初高中英語語法銜接——動(dòng)詞

1、動(dòng)詞可以按照其含義及它們在句中的功能分成四類：連系動(dòng)詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。連系動(dòng)詞連系動(dòng)詞又叫系動(dòng)詞，它不能直接作謂語，后面常跟形容詞(作表語)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)完整的意義。常見的系動(dòng)詞有：be, become, get, turn, grow, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, keep,seem, remain, stay, come, fall, go 等。如：He looked very excited.他看起來很興奮。Roses smell sweet.玫瑰聞起來很香。Its getting colder and colder.天變得越來越冷了

2、。注意：系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞的類別動(dòng)詞的類別實(shí)義動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又叫行為動(dòng)詞，它表示事物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語。它可分為及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)。及物動(dòng)詞后面需跟賓語才能使其意義完整，如 like, make, clean,love 等。不及物動(dòng)詞本身意義就完整，不能直接跟賓語；如果要跟賓語，則要與介詞搭配，如 come, go, leave, laugh, listen, run,swim, stand 等。如：I am reading an interesting book.我正在看一本有趣的書。(及物動(dòng)詞)He is running.他正在

3、跑步。(不及物動(dòng)詞)The boy is listening to music.這個(gè)男孩正在聽音樂。(不及物動(dòng)詞)一、及物動(dòng)詞：一、及物動(dòng)詞：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell二、不及物動(dòng)詞：二、不及物動(dòng)詞：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, bel

4、ong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed 三、及物與不及物意思不一樣beatvi.跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打;grow vi.生長 vt.種植play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出（氣味） vt. 嗅 ringvi.（電話、鈴）響vt.打電話speak vi.講話vt. 說（語言）hang vi. 懸掛 vt.絞死operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù)vt. 操作 1. lift vi 煙霧消散 vt舉起助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞本身沒有任何實(shí)際的意義，必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞連用，幫助構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句以及各種時(shí)

5、態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等。常見的助動(dòng)詞有：be (am, is, are, was, were), do (does, did), have (has,had), will, would, shall, should 等。其中 do, have 也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身具有一定的意義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，后面必須跟動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示說話人的語氣、態(tài)度以及請求、愿望等。它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化(have to 除外)。常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can, could, may, might, must, should, would, need等。 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都有五種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、

6、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去式和過去分詞。 1第三人稱單數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞后要加s或es，其變化規(guī)則與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的方法大體相同。 不規(guī)則變化的有havehas等。2現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞一般在動(dòng)詞后加一般在動(dòng)詞后加inghelpworkhelpingworking以不發(fā)音的字母以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去動(dòng)詞，先去e再加再加ingwritemovewritingmoving以以y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加加ingplaystudyplayingstudying以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾

7、的輔音詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加字母，再加inggetbegingettingbeginning以以ie結(jié)尾的名詞，一般結(jié)尾的名詞，一般將將ie改為改為y，再加，再加ingliedielyingdying規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形第三人稱單數(shù)一般在動(dòng)詞詞一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加尾加s(s在清輔在清輔音后讀音后讀/s/，s在在濁輔音后讀濁輔音后讀/z/)workgrowworks/s/grows/z/以以s，x，sh，ch或或o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加加es(es讀讀/iz/，o后的后的es讀讀/z/) guessmixfinishcatchgoguesses/iz/mixes/iz/finis

8、hes/iz/ catches/iz/goes/z/以輔音字母加以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變變y為為i，再加，再加es(ies讀讀/iz/)studycarrystudies/iz/carries/iz/以元音字母加以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加直接加s(s讀讀/z/)playsayplays/z/says/z/以字母以字母e結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加動(dòng)詞，直接加s(s讀讀/z/或或/s/)writelikewrites/z/likes/s/ 3.過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成 規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形過去式，過去分詞及其讀音過去式，過去分詞及其讀音一般在動(dòng)詞詞

9、尾加一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加ed(在清輔音后讀在清輔音后讀/t/，在濁輔音后讀在濁輔音后讀d，在，在t和和d后讀后讀/id/)askanswerwantneedaskedasked/t/answeredanswered/d/wantedwanted/id/neededneeded/id以不發(fā)音的以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只加動(dòng)詞，只加d(讀讀/d/)lovedancelovedloved/d/danceddanced/d/以輔音字母加以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把的動(dòng)詞，把y變?yōu)樽優(yōu)閕，再加再加ed(讀讀/d/)trystudytriedtried/d/studiedstudied/d/以元音字

10、母加以元音字母加y結(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加加ed(讀讀/d/)playstayplayedplayed/d/stayedstayed/d/以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先雙尾的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字寫末尾的輔音字母，再加母，再加ed(在在清輔音后讀清輔音后讀/t/，在濁輔音后讀在濁輔音后讀/d/，在在t和和d后讀后讀/id/)stopplanstoppedstopped/t/plannedplanned/d/beat beat beaten become became becomebegin began begunbend bent bent blow blew blown

11、 break broke brokenburn burnt burnt build built built bring brought broughtbuy bought bought catch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost cost 1. cut cut cut 2. do did done 3. draw drew drawn 4. drink drank drunk 5. drive drove driven6. eat ate eaten7. fall fell fallen8. feed fed fe

12、d 9. feel felt felt 10. find found found11. fit fit fit 12. fly flew flown 13. forget forgot forgotten14. get got got常見的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化常見的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化give gave given go went gonegrow grew grownhave had had hear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hit hold held heldhurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlead le

13、d ledleave left leftlend lent lent let let letlie lay lainlight lit litlose lost lost make made mademeet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran run say said saidsee saw seensell sold sold send sent sent set set set shall should should s

14、hine shone shone show showed shownshut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept sleptsmell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spill spilt spilt spit spat spat spoil spoilt spoilt stand stood stood sweep swept swept swim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taught tell told told

15、 think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood .wake woke woken win won won write wrote written 1、以上兩類動(dòng)詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束，例如：He has studied English for three years. He has gone. 2、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，而瞬間性動(dòng)詞則不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour. 3、瞬間性

16、動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用 例如：He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.（他參軍已有3年了。）不能用has joined 瞬間動(dòng)詞和持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞borrow/lendkeepdiebe deadopenbe openclosebe closedbuyhavejoinbe in/a member ofleavebe away(from)finish/endbe overbegin/startbe onarrive/come be

17、here/ incatch/get a cold h a v e a coldmarrybe married常見非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)化對照表：常見非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)化對照表：配to的配for的 bring , fetch , give , hand , lend , offer , owe, pass , pay , post , promise , sell , send , show , take , teach , tell , throw , write 動(dòng)詞后同時(shí)用人、物做賓語（注意人和物的不同位置）動(dòng)詞后同時(shí)用人、物做賓語（注意人和物的不同位置）例例: give

18、me the book= give the book to meask, buy , call , choose , cook , do , find , get , keep , leave , save 1arrive, get to, reach這三個(gè)詞都有“到達(dá)”之意。(1)arrive 和 get 是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面需加介詞才能接地點(diǎn)。其中 arrive at小地方， arrive in大地方， get to地點(diǎn)。(2)reach 是及物動(dòng)詞，后面直接加地點(diǎn)。即景活用toinat/(1)I got _ the village last month.(2)Well arrive _ S

19、hanghai tomorrow morning.(3)When did you arrive _ the station?(4)Please call me when you reach _ Changsha.2take, bring, fetch, get(1)take 指從說話者所在的地方把某人( 物)“帶去”( 單程)。(2)bring 指從別處把某人(物)帶來說話者所在的地方(單程)。(3)fetchget，指從某地到別處把某物拿來(雙程)。即景活用bringtakefetch/get (1)Next time dont forget to _ me a copy of yourwo

20、rk. (2)He likes these art works in this town very much, so hewants to _ them to his country when he leaves. (3)Please _ me the documents in that room.3join, join in, attend, take part in(1)join 指參加某黨派、某組織或某社會(huì)團(tuán)體并成為其中的一員，如參軍、入黨、入團(tuán)等。(2)join in 指參加小規(guī)模的活動(dòng)，如球賽、游戲等，多用于口語中。 (3)attend 是正式用語，指出席或參加會(huì)議、儀式，如婚禮、葬

21、禮、上課、上學(xué)、聽報(bào)告等，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“出席”這一動(dòng)作本身。(4)take part in 指參加群眾性的活動(dòng)，重在說明主語參加這一活動(dòng)并在活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮積極作用。take part injoinedjoined inattend即景活用(1)Every excellent player wants to _ theOlympics and win.(2)His brother _ the army three years ago.(3)The whole class _ to sing the song soon.(4)I will _ an important meeting tomorrow.4

22、tell, say, speak, talk (1)tell 意為“告訴；講述”，表示告訴某人某事，著重指把一件事情傳達(dá)給別人，或講述一個(gè)事件、一個(gè)故事等，可接雙賓語。 (2)say 意為“說；訴說”，指用言語表達(dá)自己的思想，后接說的內(nèi)容，常作及物動(dòng)詞，后接名詞、代詞或從句。 (3)speak 意為“說；說話 ”，用作不及物動(dòng) 詞時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“說”這一動(dòng)作，而不是指說的內(nèi)容；作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)通常接某種語言作賓語。 (4)talk 是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“談話”，指兩人或兩人以上的一般交談，常與介詞 to, with 連用，意為“與交談”；與about, of 連用時(shí)意為“談?wù)摗?。即景活用speaktosay

23、in(1)請找李雷聽電話，好嗎？toldnottolieMay I _ _ Li Lei, please?(2)你能用英語說這個(gè)單詞嗎？Can you _ the word _ English?(3)媽媽告訴我不要躺在床上看書。Mum _ me _ _ _ in bed toread.talkingwith/to(4)李先生正與布朗太太在交談。Mr.Li is _ _ Mrs.Brown.5pay, spend, cost, take (1)pay 意為“付款；賠償”，主語通常是人，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為：sb.pay some money for sth.或 pay sb.(some money for

24、 sth.)。 (2)spend 的 主 語 通 常 是 人 ， 常 用 結(jié) 構(gòu) 為 ： (sb.) spendmoney/time on sth.或(sb.) spend money/time (in) doing sth.。 (3)cost 的主語必須是物，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為：sth.cost (sb.) somemoney。 (4)take 表示“占用、花費(fèi)”時(shí)間，其主語通常為形式主語 it 或物，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為：It/sth.takes sb.some time to do sth.。spentpaytookcost即景活用(1)They _ two years building the brid

25、ge.(2)How much money did you _ for the jacket?(3)It _ him three hours to finish his homework.(4)The car _ me lots of money.6borrow, lend, keep (1)borrow 表示從別人那里借來東西，即“借進(jìn)來”。常用的搭配是 borrow sth.from sb.。borrow 是一個(gè)瞬間完成的動(dòng)作，因此不能與一段時(shí)間連用。 (2)lend 表示把自己的東西借給別人，即“借出去”。常用的搭配是 lend sb.sth./lend sth.to sb.。lend 與

26、 borrow 一樣，也是一個(gè)瞬間完成的動(dòng)作，不能與一段時(shí)間連用。 (3)keep 也可意為“借”，但側(cè)重指借來后的保存或使用階段，表示借用一段時(shí)間，因此可以與一段時(shí)間連用。borrowfromlendingmelendingto即景活用(1)我們經(jīng)常從學(xué)校圖書館借書。We often _ books _ our school library.(2)謝謝你把自行車借給我。Thank you for _ _ your bike. Thank youfor _ your bike _ me.(3)這本書我才借了一星期。havekeptI _ _ this book for only one wee

27、k.7dress, wear, put on, be in(1)dress 意為“給穿衣”，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽子等，賓語為人。(2)wear 表示“穿、戴”衣物、鞋、帽、飾物等，強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。(3)put on 意為“把穿上”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿”的動(dòng)作。(4)be in 表示“穿著，戴著”，后接顏色或衣物，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。dressinwearingput on即景活用(1)Please _ the children right now.(2)John is _ white today.(3)The girl is _ a pair of glasses.(4)Its cold.Youd

28、better _ your coat.8happen 與 take place兩者均可意為“發(fā)生”，都是不及物動(dòng)詞，不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 (1)happen 常指具體事件的發(fā)生，特別是那些偶然的或未能預(yù)見的“發(fā)生”，此時(shí)主語為“事”；還可表示“碰巧；恰好”之意，此時(shí)主語為“人”。(2)take place 通常指“(某事)按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或發(fā)生”，還可表示“舉行某種活動(dòng)”。happenstaking placehappened即景活用(1)He _ to know the place.(2)Great changes are _ in the city.(3)Has anything _ t

29、o him?(4)The meeting will _ next Friday.take place9look, see, watch, read(1)look 強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”的動(dòng)作，是不及物動(dòng)詞，后接賓語時(shí)要加介詞 at。 (2)see 強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”的結(jié)果，意為“看見”，是及物動(dòng)詞，可用于短語 see sb.do/doing sth.(看見某人做過/正在做某事)。(3)watch 意為“觀看，注視”，強(qiáng)調(diào)過程，常用于看電視、球賽等。(4)read 意為“讀，閱讀”，指看書、看報(bào)等。sawlookwatchingreading即景活用(1)I _ a bird in the tree just no

30、w.(2)The teacher told us to _ at the blackboard.(3)All the students are _the football matchcarefully.(4)Li Lei is _ the letter from his parents.動(dòng)詞短語動(dòng)詞短語指動(dòng)詞跟一個(gè)或兩個(gè)介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的固定詞語。其意義上與原來動(dòng)詞不同。常用短語如下：look短語look for尋找；look after照顧；look over查看；look forward to渴望，向往；look at看著；look up抬頭看，查找，look into 調(diào)查；look ou

31、t當(dāng)心；look like看起來像；look the same看起來一樣；look through瀏覽put短語put off推遲；put on 穿上，上演；put away 把暫時(shí)收起來；put out撲滅；put down寫下；put back放回；put up 舉起，建造，張貼。turn短語turn on打開；turn off關(guān)掉；turn up把音量開大一點(diǎn)；turn down把音量開小一點(diǎn)；turn to朝向；turn into變成；turn over翻開，翻轉(zhuǎn)；turn into把變成。get短語 get on/along(well)with與某人相處(融洽)； get up起床；

32、get on上車(船、飛機(jī)、馬)； get off下車(船、飛機(jī)、馬)；get back回去； get back to回到；get away離開，逃脫； get down下來；get home到家； get into進(jìn)入，陷入；get out(of)(從)出去； get to到達(dá)；get together聚會(huì)。take短語 take off(飛機(jī))起飛，脫掉(衣服)； take in吸收，上當(dāng)；take away拿走； take out取出；take on雇傭，呈現(xiàn)； take down取下； take up占據(jù)時(shí)間、空間，開始從事，拿起。agree短語 agree with同意某人的(意見、想法、分析、解釋)； agree to同意(計(jì)劃、辦法)； agree to do sth.同意做某事。go短語go over溫習(xí)，復(fù)習(xí)go swimming/skating/shopping/dancing/fishing/hunting/camping去游泳/溜冰/購物/跳舞/釣魚/打獵/野營；go into走進(jìn)；go out出去，熄滅；go away走開；go back回去，回顧；go u