現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀三第二版Unit四-Book三

1、現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀三第二版Unit四-Book三R einforcementT ext AnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderB ackgroundW arming upUnit 4Questions/ActivitiesCheck-on PreviewObjectivesWarming upDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Warming upQuestions/ActivitiesWhat does the author tell us about Diogenes? Who was he? What was his philosophy? Wha

2、t did he think was the problem with people? How did he intend to help them? What were the key values he promoted? How, in his opinion, could we find true happiness?What does the author tell us about Alexander? What did this king have in common with Diogenes, the beggar? Why was Alexander considered

3、a man of destiny?How would you contrast the two characters? Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes? What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?Define the following words and phrases: a mischievous pebble (para. 1)elaborate (para. 4) by design (para. 6)res

4、trained (para. 12)chivalrous (para. 12) Warming upCheck-on PreviewParaphrase:Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and extravagances: only so can you live a free life. (para. 4)His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to rest the currency”: to take the clean me

5、tal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5) Warming upCheck-on PreviewObjectives1. Content:differences and similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderCynicism and its present significance philosophy vs. powerWriting: comparison a

6、nd contrast DiogenesAlexanderDiogenesother beggars/hermits/philosophersAlexanderother Macedonians (officers & officials)Here, the alternating comparison/contrast (subject by subject) is used.Warming upBackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4BackgroundDiogenes1. Who was Diogenes? A beg

7、garA philosopherA missionaryDoctrine: Cynicism the doctrine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only good BackgroundCynicism in modern sense: the belief of a cynic, who maintains that people are all motivated by selfishness, that no one will help others f

8、or good and sincere reasons2. What are the major tenets (principles) of Cynicism? Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text?self-sufficiencyshamelessnessoutspokennessperfection of virtueDiogenesBackground AlexanderMacedonian King: son of PhilipThe Thinker: student of AristotleThe C

9、onqueror: Greece, Asia, EgyptWhy do you think he wanted to bring so many regions under his rule?BackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderBackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderDetailedAnalysisStructure Text AnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Diogenes: the beggar (para

10、s. 1-3)Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: a free manOther people: half-menShelterFurnitureDressFoodPossessionsNature of the lifecask, a storage jar made of earthenwarea house (big, with many rooms) nonebeds, chairs, etc. (elaborate)blanket (half-naked)clothes (expensive)bits of food begged fro

11、m others, drinking from his hollowed handselaborate nonehorses, servants, bank accounts (anxious)a life by choice, out of principle natural, healthy, independent a life as slaves of their possessions artificial, anxious, loss of virtueDiogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-3)There are contrasts within the b

12、road contrast. How did Diogenes contrast with ordinary homeless people?Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: the philosopher (para. 4)“A Socrates gone mad”: repositioning of convention below nature and reason2. Three key principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindepend

13、ence (freedom) being the only true, lasting goodText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: the missionary (para. 5)1. Comparison with ordinary hermitsSimilarities: Both grew tired of human society with its complications and wanted to live simply.Differences:Text Analysishermitswent away to live simply

14、on a small farm, in a quiet village or a caveDiogeneshad a sense of mission, deliberately chose to live in the busy streets in Athens or Corinth, in order to convert people Character AnalysisDiogenes: the missionary (para. 5)2. What was his mission?“to rest the currency”call people back to the natur

15、al way of lifetrue lifeText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6)How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time?Plato: taught his private pupils in his Academy, which he founded as one of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world. Aristotle: taught

16、his own private pupils by the use of laboratory, instruments, and specimens.Diogenes: taught all those who would care to listen by his own exle or by taking people around him for exles. Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6)He carried a lighted l in broad daylight and in

17、spected the face of everyone he met.Text Analysis“When you are all so busy, I feel I ought to do something!”Character Analysis Alexander: citizen of the world (paras. 11-13)1. King: different from other Macedonians drinking?women?fighting?2. Thinker: Aristotles pupil, he learned culturephilosophypri

18、nciples of scientific research3. Conquerortook command of the League of Greek Statescommander-in-chief of a new expedition against old, rich, corrupt AsiaText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisCharacter AnalysisText Analysis“Stand to one side. Youre blocking the sunlight.” The Dramatic Encounter (paras. 14-

19、17) The differences and similarities between the two historical characters. DifferencesSimilarities Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes Alexander Physical appearanceIdentificationStatusPossessions & PowerMissionDifferencesText AnalysisCharacter Analysishigh, treated with respect, greeted with a

20、bow and acclamationlying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, like a beggar, a doghandsome face, fiery glance, strong body, purple and gold cloak, air of destiny philosopher, missionary great monarch, conquerorlow, treated with contempt and disapproval none, rejecting possession or powe

21、rland and absolute power“rest the currency”: to call people back to the simple and natural lifetrue valuebring people of the whole world to the light of civilizationBoth were great thinkers.Both had a sense of mission.Both were “citizens of the world,” admiring the heroic figure of Hercules, who lab

22、ored for mankind.Both were free. SimilaritiesText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisText AnalysisStructure1Paras. 1-10Diogenes (life, philosophy, mission, ways of teaching)2Paras. 11-13Alexander (a philosopher king with an inquiring, noble mind)3Paras. 14-17their dramatic encounterSometimes they threw bits

23、of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1) Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him, but he hardly thanked them at all. Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in

24、return. Part I: Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis2. His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to rest the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5) His purpose in life was clear to him: it w

25、as “to reprint the coins.” Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings. He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it. In other words, his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false, conventional way of life and return to the si

26、mple and natural life. Part I: Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisHaving no work to go to and no family to provide _, he was free. (para. 1) provide for: give sb the things that they need to live, such as food, clothingTranslation他要供養(yǎng)他年邁的父母以及兩個(gè)正在上學(xué)的妹妹。 He has to provide for his aged parents an

27、d two sister who are still at school.道路被切斷，無法給部隊(duì)提供給養(yǎng)。 The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.forPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis2. As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had _ through it for an hour

28、or two. (para. 1) Cf. wander, roam, ramble, strollTranslation中間還有兩個(gè)小時(shí)，因此她逛了一趟商業(yè)中心。 There were still two hours to go, so she strolled through the shopping mall.漫步海邊，感覺太好了。 Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside. strolledfilledPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis3. He th

29、ought everybody lived far too _, expensively, anxiously. What good is a house? (para. 2) Translation彼得制定了一個(gè)非常詳盡的計(jì)劃來籌措資金。 Peter worked out an elaborate scheme for raising the fund.他們?yōu)榫珠L(zhǎng)準(zhǔn)備了一桌精美的飯菜，結(jié)果被狠狠批評(píng)了一頓。 They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized. elabo

30、ratelyPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis4. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the animals _ and sleep on the ground. All we require, since nature did not dress us properly, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain and wind. (para. 2) Translation

31、這名警察死時(shí)很年輕，但他的一生過得很有意義。 The policeman died young, but he lived a meaningful life.作為一個(gè)探險(xiǎn)者，他的一生充滿了冒險(xiǎn)。 As an explorer, he lived an adventurous life.live healthy livesPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysishe spent much of his life inCorinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occas

32、ionally _ one of them. (para. 2) convert: to make sb change from one religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently. Marxist literature converted him into a staunch revolutionary. Cf. to make sth change from one form, system to a different one This is part of the process of conver

33、ting iron into steel. to change from one object into another I cant see how this plastic sheet converts into a tent. Part I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysisconverting6. He was not the first to _ such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so _ choice, _ principle. (para. 3) inh

34、abit Some of the rare species inhabit the area.by choice She took the job in the West by choice. out of Just out of curiosity, why did you take that job?Part I: Words & ExpressionsinhabitbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysisout of7. They _ him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false,

35、perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4) Cf.What possessed him to say a stupid thing like that?She seemed possessed. Nobody could talk her out of it. Part I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysispossess8. Therefore, he chose to live in Ath

36、ens or Corinth, where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went. And, design, he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was. (para. 6) Translation世界是有意締造的呢，還是偶然形成的呢？ Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?Part I: Wo

37、rds & ExpressionsbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysis1. The little square began to fill with peoplepage boys, soldiersthey all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes. He looked them _, as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering drunks, and shook his head. (para. 11) look over: (here) examine, scrut

38、inizeMore exles with “over”: think over, talk over, read over, go over Part II: Words & ExpressionsoverText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisWith his handsome face, his f_ glance, his strong body, his purple and gold cloak, and his air of d_, he moved through the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_. (para. 14)

39、 Looking at the poor broken cask, the single r_ garment, and the rough figure lying on the ground, he said: “Is there anything I can do for you, Diogenes?” (para. 15) more exles: beloved wife, blessed morning, a wicked man, my aged parents, a rugged coastlinePart III: Words & ExpressionsText Analysi

40、sDetailed Analysis ieryestinyennelagged3. The Macedonian officers, after deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of kicking, were starting to _ and nudge one another. (para. 17) Cf. worth, worthwhile, worthya worthwhile cause/discussion/jobHigh prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to

41、look abroad.be worthy of attention/consideration/mentionA number of the findings are worthy of note.a worthy chion/winner/sonPart III: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysisworth guffaw Cf. grin, guffaw, titter, chuckle, gigglegrin: to make a wide smileguffaw: to laugh loudlytitter: to la

42、ugh in a suppressed waychuckle: to laugh softly in a low tonegiggle: to laugh quietly in a silly, childish, uncontrolled wayPart III: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisReinforcementWriting TechniquesDiscussionDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4TranslationReinforcementWriting TechniquesCompar

43、ison & Contrast exlesuse transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity: not so (para. 5), the otherbut for (para. 6)use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence2. Parallelism achieve increased strength, sounding more powerful, more effective, e.g. para. 143. Euphemism e.g

44、. done his business, natural actsHe was one, but not the other. (para.1)Not so Diogenes. (para. 5)But for Diogenes, (para.6)Alexander was far older and wiser than his years. (para. 12)Like all Macedonians he loved (para. 12)he was a magnificent commander, but he was not merely a military automaton. (para.12)Only Diogenes, althoug