修辭手法-借代

1、3. 借 代METONYMY 1. 定義 關(guān)于英語的metonymy, Websters New International Dictionary是這樣解釋的： “A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.”這一段話大意是說，metonymy是這樣的一個辭格，即用一事物的名稱來代替另一事物，當(dāng)然這一事物與另一事物是有關(guān)聯(lián)的。韋氏大辭典這樣的解釋，與metonymy的希臘語原義 “a change of

2、 name”在主要意義上是一致的。 關(guān)于“用一事物的名稱取代另一事物”這一層意思，漢語的辭海在定義借代時闡述得更為清楚：“修辭學(xué)上辭格之一，甲事物同乙事物不相類似，但有不可分離的關(guān)系，利用這種關(guān)系以乙事物的名稱來代替甲事物的，叫借代。如熟讀王叔和，不如臨癥多(儒林外史第三十一回)借王叔和代王叔和編著的醫(yī)書?！?. 特點 綜合上述英語與漢語兩部辭典的兩則定義以及metonymy的希臘語原義，筆者認(rèn)為，借代(metonymy)具有這樣幾個特點： 1) 甲事物與乙事物不相類似。 2) 甲事物與乙事物有不可分離的關(guān)系。 3) 以乙事物的名稱來代替甲事物。例： The Peaceful Shepherd

3、If heaven were to do again,And on the pasture barsI leaned to1ine the figures inBetween the doffed stars.I should be tempted to forget,I fear, the Crown of Rule, The Scales of Trade, the Cross of Faith，As hardly worth renewal. For these have governed in our lives,And see how men have warred The Cros

4、s, the Crown, the Scales may allAs well have been the Sword. ( Robert Frost ) 和平的牧師 假如老天準(zhǔn)備把天下重新安排， 我就斜靠著牧場酒吧的柜臺 設(shè)計新的人間的圖案， 星光點點在我頭上放射光彩。 我可能會欣然忘掉， 君王的律條， 生意場上的天平秤與十字架的虔誠， 這些幾乎都值得重新推敲。 這些東西駕馭著我們的生活， 而且看著人們?nèi)绾螢樗鼈儬帄Z。 十字架，王冠，天平秤統(tǒng)統(tǒng)是刀劍。這首詩中，Cross，Crown，Scales就是借代。是借用典型的實物來代替特定的概念。在詩中，cross是十字架，crown是皇冠，sca

5、les是天平，這些東西與它們分別所代替的教會，王權(quán)與商業(yè)貿(mào)易都是不相類似的東西，但cross(十字架)與教會，crown(皇冠)與王權(quán)，scales(天平秤)與商業(yè)貿(mào)易又都各自有著不可分離的關(guān)系，而借代辭格正是利用它們之間的這種緊密的關(guān)系而用cross代替教會，crown代替王權(quán)，scales代替商業(yè)貿(mào)易。 英語Metonymy為一種常用修辭格，其主要作用是使表達(dá)簡練、具體、生動、有趣。根據(jù)本體與代體之間的關(guān)系，Metonymy的運用大致可分十類。3. 借代類型( 1 ) 以事物的特征代替事物、人本身。The blue eyes walked into the office. 籃眼睛走進了辦公

6、室。She studied in Blue Grass for four years. 她在藍(lán)草學(xué)習(xí)了四年。Blue Grass指美國肯塔基州的Lexington (萊克星頓)。She said coldly, “I asked how much.”The piggy eyes blinked. “Ten thousand dollars.”她冷冰冰地回敬說：“我問的是要多少！”豬眼睛眨眨眼說：“一萬美元?！?The piggy eyes指the man with pig-like eyes.A thousand mustaches can live together, but not fou

7、r breasts. ( A Proverb ) 千條漢子能共處，兩個婆娘難相容。Have I in conquest stretchd my arms so farTo be afraid to tell graybeards the truth? ( William Shakespeare: Julius Caesar ) 難道我南征北戰(zhàn)，攻下了這許多地方，卻不敢對一班白須老頭子們講真話嗎? Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons. ( O, Henry

8、: The Police and the Anthem ) 蘇比不聲不響地站著，兩手插在口袋里，一見到警察就露出微笑。*銅紐扣是美國警察制服的一個特征，此處借以代指警察。 No cross, no crown. ( A proverb ) 沒有苦就沒有甜。 另外，一些禁忌語既屬于委婉語范疇，也屬于借代范疇，例如：美英對廁所一詞創(chuàng)造了不少代用詞：Women, men, retiring room, washroom, ladies, gents, public comfort station等。對女廁所的名稱更多：powder room, rest room, dressing room, cl

9、oak room, lavatory等。( 2 ) 以工具代替動作或行為者His pen would prove mightier than his pickax. 他的筆將證明比他的鎬頭力量大。pen指寫作能力、文才，pickax 指淘金的體力。馬克吐慍年輕時在內(nèi)華達(dá)淘過金，但失敗了，后來開始寫作，成功了。這兩個詞生動形象地寫出了他的不同經(jīng)歷。He was raised to the bench. 他被任命為法官。這里，bench指代法官。His pen sways over half of the civilized world. 他的作品影響著半個文明世界。 As it is clear

10、 from the Citys Guide-Book, Chester still has many survivals of its past, both in the form of picturesque tradition and equally picturesque bricks and stones. (大學(xué)英語第一冊) 從城市指南可以清楚看出，徹斯特仍然有許多遺跡，表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)美的傳統(tǒng)和美麗如畫的磚石建筑。 “Well, Mr. Weller,” says the gentlemn, “youre a very good whip, and can do what you like

11、 with your houses, we know.” ( Charles Dickens ) “是呀，韋勒先生，”那位紳士說，“你是出色的鞭桿子，能夠任意指揮你的馬，我們是知道的?！?But in spite of himself, he became deeply interested in this Polish girl with the intense gray eyes and delicate features, who was as keen on test tubes as himself.他不由自主、深深地戀上了這位有著熱情的灰色眼睛和清秀面容，跟他一樣熱衷于化學(xué)實驗的波

12、蘭姑娘。*句中寫居里如何愛上了居里夫人，因為他們有共同的事業(yè),都喜歡test tubes. (test tubes=chemical experiments)( 3 ) 以特征代人或物 There is much of the schoolboy in him. 他身上還有許多小學(xué)生的氣質(zhì)。 The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. 兇殘與貪婪交織在一起，浮現(xiàn)在他的臉上。 I was up early and down late, set my own hand to everything, took dangers as they

13、came, and for once in my life played the man throughout. ( Robert L. Stevenson: The Wrecker ) 我早起晚睡，親手處理一切事情，承擔(dān)一切危險。在我畢生中，這一次才不愧為堂堂男子。 the British lion 英國人 boiled lobster 英國海軍步兵隊的兵 the Bear 俄羅斯They ticked nothing, of course, for their giggling and shouting scared every spotted thing away. 他們什么也沒有抓著，

14、那是當(dāng)然的，因為他們的咯咯的笑聲與喊叫聲把所有的鰻魚都嚇跑了。上面的例子中，“獅代英國，“煮熟的龍蝦”代英國士兵，因為英國士兵常穿紅衣，“熊指俄羅斯，“有斑點的東西”指鰻魚，因鰻魚渾身有斑點，這些借代辭格都是借特征代人或物。( 4 ) 以事物活動的場所代替事物或活動者 Downing Street (唐寧街) the British government or cabinet The White House (白宮) the President or Executive branch of the US government The Kremlin (克里姆林宮) the government

15、 of the Soviet Union Wall Street (華爾街) U. S. Financial circles Capitol Hill (國會山) the legislative branch of the U. S. government Hollywood (好萊塢) American film-making industryThe Pentagon (五角大樓) the U.S. military establishmentFleet Street (艦隊街) the British press Foggy Bottom (霧谷) the U.S. State Depar

16、tment Madison Avenue (麥迪遜大街) American advertising industry Whitehall (白廳) the British governmentWestminster (威斯敏斯特) the British Parliament or government 例如： Business lobbyists on Capital Hill are keeping close tabs on what is known as the Family and Medical Leave Act. ( Paul Hoffmon )國會議員門正在密切注意所謂的“

17、家庭與病假法案”。Capital Hill是美國首都華盛頓(Washington D.C.)的美國國會大廈，這里以建筑物代美國國會。A Beli or a Bailly may gain greater glory than the Brahmins, but hell never equal their entre into White House. ( Paul Hoffmon ) 不論是伯利或貝利都可能比布拉敏家族獲得更大的光榮，但是他永遠(yuǎn)沒有條件進入白宮。 Scotland Yard was called in by the Xuereb family soon after the c

18、ouple disappeared and 120 officers with 80 vehicles were put on the case under the command of Commander William Hucklesby, head of the anti-terrorist squad. 這對夫婦失蹤后不久，蘇格蘭場就接到了舒埃雷布家的報警。在刑警隊長兼反恐怖行動組組長威廉哈克爾斯比的命令下，120名警官分乘80輛警車投入了該案的偵破。 *Scotland Yard指倫敦警察廳刑偵部，原為英國倫敦“市警察廳”總部舊址名，后泛指倫敦刑警和偵緝?nèi)藛T，現(xiàn)總部的正式名稱為New

19、 Scotland Yard，但人們?nèi)粤?xí)慣沿用舊稱。( 5 ) 以某物的產(chǎn)地代替該物He was behind the arras. 他在掛毯后面。 法國小鎮(zhèn)Arras以產(chǎn)掛毯聞名于世，后來人們逐漸用arras來指代掛毯。Would you care for a cup of Longjing? 你喝杯龍井好吧? 這里以產(chǎn)地代產(chǎn)品茶葉。 O knight, thou lackest a cup of canary, when did I see you so put down? ( Shakespeare: Twelfth Night) 啊，騎士!汝需一杯加那利酒，什么時候我看到你這么沉默?

20、* 加那利白葡萄酒原產(chǎn)于加那利群島。Im fond of china. 我喜歡瓷器。 瓷器原產(chǎn)于中國，所以用了china產(chǎn)地指產(chǎn)品。不少產(chǎn)品以產(chǎn)地命名，如champagne（香檳酒）原產(chǎn)于法國香檳省，Maotai (茅臺)，產(chǎn)于中國貴州的茅臺，Scotch wisky（蘇格蘭威土忌），hami melon (哈密瓜)，Chinese cabbage (大白菜)，Lima bean (利馬豆) ，Dutch clover (白三葉草)，Italian millet (意大利黍)，Japanese banana (芭蕉)，Japanese flowering cherry (日本櫻花)，Russi

21、an olive (沙棗)等等。( 6 ) 以作者或生產(chǎn)者代替作品或產(chǎn)品 Joanne burned Player after Player in her nervousness at his fathers eccentric and preoccupied driving. ( John Updike: Home ) 喬安娜在她父親古怪地全神貫注地開車的當(dāng)兒神經(jīng)質(zhì)地一根接一根抽煙。 如果有人問你：“紅塔山還是中華？”你立刻會知道這人問的是，你想要抽哪一種牌子的香煙?！凹t塔山”與“中華”都是商標(biāo)名，但此處都實際指商品。誠如上面這句例句里所描寫的，用香煙商標(biāo)名Player指代香煙。 But y

22、ou have not seen my Corots yet. They are in the music room. ( Oscar Wilde ) 可是你還沒有看見我收藏的柯羅的風(fēng)景畫。它們掛在我的音樂室里了。 *Corot (1796-1875)，著名法國畫家，擅長風(fēng)景畫。 Our Sony worked well. 我們的索尼很好。Sony指索尼牌收錄機。 Ford company now offers buyers of its Continental Mark Vs an option called “miles to empty”. 福特公司現(xiàn)在向用戶提供大陸牌Vs型轎車，也叫“

23、里程油量計”。Continental Mark商標(biāo)名，Vs指型號，兩者代指美國福特汽車公司生產(chǎn)的一種新型轎車。But after that the police will know theyre looking for a Jaguar. 但是之后警察會知道，他們在尋找美洲豹。Jaguar是英國產(chǎn)一種轎車商標(biāo)。The captain had fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare. ( Jack London ) 船長得到了一整套的莎士比亞作品。 Anton Rubinstein was renowned for his rendition

24、 of Tchaikovsky. 魯賓斯坦以演奏柴可夫斯基的作品而著名。 We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我們駕駛一輛福特到海德公園去。( 7 ) 以容器代替其中內(nèi)容 He has undoubtedly the best stable in the country. ( 用馬棚表示馬 )無疑他擁有全國最好的馬匹。He is fond of the bottle. 他喜歡喝酒。Sliced peaches and cream is my favorite dish. 奶油桃子片是我愛吃的一道萊。What dishes would you like? 您要什么萊?Th

25、e kettle is boiling. 壺(水)開了。We discussed the matter over a bottle. 我們邊飲酒邊討論此事。He set the room roaring with laughter. 他使全屋子爆發(fā)出笑聲。The whole village rejoiced at news. 全村的人聽到這個消息很高興。He is in his cups again. 他又喝醉了。The coat would be beyond his miserable pocket. 他的錢少得可憐，買不起那件大衣。 Whenever my husband has a b

26、ad day at the office, he hits the bottle. 每當(dāng)我丈夫在辦公室不順心，他就喝得酩酊大醉。 He keeps a good table and one gets plenty to eat and drink in his house. 他總是備有佳肴美酒，人們在他家可以吃喝個痛快。 By Jove, sir, Ive pawned my own watch in order to get her anything she fancied; and sheshes been making a purse for herself all the time,

27、and grudged me a hundred pound to get out of quod. ( William M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair ) 老天在上!她看中了什么玩意兒，我當(dāng)了自己的表都要給她買回來。而她呢，一直瞞著我藏私房錢，甚至于求她拿100鎊贖我出獄都不肯。( 8 ) 以人體器官代替其功能I have come to pick your brains. Youre a metallurgist, and Ive been asked this question about steel. 我是來向您討教知識的。您是冶金專家，有人向我提出了有關(guān)煉鋼的問題

28、。句中brains指special knowledge。由于人腦是思維活動的器官，通常用它指代：“人才 ”、“思想 ”、“知識”等，現(xiàn)在有些政府部門或公司專門設(shè)置了“人腦辦公室 ”(office for brains)和“外腦引進辦公室”(office for importing brains)，這些辦公室不是指研究人腦結(jié)構(gòu)的機構(gòu)，而是指人才辦公室。 Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles. ( Noel Grove )馬克吐溫磨練他的新的寫作能力。 muscles在此借指ability.To get to

29、know the heart that beat within Marx the scholar, you have to see him When he had closed his books and was surrounded by his family. ( Paul Lafargue )要了解馬克思這位學(xué)者的心，你必須在他不讀書，和家里人在一起地時候去看他。這里用heart (心臟)代指馬克思業(yè)余時間所表現(xiàn)出的聰明才智、心里活動和思想感情。 The practiced ear can recognize a classic favour.有音樂修養(yǎng)的人能夠聽出古典音樂的韻味。She

30、 has the eye for the fair and the beautiful. 她有審美眼光。I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth. ( Charles Dickens: Our Mutual Friend ) 我對你有一個意見，先生，不過很難用話語表達(dá)出來。 She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but 1 was not one to let my heart rule my head. ( Max Sh

31、ulman ) 她確實是一個使人動情的姑娘，不過我不是一個讓感情支配理智的人。She has a ready tongue. 她口齒伶俐。( 8 ) 以具體事物代替抽象事物 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground. ( Holy Bible ) 你必汗流滿面才得糊口，直到你歸了土。 *這句話為上帝在將亞當(dāng)和夏娃逐出伊甸園前對他們所說，in the sweat of thy face=with the help of your hard work. Soap and educa

32、tion are not as sudden as a massacre, but they are made deadly in the long run ( Mark Twain ) 講衛(wèi)生與上學(xué)讀書并不像大屠殺般突如其來，但結(jié)果是更要命的。 *肥皂借指勤沐浴、講衛(wèi)生，此話出自湯姆索亞和哈克貝利費恩等頑童之口。The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between

33、 the kimono and the miniskirt. ( Jacques Danvoir ) 在那米黃色混凝土摩天大樓叢中，漂浮著小巧玲瓏古香古色的日本水上之家。這情景頗有點引人注目，恰好象征著和服與超短裙之間持續(xù)不斷的斗爭。 *句中借和服和超短裙分別指代日本傳統(tǒng)文化和西方現(xiàn)代文化，用法新穎，形象鮮明。He lives by the pen. (=writing). 他以寫作為生。He is too fond of the bottle (=drinking). 他太貪杯了。 I found the patriot (=patriotism)in him. 我從他身上看到了愛國之心。Dont actplay the fool. 不要裝瘋賣傻。We make pigs of ourselves on her cakes. 我們拼命地吃她的蛋糕。Play the man! 拿出男子漢氣概來！( 9 ) 以抽象事物代替具體事物 It was not only writers, you know, it was a thoroughly representative gatheringsc