計(jì)算機(jī)組織與結(jié)構(gòu)chap1

1、1 - 1lHardware* lSoftwareIEEEACMlPurposeknow the internal structure and how computer worksComputer curricula for CS, CE, SEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersAssociation for Computing Machinery1 - 2Textbook:lComputer organization and architecture, 7-8th edition, William Stallings, Pear

2、son, Prentice Hall, 2006, 2009.l計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理, 第四版, 白中英主編, 科學(xué)出版社, 2008.Bibliography:lComputer organization & design : the hardware/ software interface, 3-4 edition, David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, 2010 (MIPS, ARM)1 - 3CPU: Intel 80486 DX-33 (33MHz) RAM: 4MB on BoardHDD: 170MB

3、IDE I/O W/2SFDD: 1.2MB & 1.44MBGraphic card: 8900C SVGA W/1MMonitor: 14” SVGAPrice: HK$ 10,9081 - 4CPU: Intel酷睿i5-2410M, 2.3GHzCache: 3MB 三級(jí)高速共享共享緩存 (L3)芯片組芯片組: Intel HM65高速芯片組RAM: 4GB DDR3硬盤硬盤: 750GB SATA光驅(qū)光驅(qū): 超級(jí)超級(jí)DVD刻錄機(jī)刻錄機(jī) 網(wǎng)卡網(wǎng)卡: 100M/1000M以太自適應(yīng)網(wǎng)卡 802.11bgn無線局域網(wǎng)卡無線局域網(wǎng)卡顯卡顯卡: nVidia GeForce GT550獨(dú)立顯卡

4、顯存顯存: 2GB DDR3獨(dú)立顯存顯示器: 14” LED其他其他: 視頻輸出視頻輸出 HDMI高清影音端口高清影音端口, 200萬像素?cái)z像頭萬像素?cái)z像頭 價(jià)格: 5500元1 - 5CPU: Intel 酷睿i5-2450M, 2.5GHz (可達(dá)3.1GHz)RAM: 4GB DDR3(1333 MT/s) (2GBx2)SSD: 128GB, SATA 6Gb/s (64GBx2 (RAID 0)無線無線LAN: IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n 無線無線WAN: CDMA2000Bluetooth: Bluetooth 3.0圖形處理器: Intel高清顯卡 3000Monito

5、r: 13.1” 攝像頭攝像頭: 1280 x1024Price: 14,000元1 - 6Solid State Disk Disk1 - 7lCPU的主頻2GHz=20億次振動(dòng)/秒=2x109 cycles/slMulticore 1 - 8CPU: 1.2GHz內(nèi)存內(nèi)存: 1GBSSD: 16GB顯示器: 9.7寸無線網(wǎng)卡: 接口: HDMI價(jià)格: 1700元High Definition Multimedia Interface 1 - 9l主頻主頻: 也叫時(shí)鐘頻率時(shí)鐘頻率, 單位是MHz, GHz, 用來表示 CPU的運(yùn)算速度l前端總線(FSB, Front Side Bus)頻率w

6、 前端總線前端總線(FSB)頻率頻率(即總線頻率即總線頻率) 直接影響直接影響CPU與與內(nèi)存內(nèi)存數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)交換速度交換速度 ( (通過北橋通過北橋) )w 數(shù)據(jù)傳輸最大帶寬取決于所有同時(shí)傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)的寬度和數(shù)據(jù)傳輸最大帶寬取決于所有同時(shí)傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)的寬度和傳輸傳輸頻率頻率，即數(shù)據(jù)帶寬，即數(shù)據(jù)帶寬(總線頻率數(shù)據(jù)寬度總線頻率數(shù)據(jù)寬度)/8lMIPS = Million Instructions Per Second (每秒百萬次)lMFLOPS = Million Floating Point Operations Per Second (每秒百萬次浮點(diǎn)操作)1 - 10lCPU - 386 - 486

7、 -/- Pentium - MMX - PII - P4 Core2 33 MHz 3 GHzlRAM - Cache - flash memoryMG KM MGlHard diskMBTBlI/O: serial - parallel - serial (including USB)- Disk: IDE - SATA (Integrated Device Electronics, ATA) (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)- floppyU disk - CD-ROM - CD-R - CD-RW - DVD-ROM - Combo - D

8、VD recorder1 - 11lRapid pacewbasic component (vacuum tube, transistor, IC) wunderlying integrated circuit technologylMany applications become feasiblewSmart cardswMobile deviceswGene 1 - 12lNumber of transistors on a chip will double every yearlSince 1970s, Number of transistors doubles every 18 mon

9、ths如果交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)也象計(jì)算機(jī)那樣發(fā)展, 則今天我們能夠花50美分在5秒內(nèi)穿越大洋.83年, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93. 03年12h 6h 3h 22m 12h/210 12x3600/210 = 43200/103 = 43秒P29Introduction1 - 14single-chip processorembedded computer (more than 10/family)personal computer (desktop microcomputer)mobile computer and mobile devicesgame consoleserver (min

10、icomputer, workstation)mainframesupercomputer1 - 151個(gè)電子管個(gè)電子管1個(gè)晶體管個(gè)晶體管1塊芯片塊芯片包含1億個(gè)晶體管芯片內(nèi)的電子線路1 - 16 圖1.7 第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)ENIAC1st computerDesk-topNotebook PC Tablet PC微機(jī)的微型化1 - 17Embedded computerMobile device1 - 18Embedded computers woven into clothing canmonitor heart and breathing rates. Wearing hidden embe

11、dded computers can help the elderly and people recovering from surgeries monitor their stride and pace. When their steps are uneven, the embedded computer can sound a warning and prevent a fall.Stride 步態(tài),步幅1 - 191 - 20ServerMainframeSupercompueter 2010年世界上世界上運(yùn)行速度最快的最快的, 我國的天河一號(hào)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)。2570萬億次/秒1 - 21C

12、omputerPeripheralsInternetMain MemoryInputOutputSystemsInterconnectionCentralProcessing UnitComputerCommunicationdevice MemoryCPUI/OBusI/OInternetcommunicationcache1 - 23ComputerCPUI/OMemorySystemBusArithmeticand Login UnitControlUnitInternal CPUInterconnectionRegistersCPUP11CacheComm.1 - 24 memoryC

13、PUBusALUControlunitRegistersProgramDataMemoryCPUBoth in digitalCache I/OI/OInternetcommunication1 - 25lCPU - process data, controllmemory - store datalI/O - move data, store datalNIC - communicatelbus - interconnection, move datalinternal memory - temporary storage, mediumDRAM: 50 - 100ns,cost: 1lex

14、ternal memory - permanent storage, largeDisk: 5 - 20 ms,cost: 1/50速度相差將近幾十萬倍 1 - 26lms - s - ns -10-3 10-6 10-9 milli,毫 micro,微 nano,納lmm - m - nm -lK bytes - MB - GB - TB - PB - EB 210(103) 220(106) 230(109) (1012) (1015) (1018)Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa 千千 百萬百萬 十億十億 萬億萬億 兆兆 千兆千兆(吉吉) 兆兆兆兆(太太) 千兆兆

15、千兆兆(拍拍)1 - 27lMother board (printed circuit board)lChips (IC)DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module, 直接插入)PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect, 外設(shè)部件互連)以前 CPUDIMMslotsIDEconn.FDDIPS/2USBSerialParallelportsAudioMIDIportPCIslotsAGPUSBISA slotsCh-12Ch-5Ch-7Ch-7Ch-31 - 29 CPUDIMMslotsIDE(ATA)PS/2USBSerialPar

16、allelportsAudioMIDIportPCIexpressChipsetUSBPCISATA1394Ch-3Ch-7現(xiàn)在1 - 301 - 316 SATA ports 2 IDE ports 1 - 32lArchitecture(overall) Stored program computer : CPU, Memory, I/Ovon Neumann 馮 諾依曼, Turing 圖靈lOrganization how implementsingle-chip processorw All components on one chipw CPU is simple (instruc

17、tion set is small)supercomputerw May have thousands of processors, large memory, many peripherals 1 - 33lArchitecture is those attributes visible to the programmer - abstract interfaceswInstruction set, number of bits used for data representation, addressing techniques, . we.g. All Intel x86 family

18、share the same basic architecture code compatibility, backwardslOrganization is how features are implementedwControl signals, memory technology, .Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? Cache?we.g. 286, 386,Pentium,. are different implementations 1 - 34機(jī)器OS匯編語言高級(jí)語言邏輯電路/

19、微程序1 - 351. StructurewCPU ALU, control unit, registers, interconnection, cachewMemory Cache, Internal memory, External memorywI/OwCommunicationwBus2. UnitswKB - MB - GB - TB - PB - EBwms - s - ns1 - 363. 計(jì)算機(jī)性能指標(biāo)計(jì)算機(jī)性能指標(biāo)w CPU Speed: 主頻, MIPS, MFLOPS TFLOPS (萬億次浮點(diǎn) 運(yùn)算)w Memory Capacity: GB Speed: 33Mhz400MHz, 533MHz800MHz, 1066MHz1600MHzw I/O Speed capacitylASCII: Maps 128 characters to 7-bit code.wboth printable and non-p