詞或詞組的掌握和運(yùn)用,要求文章句子內(nèi)部與句子之間通順連貫,不突兀。4、 基本無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤本要求考查學(xué)生語(yǔ)言基本功的掌握,包括語(yǔ)法與拼寫兩部分。評(píng)分原則與評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1. CET 4 檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)教學(xué)要求,對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。2. CET 4 作文題采用總體評(píng)分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分(Reward Scores), 而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量扣分。3. 從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行

3、綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達(dá)思想,也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否會(huì)造成理解上的障礙。4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該給低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。5. 字?jǐn)?shù)不足以應(yīng)酌情扣分:(1)如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句,均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。(2)只寫一段者:0 4分;只寫兩段者:0 9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)在寫作時(shí)還需注意以下事項(xiàng):1. 字跡清晰。由于四級(jí)作文的閱卷方式是先掃描后復(fù)制到電腦上,然后由

4、閱卷老師在電腦上閱卷,所以在閱卷老師主觀判卷的過(guò)程中,作文的框架以及書寫的整潔程度 會(huì)對(duì)最終的分?jǐn)?shù)產(chǎn)生很大的影響。筆者建議考生采用黑色水筆作答,這樣可以顯得更加清晰。同時(shí)提醒考生,切勿將答題卡折疊。2. 嚴(yán)格按給定提綱的順序?qū)懽???忌诮M織作文的寫作思路時(shí),要嚴(yán)格按照提綱給定的要求寫作。當(dāng)然,考生也可以靈活運(yùn)用寫作套路,使用一些經(jīng)典詞匯或句型,把提綱句作為中心句放在每段的開頭,后面再加上由邏輯詞連接的分支觀點(diǎn),做到“以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變”。3. 文章至少三段。四級(jí)寫作的判卷規(guī)則有一條是這樣規(guī)定的:只寫一段 07分;兩段09分。因此,筆者建議考生至少寫三段內(nèi)容。4. 保證字?jǐn)?shù)。四級(jí)寫作規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)是120

5、詞或150詞左右,每少10個(gè)單詞扣1分,因而考生在寫作時(shí)一定要注意達(dá)到相應(yīng)字?jǐn)?shù)。四級(jí)寫作難點(diǎn)分析及應(yīng)對(duì)策略難點(diǎn)一:主觀判分,有所影響  不可否認(rèn),四級(jí)考試是目前國(guó)內(nèi)各種英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中規(guī)模很大、公信度較高、科學(xué)性和客觀性較強(qiáng)的一種,能夠較客觀地考察出一個(gè)人的實(shí)際英語(yǔ)能力。但寫作仍然是四級(jí)考試中主觀性較大的部分,存在主觀判卷的弊端。雖然考官依據(jù)四級(jí)作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行閱卷,但由于前文所述的考官在判卷中的弱點(diǎn)、盲點(diǎn),人為因素不可避免。   難點(diǎn)二:體裁多樣,難度較大  它既有書信作文,演講稿,圖表作文,也有議論文寫作。字?jǐn)?shù)要求也是國(guó)內(nèi)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中較多的,30分鐘要求考生

6、寫一篇150字的短文。書信作文、議論文等尚能有章可循,然而圖表作文卻無(wú)從下手。這是因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)各個(gè)層次的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)甚少涉及圖表作文,并且要寫好圖表作文,不僅需要良好的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力,同時(shí)還應(yīng)具備相應(yīng)的分析、歸納能力。難點(diǎn)三:老題新出,千變?nèi)f化  四級(jí)作文有完善的出題套路,往往通過(guò)換關(guān)鍵詞的方式可以舊瓶裝新酒,老樹開新花。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作:應(yīng)對(duì)策略與語(yǔ)言組織技巧一、文字通順連貫英語(yǔ)中的過(guò)渡句和連接詞是文章通順連貫的重要標(biāo)志,根據(jù)語(yǔ)法中的平行和從屬結(jié)構(gòu)原則,一個(gè)復(fù)合句中必須要有一個(gè)連接詞,否則句子是不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的。如:All flights had been cancelled, the pa

7、ssengers had to go there by train. 本句的兩部分都有完整的主謂,但并沒(méi)有連接詞加以連接,故是錯(cuò)誤的,應(yīng)改為:Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分詞形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there b

8、y train.由以上例子可以看出,復(fù)合句內(nèi)部必須要有連接詞,有時(shí)句子之間也需要連接詞,而連接詞體現(xiàn)的是句子內(nèi)部和句子之間嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫼驼撟C推理關(guān)系,是英文語(yǔ)言最大的價(jià)值之一。當(dāng)然段與段之間還需要過(guò)渡句或過(guò)渡詞組來(lái)加以聯(lián)系,以達(dá)到通順之效果。以下是我們對(duì)寫作中英文邏輯關(guān)系以及引導(dǎo)各種邏輯關(guān)系連接詞和詞組的歸納:總結(jié)關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to a

9、n extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 比較對(duì)比關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)similarly, likewise, like, too,

10、 equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 列舉關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in po

11、int, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for

12、 another 因果關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 讓步關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)although, even though, after all, in spite of, despit

13、e, granted that 強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt遞進(jìn)關(guān)系in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, what's more時(shí)間順序afterwards, at

14、last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while方位序列in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right方式手段as, as if, as though, the way,by目的關(guān)系that, so that, lest, in case, for fear tha

15、t, in order that二、書寫工整,避免嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。寫作中常見錯(cuò)誤歸納語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤·時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤在描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情時(shí)要用過(guò)去時(shí),如果是一般事實(shí)應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。這些語(yǔ)法規(guī)則是大家耳熟能詳?shù)模涞焦P下就容易忘記。 ·一致性,尤其是主謂搭配·代詞指代的一致 ·句子不完整·人稱轉(zhuǎn)換錯(cuò)誤·比較級(jí)使用錯(cuò)誤:more better than; There are many advantages than·冠詞用法錯(cuò)誤:如:a easy job, City of the Beijing, He is a brightest stude

16、nt in his class. ·介詞用法錯(cuò)誤: This machine is superior than (to) the old one. ·大小寫錯(cuò)誤 拼寫錯(cuò)誤一些經(jīng)常容易搞混淆或拼錯(cuò)的單詞:environment-環(huán)境,容易寫成enviromentgovernment-政府,容易誤拼成govermentmodern-現(xiàn)代的,容易拼成mordendelighted-感到高興的; delightful-使人高興的economic-有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)的; economical-節(jié)儉的,經(jīng)濟(jì)的historic-有歷史意義的; historical-關(guān)于歷史的considerate

17、-關(guān)心別人的; considerable-相當(dāng)大的,相當(dāng)多的三、詞語(yǔ)的使用選 詞多用近義詞 make manufacturebuy purchasefinish accomplish end terminate use utilize 區(qū)分具體與抽象的詞詞從語(yǔ)義上可分為具體與抽象兩種類別,例如:抽象具體good kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendlylaugh smile, chuckle, sniggerscientist physicis

18、t, biologist, chemist 抽象詞意范圍大,概括力強(qiáng),但給人以空洞的感覺(jué),適合于文章的開頭和結(jié)尾等總結(jié)性部分。具體詞意義有針對(duì)性、個(gè)性和精確性,給人以確切的概念,適合用于段落中細(xì)節(jié)的刻畫,論點(diǎn)的闡述以及事物的描寫。如果用抽象的詞來(lái)表達(dá)具體的事物,便會(huì)給人籠統(tǒng)的感覺(jué):a. 抽象: The man is good.具體: The man is selfless.b. 抽象: There are three men in the room.具體: There are three little boys in the room.善于使用代詞A scientist draws concl

19、usions by studying the facts he collects.Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.四、句式變換在了解組織句子的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)之后,我們重點(diǎn)看一下句子組織形式的多樣化,即在120150詞內(nèi),盡量使用不同的句子形式,常用的句型如下:主語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句 (限定性和非限定性)狀語(yǔ)從句 (時(shí)間,原因,地點(diǎn),條件,讓步等)分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)句倒裝句 省略句What句型設(shè)問(wèn)句主語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句倒裝句式部分倒裝的情況: 全部倒裝排

20、比平行結(jié)構(gòu)五、段落組織技巧開頭段開頭段的作用是概括陳述主題,提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn),表明寫作意圖,要求語(yǔ)言精練,直接切入主題或引出觀點(diǎn),一般不對(duì)主題進(jìn)行深入的探討,具體的論證或說(shuō)明描述應(yīng)該在中間段落進(jìn)行,開頭段一般寫三、四句即可。在組織開頭段時(shí)要注意避免以下幾點(diǎn):·開頭偏離主題太遠(yuǎn),否則會(huì)容易導(dǎo)致切題不準(zhǔn),主題不明·使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句,因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)主旋律是倡導(dǎo)積極向上的思想·內(nèi)容不具體,言之無(wú)物,使用不言自明的陳述,給人以充數(shù)累贅之感四級(jí)寫作中常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法舉例如下:·使用引語(yǔ)(use a quotation)使用一段名人名言,或人們常用的諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ),以確

21、定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如:“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. ·引

22、用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) (use figures or statistics)當(dāng)然對(duì)于圖表題型,該種方法是必須的選擇,具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù),然后作出概括性分析,點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問(wèn)題。·提出問(wèn)題(ask a question)提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問(wèn)題,然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。·給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道(offer relevant examples or reports)·定義法(give definition)·主題句法(use of topic sentence)文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題,然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。

23、開頭段的常用核心句型歸納如下,大家可選擇使用:·As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that ·The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that .·Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that .·There is an element of truth in this statement

24、, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that .·In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked.·On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer a

25、nalysis / on second thought), we find that ·Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis ·The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that.·I agree with the above statement because I believe that . ·There is a public controversy nowaday

26、s over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. ·Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude

27、towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in).·As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that .·Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that . But I wonder (doubt)

28、whether 結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段的寫作方法可以歸納如下:·總結(jié)歸納簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn),以便深化主題印象。如:In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the

29、 generation gap.·重申主題再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。如:Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied mans energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man in

30、tellectually and spiritually. 分析:文章對(duì)前文的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了重復(fù),使之更加鮮明。·預(yù)測(cè)展望立足當(dāng)前,放眼未來(lái)。如:So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a be

31、tter place for us to live in.分析:文章通過(guò)對(duì)未來(lái)積極的展望,說(shuō)明了愛在生活中的重要性。·提出建議提出解決問(wèn)題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。如:As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the p

32、eople should be actively involved in the census. 分析:文章在結(jié)尾從政府和公眾兩個(gè)角度提出建議,以保證人口普查的順利進(jìn)行。·提出問(wèn)題提出具有發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)題,從而突出中心思想。如:Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay

33、 with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting old·分析:文章最有用一個(gè)反問(wèn)句“年輕人為什么不想想自己年老時(shí)的情形”來(lái)提醒他們將心比心,設(shè)身處地,去關(guān)心父母雙親。·引用格言用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總括全文中心思想。如:Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be

34、 translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.分析: 文章借用培根“知識(shí)就是力量”名言的結(jié)構(gòu),指出“知識(shí)就是變化”以深化主題,給讀者留下深刻的印象。結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型歸納如下,大家可根據(jù)自己的習(xí)慣和需要選擇使用:·From what has been dis

35、cussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that .·All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n)unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclu

36、sion that .·It is high time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of .·It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of . 

37、83;We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure),because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of , if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of .&#

38、183;There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of , but might be useful (helpful / beneficial).·No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of , but the common (general

39、 / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction).·Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to), but th

40、e pay-off will be worth the effort. ·Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that .·Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to) , it is very likely (the chances are good) that .·There is little doubt (no denyin

41、g) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of .再看一下中間段落的組織。中間段的任務(wù)是依據(jù)開頭段所交代的內(nèi)容來(lái)闡述文章的論點(diǎn),圍繞主題或論點(diǎn)展開討論,或就具體要求進(jìn)行描述和說(shuō)明。中間段是文章的正文,其作用是從不同的層面對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實(shí)的解釋和論證。中間段篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長(zhǎng),每段有相應(yīng)的主題句,包含定義、解釋、描寫等手法,說(shuō)明主題思想的擴(kuò)展句采用實(shí)例、數(shù)據(jù)或個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段,當(dāng)然不同種類的

42、段落采用不同的擴(kuò)展手段。中間段有以下具體特點(diǎn):·所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確、清楚,頗具說(shuō)服力;·段落中一定具備主題句;·段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一,沒(méi)有說(shuō)明不足之處或多余冗長(zhǎng)的細(xì)節(jié);·內(nèi)容順序安排合理,邏輯性較強(qiáng);·段落之間連貫自然;·段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明,材料比例適當(dāng);·詞與句型運(yùn)用合理并且有變化。常用的中間段展開方法歸納如下:·列舉法·比較對(duì)比法·因果法·例證法·發(fā)展過(guò)程法·定義法·分類法六、寫作步驟“三步”曲: Pre-writing: Brainsto

43、rmingWhile-writing: We cannot be too careful (做文)Post-writing: Reviewing七、標(biāo)點(diǎn)1、英文沒(méi)有頓號(hào);2、英文沒(méi)有書名號(hào),可用斜體,引號(hào)或下劃線;專有名詞常用斜體表示;3、句號(hào)不同;4、省略號(hào)();5、破折號(hào)。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作:題型分析一、 圖表圖畫題型 (Graphs/Tables and Cartoons/Pictures)表格和圖表題型表格和圖表題型是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作中較為常見的題型之一,也是難度較大的一種寫作題型,故大家應(yīng)對(duì)此類題型加強(qiáng)練習(xí),熟練掌握。表格和圖表題型寫作注意事項(xiàng)·仔細(xì)研究題目以及提示信息,看準(zhǔn)、看

44、清圖表中的數(shù)字、線條、陰影等部分的變化趨勢(shì)和走向,然后根據(jù)圖表所顯示的中心信息確定內(nèi)容層次以及主題句。·仔細(xì)觀察分析圖表所給出的大量信息,從中選取最重要,最有代表性,最核心的信息,然后根據(jù)全文的主旨去組織運(yùn)用所獲取的關(guān)鍵信息,切忌簡(jiǎn)單地羅列圖表所給出的信息。·表格和圖表題型寫作一般采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但如果圖表給出了具體時(shí)間參照,則應(yīng)對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。·表格和圖表題型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表達(dá)法,大家應(yīng)對(duì)此融會(huì)貫通。·表格和圖表題型可以細(xì)分為表格,曲線圖、柱形圖和圓形圖。除了上述共同要點(diǎn),還應(yīng)弄懂這四種圖在寫作方面的各自特點(diǎn)。· 表格形式要

45、求考生對(duì)表格中所給出的大量數(shù)字進(jìn)行比較分析,從中找出其變化規(guī)律。·曲線圖形式要求考生認(rèn)真觀察坐標(biāo)系所顯示的數(shù)據(jù)信息,并且密切注意交匯在坐標(biāo)橫軸和縱軸上的數(shù)字及單位。· 柱形圖形式要求考生通過(guò)寬度相等的柱形的高度或長(zhǎng)度差別來(lái)判斷事物的動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展趨勢(shì),故考生應(yīng)密切關(guān)注坐標(biāo)線上的刻度單位及圖表旁邊的提示說(shuō)明與文字。·圓形圖形式旨在要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解并闡述一個(gè)被分割成大小不等切片的圓形圖所傳達(dá)的信息??忌鷳?yīng)清楚掌握部分與整體,部分與部分之間的相互關(guān)系,這種關(guān)系通常是以百分比的數(shù)字形式給出的。·列出各段的主題句。考生可以根據(jù)所給提綱或已知信息列出每段的主題句,為全文的

46、展開鋪平道路。·嚴(yán)格圍繞主題句展開段落。·檢查與修改。表格與圖表寫作的檢查與修改應(yīng)著重檢查文章中所列舉的信息是否與圖表所顯示的信息一致。表格和圖表題型寫作中常用的核心句型歸納如下:1. According to the figures given in the table,2. This chart shows that.3. As is shown by the graph,.4. It can be seen from the statistics (chart diagram table graph figures)that.5. It is generally be

47、lieved(accepted thought held) that 6. There is slight (slow steady rapid)increase (decrease decline reductionfalldroprise) in demand(income.populationpricesproduction).                      

48、 7. be on the increase (decrease rise decline)(.在不斷地增加,減少,上升,下降)8. From the table (figuresdataresultsinformation),it can be seen (concludedshownestimatedcalculatedinferred) that9. During the period 19002000 (From 19002000Since 1900For a decade, from 19052005 )統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的表達(dá)方法increase/fall slightly/a little

49、/sharply/dramatically/drastically from.to., skyrocket/soar/rise/ decline/jump fromtoremain steady at., level off at, peak at., reach the climax at., reach the low at, account for.twice/three. times as many/much as., one fifth/a quarter/a third/a half of.數(shù)據(jù)變化的表達(dá)方法The number/amount of.increased/jumped

50、/rose/decreased/dropped/fell/ suddenly/rapidly/     dramatically/ sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slowly/slightly from.to.There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steady/gradual/slow/slight increase/jump/rise/ decrease/drop/fall in the number/amount of.from.to.開頭和結(jié)尾的常用句型

51、The two graphs describe the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply recordsThe second graph throws a new light onThe key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:This table provides several important points of comparison between A and B.一般圖表作文的特征主要體現(xiàn)在第一段,該段的任務(wù)是描述圖表同時(shí)點(diǎn)明圖

52、表所要表達(dá)的主題或說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題,如:As is shown in the table (or in the picture).dropped from. in 1994 to.in 1996.According to the figures given in the table, .has great increased (or decreased) in the past.years (or decades), reaching.in 1996. From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline (or ris

53、e) in.It is clear that大家看下面的實(shí)例,注意體會(huì)圖表作文的寫作特點(diǎn):實(shí)例1-2002年6月真題Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below  Average number

54、 of hours a student spends on the computer per week1. 上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2002年某校大學(xué)生事業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)的情況,請(qǐng)描述其變化;2. 請(qǐng)說(shuō)明發(fā)生這些變化的原因(可從計(jì)算機(jī)的用途、價(jià)格或社會(huì)發(fā)展等方面加以說(shuō)明);3. 你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問(wèn)題。Model Composition實(shí)例2-1991年6月真題 Changes in Peoples Diet Food 19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5

55、%23%21%Fruit& Vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100% ·State the changes in peoples diet in the past five years.·Give possible reasons for the changes.·Draw your own conclusion 圖畫作文除了表格和圖表題目,還有與其類似的圖畫題目。圖畫寫作是較難的題型,雖然大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試一直未曾采用,但近年來(lái)新題型頻繁出現(xiàn),象報(bào)告、公眾演講、導(dǎo)游解說(shuō)都已考過(guò),

56、故防患于未然,該題型也是大家應(yīng)該掌握的。首先看一下圖畫題型寫作注意事項(xiàng):· 詳細(xì)查看圖畫。對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行全面而細(xì)致的研究,尤其注意圖畫中人或物(人與物)的體貌表情特征和背景,確定人物之間,人物與背景之間的主要關(guān)系,以便正確掌握?qǐng)D畫所傳達(dá)的信息。· 如果圖畫以系列形式(既兩幅以上)出現(xiàn),考生除了掌握每一幅圖畫的信息,還應(yīng)該對(duì)圖畫之間的相應(yīng)聯(lián)系有所理解,從而在整體上把握?qǐng)D畫所傳達(dá)的信息。· 面對(duì)圖畫題型,應(yīng)該展開合理而豐富的聯(lián)想,用生動(dòng)而恰當(dāng)?shù)难赞o抒發(fā)自己對(duì)圖畫的所思所想所感。· 注意圖畫題型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要,文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些寫作要點(diǎn)。· 草擬提綱,合理組織材料。根據(jù)圖畫內(nèi)容的不同采用不同的段落發(fā)展方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以描述為主,即按空間方位或時(shí)間先后順序排列,可采用“開頭擴(kuò)展結(jié)尾”的寫作方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以解釋說(shuō)明為主,寫作時(shí)則先給出主題句,再圍繞主題句完成各段落的寫作,這是采用“主題句擴(kuò)展句總結(jié)句”的寫作方式。· 統(tǒng)且突出地展開段落。展開段落要根據(jù)畫面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行,同時(shí)也要圍繞每一段的主題句進(jìn)行。· 檢查與修改。重點(diǎn)檢查圖畫內(nèi)容是否準(zhǔn)確地被表達(dá)出來(lái),題目所給提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果

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