Crime and Punishment6-7

1、Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment（paragraph4-paragraph5paragraph4-paragraph5）Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentDuring a lifetime ,most Americans are involved in at least one court case,either criminal or civil in nature.The legal system is adversarial,pitting defendant(s) against accuso

2、r(s),while a judge and jury listen to evidence presented according to formal rules. 大多數(shù)美國人一生中至少會有一次卷入刑事或民事性質(zhì)的官司中。法律系統(tǒng)是有對立性的：當(dāng)法官和陪審團聽取按正式程序呈上的證據(jù)時，便把被告和原告對立起來。in nature實際上，性質(zhì)上pit.against.使.與.相對立（相爭斗）Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentCivil law accounts for the bulk of legal actions as individuals

3、 sue each other for financial compensation arising from accidental destruction of property,divorce and child custody,psychologicalpain and suffering,accidental physical injury,breach of contract,or discriminatory acts of a racial or sexual nature.民事法律可以把大部分的法律行為解釋為因經(jīng)濟補償?shù)膫€人相互起訴，經(jīng)濟補償來自于意外破產(chǎn)、離婚、孩子監(jiān)護權(quán)、心

4、理上的“痛苦和折磨”、身體以外傷害、違反合同、或者是種族或性別的歧視這些方面。the bulk of=most 大部分，大多數(shù)arise from.起因于；由.而產(chǎn)生Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentCivil cases have included suing McDonalds for selling dangerously hot coffee,class action suits against makers of faulty breast implants,and claims for general reparations to co

5、ntemporary African Americans who suffer post-slavery stress syndrome.民事案件包括對麥當(dāng)勞銷售特別燙的熱咖啡的訴訟，針對假冒的隆胸植入物生產(chǎn)者的集體訴訟，以及要求對遭受“奴隸制后遺癥”的當(dāng)代非裔美國人進行總體賠償。Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentMost cases involve the minor irritations neighbors cause each other with too loud music,dogs that bite ,or too high fen

6、ces.大多數(shù)案件，是鄰居之間的因為音樂放得太大聲、被狗咬或圍欄太高而產(chǎn)生的小矛盾。Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentCivil courts often award compensation above the actual loss in property or medical costs,including punitive financial damages against companies for negligence.For the most part,civil cases do not involve prison time-al

7、though failure to pay child support or follow court judgments can land the offender in jail.民事法庭判決的賠償經(jīng)常高于實際的財產(chǎn)損失或醫(yī)療成本，也包括針對因?qū)Ψ降摹笆韬觥痹斐傻膽土P性經(jīng)濟損失。盡管多數(shù)情況下，民事案件不需要服刑但是未支付孩子的撫養(yǎng)費，法院是可以判決送罪犯進監(jiān)獄。Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentCriminal cases are brought against those who are charged with committing a

8、crime against individuals and,by extension,society.Murder,rape,assauit,burglary,use of illegal drugs,theft,insider-trading,embezzlement,child molestation,kidnapping,and arson are a few of the most common charges(see Figure 3.3).刑事案件是針對那些危害個人甚至社會犯罪的指控。謀殺、強奸、毆打、（入室）盜竊、非法吸毒、偷盜、內(nèi)線交易、貪污、猥褻兒童、綁架、縱火等是一些最常見

9、的被認定為刑事案件而被指控的行為。burglary：entering a building unlawfully with intent to commit a felony or to steal valuable property（入室盜竊）theft：the act of taking something from someone unlawfullyCrime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentFor the most part,these cases are kept within the state court system,with appeal

10、s available through the US Court of Appeals and Supreme Court.Criminal cases are usually settled with a trial by jury of 12 citizens,who,after listening to the evidence,must unanimously agree that the person is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.大多數(shù)情況下，這些案件都由州法庭審判，（他們）也隨時可以上訴到美國上訴法院和最高法院。刑事案件通常是由12個人組

11、成的陪審團審訊，他們在聽完證據(jù)后，必須毫無疑問地一致同意這個人是有罪的才能夠?qū)ζ渑行獭rime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentIf even one juror dissents,the prisoner is released.Defendannts can skip the jury trial by agreeing to a plea bargainagreement with the prosecutor,typically agreeing to plead guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for

12、a shorter prison term and/or financial penalty in lieu of a long trial and an undetermined verdict.如果有一個陪審員不同意，犯人就會被釋放。被告可以通過與公訴人達成同意“辯訴交易”的協(xié)議而跳過陪審團的審訊，通常是承認自己是有罪的，得到用一個短期的監(jiān)禁或是罰金來代替長時間的審訊和不確定的裁決。Crime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentIf the defendant is too poor to hire an attorney,the state is req

13、uired to appoint and pay the costs for a public defender.These lawyers have enormous caseloads,are the poorest trained,youngest,and the least paid of all trial lawyers.如果被告太窮，沒錢雇律師，州就必須拿錢為其找一個“公設(shè)辯護人”。這些律師有繁重的工作量，是所有審判律師中受培訓(xùn)最少的、最年輕的、收入最低的。attorney=lawyerCrime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentWhats t

14、he difference between public defender and lawyer? enormous caseloads, the poorest trainedyoungest the least paid expensesGovernmentpoor defendant（too poor to hire an lawyer）criminal proceedingsexpensesdefendantcriminal proceedings and civil suitCrime and PunishmentCrime and PunishmentBecause about 8

15、0 percent of all people accused of felonies are poor,and thus defended by appointed counsel,the United States clearly has a wealth-based justice system favoring the middle and upper classes.因為被控告為重罪的人中80%都是窮人，所以他們都是由（政府）指定的律師為其辯護，美國顯然有一個以財富為基礎(chǔ)的司法體系，這個司法體系更傾向于中產(chǎn)階級和高層階級的。Crime and PunishmentCrime and

16、PunishmentAdditionally,most juries are drawn from lists of registered voters on which the poor are underrepresented,a pracitice which keeps the middle class and elderly in charge of deciding verdicts.另外，大多陪審團成員都是從窮人所占比例很小的選民冊上挑選出來的，這是一個慣例，它使中產(chǎn)階級和資深的陪審團成員掌控判決權(quán)。Tanks!Tanks!Crime and PunishmentCrime an

17、d Punishment內(nèi)線交易(Insider trading)指的是事先獲悉未公開資訊后，進行交易且有相當(dāng)比例獲利，事后證實該資訊足以影響股票或其他有加證券市價。因此內(nèi)線交易成立的要件必須符合： 1. 獲悉未公開消息。 2.該資訊有效影響有價證券價格。 3. 交易后有成比例的獲利發(fā)生。其實內(nèi)線交易可以是完全合法的證券交易行為，但因內(nèi)線交易容易造成市場不公平，所以在多數(shù)情況內(nèi)線交易常被認定是違法的犯罪行為。盡管有不少經(jīng)濟學(xué)家肯定內(nèi)線交易對于資本市場的效率、流動性的正面作用，但各國多半把內(nèi)線交易列為違法行為。Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment辯訴交易（plea bargain），是美國的一項司法制度，指在法官開庭審理之前，處于控訴一方的檢察官和代表被告人的辯護律師進行協(xié)商，以檢察官撤