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1、Brief timeline of British HistoryPrehistoric Britain BC Roman Britain 43 AD Anglo Saxon Britain 450Viking Britain 793Medieval Britain 1066Tudor Britain 1485 Stuart Britain 1603Georgian Britain 1714 Victorian Britain 1837 Modern Britain 1902 + HistoryRomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll 43

2、4507931066148518371939lI. PrehistorylQ1 TheearliestknownsettlersontheBritishIsleswere_. First immigrants to Britain were Iberians who came from Iberian Peninsular about 5 ,000 years ago. Soon after 700 BC the Celts from Upper Rhine Land of northwest Europe came to settle there. The Celtic blended wi

3、th the Iberians.StonehengeIt is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago, dragging each stone into place. This stone circle is called Stonehenge lII. The Roman Period (55BC410

4、) lQ2 ChristianitywasfirstbroughttoEnglandby_.The Romans remained in Britain from 43 AD to 410 AD. That is almost four hundred years (four centuries) They imposed their own way of life and culture. They brought Christianity to England. They left behind only their roads, a few place names: Chester, W

5、inchester derived from the Roman word castra ( a military camp) and clusters of Christian converts. Hadrians WallHadrians Wall, a stone wall barrier built to separate the Romans and the Picts tribes in Scotland 2000 years ago(122 A.D.). It allowed Roman soldiers to control the movements of people co

6、ming into or leaving Roman Britain. It was so well built that you can still see parts of it today. How long was Hadrians Wall?Itwas117kilometers(73miles)longacrossthenarrowneckofEngland,fromtheNorthSeatotheIrishSea.The Ruins of Hadrians WallHadrians Wall in the film King ArthurlIII.TheAnglo-SaxonBri

7、tainlQ3Whoweretheinvadersthistime?Duringthefifthcentury,anumberoftribesfromthenorth-westernEuropeanmainlandinvadedandsettledinlargenumbers.TwoofthesetribesweretheAnglesandtheSaxons.Bytheendofthesixthcentury,theyandtheirwayoflifepredominatedinnearlyallofEnglandandinpartsofsouthernScotland.Theyintrodu

8、cednewfarmingmethodsandfoundedself-sufficientvillages.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest:lJutes （朱特人）invasion: 449, the Jutish chief became the king of Kent;lAnglo-Saxon Conquest: Saxon (Northern Germany): Essex, Sussex, Wessex; Angles (Northern Germany): second half of 6th century, east part of England;l No

9、possession of Scotland, Wales and Ireland, still Celts（凱爾特人）;l Occupy lowland zone, Heptarchy(七國政治/聯(lián)盟),lThe legend of King Arthur（亞瑟王）;lKingArthurKingArthurandhisknightsoftheroundtablewereRomanizedCeltstryingtoholdbacktheadvancesoftheAnglo-Saxons.Sir Lancelot on his horselTeutonic religion: multi-go

10、ddism, Tiu, Woden, Thor, Freya;lAugustine: the first Archbishop of Canterbury;lLay the foundation of the English state: shire, sheriffs;lOpen-field farming system: three open big fields and commons-basis of agrarian culture and subsistence farming, community life, concept of equality;lWitan-privy co

11、uncilDanish Invasion:lAlfred the Great（艾爾弗雷德大帝）: the father of the English Navy; Dane Law (allow the Dane to keep the eastern of England); establish schools, Latin culture, religious affairs, prose literature;lEdward the Confessor（信教者愛德華）: the last of Anglo-Saxon king in English history, built Westm

12、inster Abbey（最后的撒克遜國王，修建了西敏寺）;AnotherwaveofGermanicinvasioncameintheeighthcentury.TheseinvaderswereknownasVikings,NorsemenorDanes,whocamefromScandinavia.IntheninthcenturytheyconqueredandsettledintheextremenorthandwestofScotland,andalsosomecoastalregionsofIreland.TheirconquestofEnglandwashaltedwhenth

13、eyweredefeatedbyKingAlfredoftheSaxonkingdomofWessex.ThisresultedinanagreementwhichdividedEnglandbetweenWessex,inthesouthandwest,andthe“Danelaw”inthenorthandeast.However,verysmalldifferencesexistedinculturebetweenAnglo-SaxonsandDanes.BytheendofthetenthcenturyEnglandbecameonekingdomwithaGermaniccultur

14、ethroughout.Mostofmodern-dayScotlandwasalsounitedbythistime,inaCeltickingdom.lKingAlfredtheGreatHewasnotonlyanablewarriorbutalsoadedicatedscholarandawiseruler.HeistheonlymonarchinEnglishhistorytobegiventhetitle“theGreat”.IV. Norman Conquest（諾曼征服）（諾曼征服）lQ4Doyouknowtheconquerorsname?In1066anarmyfromNo

15、rmandydefeatedtheEnglishatthebattleofHastings.OnChristmasDaythatyear,WilliamtheNormanwascrownedkingofEngland.Afeudal（封建的）systemwasimposed.TheNormanConquestwasoneofthemostdecisiveeventsinEnglishhistory.IttiedEnglandscivilizationcloselytothatofcontinentalEurope.Where were the Normans from?Hastings:The

16、 Norman Conquest:lNorthman（諾曼人）: from Scandinavia Peninsula, northern part of France, Normandy, Normans (Northman);lBattle of Hastings（哈斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役）: 1066, William the Conqueror（征服者威廉）, the first Anglo-Norman king of England;lSpeed up the development of Feudalism in England;3. Feudal aristocracy developed

17、 and resulted in the appearance of noble titles;4. Norman way of living, French civilization, monastery;5. Language: bi-lingual period, Middle English, English regained the position of dominant speech by the end of 14th century, English: auxiliary verbs, pronouns, preposition, conjunctionFrench: gov

18、ernment, land holding, war, hunting, cooking, costume, church and law;Significance:the last invasion of England by foreigners. English history regards it as a hidden blessingThe Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament（大憲章和議會(huì)的誕生）（大憲章和議會(huì)的誕生）Henry IIs Reform（亨利二世的改革）（亨利二世的改革）:lPlantagenet Dynasty: Gr

19、eat Council-Chancellor (head of judicial system and president of the Upper House of Parliament)lLaw Court Reform: circuits, circuit judges and courts;lCommon Law: local social custom-precedent judgmentCommon law;lJury system: trials by ordeals（神裁法 ) or battles, judges verdictjurys verdict; fairness

20、and equality;lChurch Court Reform: Thomas Becket-English Saint, Canterbury, place of pilgrimage;The Great Charter/ Magna Carta（大憲章（大憲章）:Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issue

21、d in 1215. Feudal England（封建制度下的英國）（封建制度下的英國）lTheGreatCharterandtheBeginningofParliamentKingJohn（約翰王）wasdemandingmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservice,thenanarmyofangrylordsmarchedtoLondon.KingJohnwasforcedtosignthecharterthelordshadpreparedin1215.Thecharterinhistorywascalled“MagnaCarta”orthe“GreatCharter”.

22、TheGreatCharter:notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncil,nofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedexceptbythelawoftheland,andifthekingattemptedtofreehimselffromlaw,thevassals(封臣)hadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit.lSignificance Magna Carta (the Great Charter) was the most significant early influenc

23、e on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today. Magna Carta influenced many common laws and other documents, such as the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights, and is considered one of the most important legal documents in the history of democracy.Begi

24、nning of Parliament（議會(huì)的誕生）（議會(huì)的誕生）:lHenry III: heavy taxes;lSimon de Montfort（西蒙 德孟福爾）: defender of the Great Charterreform the Great Council: two knights each county and two representatives each town (All Estates Parliament各級議會(huì)各級議會(huì))lThe Earliest English Parliament: 1265, WestminsterlHouse of Commons

25、 and House of Lords: law-making body of England, the first to experiment with the parliamentary system;HenryIIIhopedtodefeatthelordsandtheircharter.HisopponentsledbySimondeMontfortkeptthekingandtheroyalfamilyprisonerswhilehesummonedtheGreatCounciltomeetin1265.Uptothistime,theGreatCouncilhadbeencompo

26、sedofnoblesandclergymenexclusively.ThenSimonandhissupportersdecidedtomakesomechanges.TwoknightsfromeachshireandtwocitizensfromeachofthemoreimportanttownsweresummonedtotheGreatCouncil.Thatwasthebeginningofparliament.The StoryQ5TheParliamentbecamearegularagencyofthegovernmentunder_.ThirtyyearslaterPar

27、liamentbecamearegularagencyofthegovernmentunderEdwardI.HisparliamentwasknownastheModelParliament（典型議會(huì)）.EdwardIwasalsowellknownforhisconquestofWales.lRobinHoodWhileKingRichardIwasfightinginthecrusades,EnglandwasgovernedbyhisbrotherJohn,whoimposedallthetaxes.RobinHoodlivedwithhisbandof“merrymen”inSher

28、woodForest,stealingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor.lWilliamWallacelTheHundredYearsWar(13371453)JoanofArclTheBlackDeathlTheWarsoftheRoses(14551485)lQ6WhywastheWarofRosessocalled?TheLancastrians,whosesymbolwasaredrose,supportedthedescendantsoftheDukeofLancaster,andtheYorkists,whosesymbolwasawhiterose,su

29、pportedthedescendantsoftheDukeofYork.lVI.EnglandundertheTudorsEnglandbecameanationalstatewithanefficientcentralizedgovernment.Itwasinthetransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.ItreformedchurchinEnglandandtoleratedenclosures.AmericawasdiscoveredandtheRenaissancespreadintoEngland.ItstimulatedEnglis

30、hcommercialandmaritimeenterprise.lHenryVIIIHeisoneofthemostwell-knownmonarchsinEnglishhistory.Hehadsixwives.ItwasduringhisreignthattheReformationtookplace.lElizabethIDaughterofHenryVIII,wasthefirstofthreelong-reigningqueensinBritishhistory.Duringherlongreignsheestablishedareasonabledegreeofinternals

31、tabilityinafirmlyProtestantEngland,allowingthegrowthofaspiritofpatriotismandgeneralconfidence.Shenevermarried,butuseditspossibilityasadiplomatictool.Inhertime,Englandestablisheditssupremacyoverthesea.Elizabeth Is rule is remembered as the Golden Age （黃金時(shí)代）（黃金時(shí)代）of English history. lUnderherrule,Engl

32、andadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthearts.lDuringElizabethsreigntheageofexplorationbeganwithexplorerssuchasFrancisDrakeclaimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterher.ltheEnglishnavydefeatedtheSpanishArmada（西班牙無敵艦隊(duì)）T

33、he Spanish Armada(Invincible Fleet) in Early 1600sThe Marine time War in 1588The EffectslThe destruction of the Spanish Armada not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion.lIn a word, Elizabeth was the foundation of the British Em

34、pireOnMarch23,1603,Elizabethdied,whichmarkedtheendofTudorsreign.WhenshecametopowerEnglandwasaninsignificantcountry.WhenshedieditwasamajorEuropeanpower.Renaissance in England l文藝復(fù)興isaFrenchwordthatmeansrebirth.ThewordwasfirstusedbyItalianscholarsinthemid-16thcenturytoexpresstherediscoveryofancientRom

35、anandGreekculture.The RenaissanceLeonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Mona Lisa The RenaissanceThe Last Supper William ShakespeareSummary In conclusion, the Tudor Monarchy is the most important period in English history. Henry s monarchy, Renaissance, Reformation and Elizabeths policy, all these things th

36、at happened in this period met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and wealth began to flow into England and the English bourgeoisie(中產(chǎn)階級中產(chǎn)階級) was ready to take over political power and to build an empire.Stuart PeriodlJames I:ElizabethwasfollowedtothethronebyJamesVIofScotland,whobecameJamesIofEngla

37、nd.lJamesbelievedintheabsolutepowerofthemonarchyThe Gunpowder Plotl.Jameswasafirmprotestant,andin1604heexpelledallCatholicpriestsfromtheisland.ThiswasoneofthefactorswhichledtotheGunpowder Plot of 1605(火藥陰謀).AgroupofCatholicplottersplannedtoblowupParliamentwhenitopenedonNovember5.However,ananonymousl

38、etterbetrayedtheplotandoneoftheplotters,Guy Fawkes(蓋伊福克斯),wascapturedinthecellarsoftheHousesofParliamentwithenoughgunpowdertoblowtheplaceskyhigh.Mostoftheplotterswerecapturedandexecuted.In celebration of his survival, King James I ordered that people of England should have a great bonfire on the nig

39、ht of 5th November.The event is still commemorated annually in England on 5th November by fireworks and burning “guys” (effigies) on bonfires.lVII.TheBourgeoisRevolutionlTheCivilWarThisispopularlyrememberedasacontestbetweenfun-loving,aristocratic,royalist“Cavaliers”（騎士黨）,andover-serious,puritanparli

40、amentarian“Roundheads”（圓顱黨）.Itendedwithcompletevictoryfortheparliamentaryforces.ThekingCharlesIwasbeheaded.OliverCromwell（克倫威爾）became“LordProtector”（護(hù)國公）ofarepublicwithamilitarygovernment.The Glorious Revolution (1668)lTheRestorationandthe“GloriousRevolution”lQ7Whatwas“GloriousRevolution”?Thesonofth

41、eexecuted(處死)kingwasaskedtoreturnandtakethethrone.ThenhisbrotherJamesIItriedtogivefullrightstoCatholics.Therevolution(1688)wasgloriousbecauseitwasbloodless.PrinceWilliamofOrange（奧蘭治親王）,ruleroftheNetherlands,andhiswifeMaryacceptedtheinvitationtobecomekingandqueen.ItwasestablishedthatamonarchcouldruleonlywiththesupportofParliament.Bythattime,theCavaliersandRoundheadshadsettleddowntobecomeEnglandsfirstpoliticalparties:theTories（托利黨）andWhigs（輝格黨）.lVIII.Hanoverian（漢諾威）EnglandandIndustrialRevolutionlQ8WhowasthefirstprimeministerinEnglishhistory?