考博虛擬語(yǔ)氣學(xué)習(xí)

1、語(yǔ) 氣語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)所發(fā)生的事或所處的狀態(tài)所持的態(tài)度或主觀看法。1.indicative mood 直陳說(shuō)話者認(rèn)為所說(shuō)的事實(shí)，或現(xiàn)在存在，或過(guò)去曾存在，或?qū)?lái)要存在，因此直陳語(yǔ)氣可體現(xiàn)于不同時(shí)態(tài)中。2.imperative mood祈使表示說(shuō)話者對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求、命令、叮囑、號(hào)召等，主語(yǔ)為第二人稱you，一般不出現(xiàn)。3.subjunctive mood虛擬表示說(shuō)話者所說(shuō)的話是某種愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測(cè)、建議、可能或純粹空想(提供一些主觀設(shè)想的情況)，總是與if引導(dǎo)的假設(shè)條件句在一起。條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反did/were(could/might表情態(tài))/(w

2、ould/should第一人稱)+do與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+done(could/might表情態(tài))/(would/should第一人稱)+have+done與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反were to/should+dodid(could/might表情態(tài))/(would/should第一人稱)+do與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反should+do(could/might表情態(tài))/(would/should第一人稱)+do例句：If the sun had no gravity, the plannets would fly towards the distant stars.If I had known of you

3、r arrival, I should have met you at the station.If you missed (should/were to miss) the concert tonight, youd feel sorry for itall you life. 從句由should+do的虛擬條件句，有時(shí)也可用于主句為陳述或祈使語(yǔ)氣的句子，表示可能性雖小，但并不是完全沒(méi)有。If I should be free tomorrow, Iwill come.Ask her to ring me up if you should see her.注意：1.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句cond

4、itional sentences of Mixed Time一般，主句、從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)前后呼應(yīng)，但有時(shí)主句、從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整。這種條件句，句子中一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)表確定時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，或根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推斷。If you had made the necessary preparations yesterday, we would not have so many difficulties now.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chair-ma

5、n now.2.連詞if省略的情況從句中if+主語(yǔ)+should /were/had (not)should /were/had +主語(yǔ)(not)+謂語(yǔ)其它部分+句子剩余部分。Were I you, I would try again.Had there been no air, there would have been no living things.Should he come here tomorrow morning, Ishould speak to him.3.假設(shè)情況有時(shí)并不由if一定的條件狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示, 而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示，或通過(guò)上下文或句子內(nèi)在邏輯表示出來(lái)。常見(jiàn)

6、介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)with, without, but for/but that +n., in the absence of, in the position of, under the condition, supposing/suppose(d)With free time and no TV(If they had free time and no TV), children and adults might rediscover reading.I should have been badly off without your friendly help(If it had not be

7、en for your friendly help).But for your help(If it hadnt been for your help),we would not have succeed. But that your helped us(If you hadnt helped us),we should have failed. 在but that中，that為conj.，后面跟從句，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用直陳語(yǔ)氣。In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.supposing/suppose(d) 在含義上相當(dāng)于if，其后

8、的從句直陳語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣均可使用。Supposing/Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?Supposing/Suppose it rained, we would still go.假設(shè)條件隱含于上下文或句子內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系中。otherwise表假設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)折，其后從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。I am very busy, otherwise(If I were not very busy), I would help you.I was very busy that day, otherwise, I would have helped you.不定式短語(yǔ)表假設(shè)。He

9、d be stupid not to accept the offer(if he were not to accept the offer).定語(yǔ)從句表?xiàng)l件。A country that stoped working would(If a country stopped working, it would) quickly be bankrupt.形容詞隱含條件。A true friend(If he had been a true friend, he) would have acted differently.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其它從句中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，除條件句外，總趨勢(shì)是直陳語(yǔ)氣取代虛擬語(yǔ)氣

10、，但在少數(shù)表示命令、要求、建議、愿望、勸告、決定的從句中仍在使用。1.在某些表示命令、要求、建議、愿望、勸告、決定的賓語(yǔ)從句中，不論主句為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should) +do。建議suggest, propose, recommend, advise, move(提出動(dòng)議)要求require, request, ask, desire命令order, demand, comand, decree主張urge寧愿prefer決定decide規(guī)定prescribe堅(jiān)持insist打算intent注：suggest vt. 表“建議”時(shí), 其后賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；表“暗示”時(shí)，其后賓語(yǔ)從

11、句常用陳述語(yǔ)氣。To curb price hikes, Chinese economist suggest that overheated economic growth be avoided in macroecnomic management.His attitude suggest that he is not interested in it.insist vt.表“堅(jiān)持(要?jiǎng)e人做某事)”時(shí), 其后賓從用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；表“堅(jiān)稱，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，其后賓從常用陳述語(yǔ)氣。I insisted that he go.I insisted that he was wrong.2.在某些結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從

12、句中It is/was/has been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 +that從句，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should) +do ，此結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是上述“常用動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)形式。動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞suggested, desired, required, requested, ordered, demanded, proposed, recommended, decided It is +adj. +that從句，that從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should) +do。adj. important, necessary, essential, urgent, desirable, imperative(迫切的),

13、vital, proper, advisable, starange,natural, preferable, incredible, cbligatory(必須的),appropriate, fitting, impossible在某些表示命令、建議等常用 n.后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should) +do。 n.suggestion, proposal, recommendaton, advise, requirement, order, demand, desire, command, request, preference, motion(動(dòng)議), decision,

14、insistence, wish, importance, necessity, plan, ideal, understanding.注：上述三類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的運(yùn)用，多數(shù)是由中動(dòng)詞的不同詞類(lèi)的轉(zhuǎn)換而產(chǎn)生的，如：reruirerequiredrequirementdemanddemandeddemand 其它用法1.由lest. for fear (that) 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，用(should) +do。She spoke in a low voice for fear that anyone chance to hear.in case 以防，免得其后可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣或直陳語(yǔ)氣。Youd be

15、tter take an umbrella in case it rains/should rain.注：上述情況，無(wú)論主句為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均用(should) +do。2.wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句表不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望(將來(lái))，現(xiàn)在存在的一件憾事，已發(fā)生的一件憾事，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表現(xiàn)在時(shí)間：did/were；表過(guò)去時(shí)間:：had +done；表將來(lái)時(shí)間：would +do。wish如果用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一樣。注：hope 表一種真實(shí)的愿望，從句不用虛擬形式。I hope I can do it.3.if only 引導(dǎo)從句(此時(shí)省去主句，相當(dāng)于感嘆句)，譯為：“要是就好了！”或“該多好”。從

16、句中形式同wish賓語(yǔ)從句形式。注：If only 用于從句作“只要”as long as講時(shí)，不用虛擬形式。If only it clears up, we will go.only if 意為“只在條件下”，從句不用虛擬形式。I can do better only if I have another chance.4.would/had rather, would sooner, would just as soon相當(dāng)于wish，意為“寧愿”，其后從句用虛擬形式。表現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的情況：did；表過(guò)去的情況：had +done。5.It is (about/high) time that從

17、句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞did，表早該做而未做之事、對(duì)聽(tīng)話人提出某種建議。What was once taboo is now the trend. It is that we said “enough”.6.在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式同wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句(be常用were)。The foreign friend speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese.如果從句表達(dá)的情況有較大的真實(shí)性或可能性，尤其是在look后，從句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。He looks as if he falls in love with the girl.7.在s

18、o that, in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用maymight/should +do?？谡Z(yǔ)中也可用can/could +do。8.在even if/even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有時(shí)由于所說(shuō)的不是事實(shí)，只表示假設(shè)，也需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。形式同if 引導(dǎo)的假設(shè)條件句的形式。Even though he were here, I should say the same thing.Even if I had known her address, I might not have had time to write to her.9.由whatever, whoe

19、ver, however, whether或no matter what/who/how等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)用(may) +do表現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，用may have +done表過(guò)去，主句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。Whatever (may be) the difficulties, we must go on with the work.You mustnt be proud, however much you may have achived.Every nation, whether it be large or small, has its strong points.注：如whether引導(dǎo)的

20、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞是be，whether可省，但動(dòng)詞be需置于主語(yǔ)之前，形成倒裝。Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.Every nation, be it large or small, has its strong points.10.祝愿句常見(jiàn)祝愿句may +beMay God bless you.May you return soon.Long may you live!省略may，直接用動(dòng)詞原形God bless you!Be it so!但愿如此Long live the Peoples Repub

21、lic of Chian!11.口語(yǔ)中，提出邀請(qǐng)和請(qǐng)求時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用would, could, should, might代替will, can, shall, may，這時(shí)不表示過(guò)去，只使語(yǔ)氣更為客氣和委婉。Would you mind opening the window?Could you lend me your bike?12.常用should表驚奇、喜悅、懷疑、不滿等感情色彩。I am sorry that you should think so.I am disappointed that he should have been so sluggish in his English studies.Why should you not follow