英語四級(jí)語法(基礎(chǔ))

1、英語四級(jí)語法（基礎(chǔ)）英語四級(jí)語法（基礎(chǔ)）o 英語句子的拆分：o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.英語譯群的基本形式：o主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：主語（名詞）+謂語（動(dòng)詞）+賓語（名詞）o例句： I speak Englis

2、h.o主謂修飾結(jié)構(gòu)：主語（名詞）+謂語（動(dòng)詞）+修飾語（形容詞，副詞，狀語，被動(dòng)態(tài)等）o例句： He looks cool.o Tom runs fast.o He stayed at home.o I was beaten.英語句子的組成o 英語的復(fù)合句都是由數(shù)個(gè)短意群組成的：o You are the girl who Im looking for.謂語以及非謂語o Finishing the homework, Tom wanted to watch TV.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)過去現(xiàn)在將來一般一般過去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般將來時(shí)進(jìn)行過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)完成過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)一般過去

3、時(shí)o 動(dòng)詞的變化1：+edo Ex. They watched that movie yesterday.o 動(dòng)詞的變化2：+iedo Ex. try triedo 動(dòng)詞的變化3：不規(guī)則變化o Ex. is was一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)o 第三人稱單數(shù)： +s 結(jié)尾是s,x,sh,ch的話，+eso 表示規(guī)律發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： Tom reads newspaper every night. 表示客觀規(guī)律： The sun rises from the east.進(jìn)行時(shí)：o 動(dòng)詞變化：be + 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞（+ing）o 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): They are having a picnic.o 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： They

4、 were having a picnic.完成時(shí)：o 動(dòng)詞變化：have (had) + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞o 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： I have finished my homework so that I can play football now.o 過去完成時(shí)： I had finished my homework until my mother came back.意群的類型：o 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)： I speak English.o 主謂(修)結(jié)構(gòu)： Tom runs fast.冠詞：o a, an, the:o At same time, educational researchers have

5、come up with innovative teaching strategies for kids.修飾語： （形容詞與副詞）o 形容詞： There is still a new subject. There is something new.o 副詞： The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five years.修飾語：副詞o 副詞修飾動(dòng)詞： He can take photos very well.o 副詞修飾形容詞： Your English is extremely good.o

6、 副詞修飾副詞： I push the door very hard.短譯群中的修飾語（介賓結(jié)構(gòu)）o One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to judge behavior by states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.短譯群中的修飾語（介賓結(jié)構(gòu)）o The role of natural selection in evolution was studied only a

7、 little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）o Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）o It is gen

8、erally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）o It is generally recognized, h

9、owever, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）o Fortunately, he survived the accident.短譯群中的修飾語（插入

10、語）o But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine combination.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）o In the early industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization, with all the important changes in social patterns, has maintained for nearly a century.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）o The existence of gian

11、t clouds was virtually important for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its dominant position.謂語及非謂語的區(qū)別o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific dep

12、artments can not be predicted in detail.各種短譯群o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.從句的結(jié)構(gòu)o 主句 + 引導(dǎo)詞（連詞） + 從句You are the girl

13、who Im looking for.各種從句的引導(dǎo)詞：o名詞性從句：o關(guān)系代詞：what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoevero連接副詞：where, when, why, how, whether, if, that 名詞性從句o 特點(diǎn)：引導(dǎo)詞需要在主句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)成分，去掉引導(dǎo)詞之后主句部分不完整。o Its quite hard to say whether he will win the game.名詞性從句o 主語從句：o When he will come here is still unknown.o 賓語從句：o We still d

14、ont know when he will come here.名詞性從句o 關(guān)系代詞：o What the parents really care about is the quality of education.o 從屬連詞：o When he will come here is still unknown.名詞性從句o 從屬連詞：o where, when, why, how, whether, ifo 從屬連詞that:o The captain ordered that everyone should abandon the ship immediately.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句

15、）o You are the girl who Im looking for.o 特點(diǎn)：1.從句成分不完整 2.先行詞必須在從句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分 3.引導(dǎo)詞不充當(dāng)任何成分且沒有意義 修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）o Furthermore, human have the ability to modify the environment which they live in.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）o In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring to

16、gether television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）o Pearson has collected the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key b

17、reakthroughs and discoveries to take place.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）o It assumes that there is an agreed opinion of human rights, which is something the world does not have.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）o Behavior science is that branch of social science which seeks to study human and their behavior in the same reasoned, orderly,

18、 and systematic way that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.修飾語的翻譯（同位語從句）o This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments can not be forese

19、en in detail. 修飾語的書寫o The medical researchers were painfully aware that there are many problems _. (他們至今仍沒找到答案。)修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）o We have got the information thato youre looking for.o Liu Xiang was hurt. 修飾語的書寫o We can tell a lot of stories about those _. (畢生致力于詩(shī)歌的人)狀語從句的書寫o Our years of hardwork are al

20、l in vain, _. (更不要提我們所花費(fèi)的大量金錢了)修飾語的書寫o The treatment and prevention of AIDS is the area _. (我們能夠合作的領(lǐng)域)修飾語的書寫o He designed the bridge, which _. (完美的結(jié)合了美觀以及實(shí)用)復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞 They may find many _ differ in race, religion and ethnic background. A. that B. people C. friend D. who復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞They can always go back

21、or go on tosomething new _ is better and higher than the past.A. which B. that C. what D. when復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞But a bird has a single alarm cry, _means “danger”.A. what B. which C. that D. this復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞The belief _ the more schooling people have, the more money they will make when they leave school is widespr

22、ead in the United States.A. which B. where C. that D. when復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞We had rented a cottage on a river in the heart of the country _ the whole family was going to spend the three week holiday.A. where B. that C. which D. when復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞They generally go to places _ the scenery is beautiful and the air is

23、 clean.A. where B. that C. when D. when復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞It was in Paris _ I first met her.A. where B. that C. what D. when復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞It was him _ your complaint shouldbe made.A. who B. that C. what D. when狀語從句的閱讀o We are thankful to them because some of these languages have since disappeared, as the people who sp

24、oke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.狀語與狀語從句o 地點(diǎn)狀語：o 介詞： in, on, at, behind, beside, above, over, in front of, except, besides, among, between, within, below, under, to, in the front of, near, along狀語與狀語從句o on 與 over: He put his watch on the table. There is a bridg

25、e over the river.狀語與狀語從句o except 與 besides In United States, professors have many other duties _ teaching, such as administrative and research work. 狀語與狀語從句o in 與 to Shanghai is in the east of China. Japan lies to the east of China.狀語與狀語從句o among 與 between狀語與狀語從句o in front of 與 in the front of There

26、 are some flowers in front of the house. There are some flowers in the front of the house.狀語與狀語從句o 地點(diǎn)狀語：o 連詞： where, wherever 狀語與狀語從句o 時(shí)間狀語：o 介詞： in, on, at, before, after, since, for, from, during狀語與狀語從句o 時(shí)間狀語： in, on 與 at in表在一段時(shí)間中 on精確到某一天 at精確到某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)tips：at Christmas, at night, in the morning/eve

27、ning 狀語與狀語從句o 時(shí)間狀語o 連詞： when, while, as, till, until狀語與狀語從句o till 與 until I was doing my homework till my mother came back. I didnt do my homework until my mother came back.狀語從句的書寫o The anti-virus agent was not known _. (直到一名醫(yī)生偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了它)狀語與狀語從句o when 與 as _ it turned out, it was an Italian movie.狀語與狀語從

28、句o 原因狀語：o 介詞： because of, thanks to狀語與狀語從句o 原因狀語：o 連詞： because, for, as, since, seeing that, now that, in that so, therefore, thus狀語與狀語從句o 目的狀語：o 介詞： in case of, in order to, for狀語與狀語從句o 目的狀語：o 連詞： in case, in order that, lest, so that, for fear that狀語與狀語從句o 結(jié)果狀語：o 連詞： so that , such that He is so g

29、ood that everybody likes him. He is such a good student that everybody likes him.狀語與狀語從句o 讓步狀語o 介詞： in spite of狀語與狀語從句o 讓步狀語：o 連詞： though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite that例題：o Ive never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, 54 . 5

30、4. A. tooB. though C. stillD. certainly 例題：o Its not that I have any expertise in immigration policy, 48 I have one ,the American version. 48. A. because B. since C. but D. as 例題：o 52 it helped England become the centre of industrialization, its not enough. 52. A. Although B. Besides C. And D. Even

31、例題：o The most important conclusion that emerges from the data, 50, is not something that we found. 50. A. yet B. still C. moreover D. however 例題：o 51 they get the answers, they are just guessing. 51. A. Even B. Though C. Therefore D. So例題：o Human are extremely sensitive to smells, 47 we do not reali

32、ze it.47. A. though B. but C. thus D. when狀語與狀語從句o 條件狀語：o 連詞： if, unless, when, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that A trademark can be renewed for another decade as _ as the user continues. A. soon B. far C. long D. fast狀語與狀語從句o 方式狀語：o 介詞： in, by, with, through, via, as從句的翻譯Please _.（按以下

33、地址與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系）從句的翻譯Our efforts will pay off if _.（我們的成果能用來開發(fā)新的技術(shù)）狀語與狀語從句o 伴隨狀語從句 Finishing the homework, I went to play football. 伴隨狀語從句o Followed by a dog, I was walking on the grass.狀語與狀語從句：o _ with the place where I was born, this town is more exciting. 狀語從句的閱讀o Creating a European identity that resp

34、ects the different cultures and traditions which make up the connecting web of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.動(dòng)詞分詞作后置定語 Additional social stress may also occur because of the problems arising from mass migration movements, themselves made relatively easy by means of

35、 modern transportation.修飾語的書寫o Older adults who have a higher level of daily activities have more energy and _. (與那些不運(yùn)動(dòng)的人相比較低的死亡率)虛擬語氣的書寫o The victim _ if he had been sent to the hospital in time. (本有機(jī)會(huì)活下來的)虛擬語氣的書寫o If _. (你當(dāng)時(shí)聽從了我的建議的話，那么你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)陷入麻煩了)虛擬語氣If all the places _ the same, therewould not b

36、e need of the geographers.A. are B. were C. was D. would be 虛擬語氣The professor demanded that _.（我們要在下周三之前遞交報(bào)告）虛擬語氣The general issued the order that _.（軍隊(duì)必須立即撤離）虛擬語氣But for the mobile phone, ourcommunication _.（我們的通訊就不會(huì)如此方便快捷）虛擬語氣If only _.（要是我會(huì)說幾種不同的語言就好了）虛擬語氣Had I known that information, I would not

37、 have bought that stock.虛擬語氣Should it rain, _.（農(nóng)作物就有救了）倒裝句的書寫o _ his application form. (直到截止日他才寄出)倒裝句的書寫o _ since that accident. (他們之間從來沒有再說過話)倒裝句的書寫o Only in this place _. (他才感到安全和寧?kù)o)倒裝句的書寫o The witness was told that under no circumstance _. (他都不該向法庭說謊)倒裝句的書寫o Young _, she has experienced a lot. (雖然她還很年輕)倒裝語句I shall define him as the individual who has selected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinkingin a Socratic way abo