英語詞源詞典 o

1、-oholic。abstracted from alcoholic (q.v.).-oid。suffix for like, like that of,“ from Gk. -oeides, from eidos form,“ related to idein “to see,“ eidenai nto know; lit. to see,“ from PIE weid-es-, from base weid- nto see, to know” (see vision).commercial suffix, probably originally in pianola (q.v.).suff

2、ix forming nouns of quality, state, or condition, from M.E. -our, from O.Fr. -our (Fr. -eur from L. -orem (nom. -or), a suffix added to pp. verbal stems. Also in some cases from L. -atorem (nom. -ator). The -our form predominated after 0.1300, but there was a partial revival of -or on the L. model f

3、rom 16c. In U.S., via Webster, -or is universal, while in Britain -our is used in most cases (but with exceptions: author, error, senator, ancestor, etc.).suffix expressing state or condition, in medical terminology denoting na state of disease/1 from L. -osis, from Gk. -osis, formed from the aorist

4、 of verbs ending in -o. It corresponds to L. -atio.-our。see -eij. of fear, surprise, admiration, etc., see oh.The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards1 would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to th

5、e prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.obscure (adj.)。c.14OO5 from O.Fr.

6、 obscur dark, dim, not clear/1 from L. obscurus ncovered over, dark, obscure, indistinct/ from ob over + -scurus ncovered/ from PIE *(s)keu- nto cover, conceal;n source of O.N. sky, O.E. sceo ncloud/1 and L. scutum shield and Gk. skeue dress” (see sky). The verb is first recorded 1432. Obscurity is

7、attested from 1481 in sense of nabsence of light;11 1619 with meaning condition of being unknown.n Obscurantism (1834) is from Ger. obscurantismus (18c.).obsequious c.1450, prompt to serve,” from L. obsequiosus ncompliant, obedient/* from obsequium ncompliance, dutiful service/1 from obsequi to acco

8、mmodate oneself to the will of another/ from ob after + sequi nfollown (see sequel). Pejorative sense of fawning, sycophantic had emerged by 1599 (implied in obsequiously).observance。c.1225, nact performed in accordance with prescribed usage/, esp. a religious or ceremonial one J from O.Fr. observan

9、ce, from L. observantia nact of keeping customs, attention/1 from observantem (nom. observans), prp. of observare (see observe). Observance is the attending to and carrying out of a duty or rule. Observation is watching, noticing. Observant is attested from 1608; in ref. to Judaism, from 1902.observ

10、ation1382, from L. observationem (nom. observation “a watching over/1 from observatus, pp. of observare (see observe). Meaning “a remark in referenceloosely to mean contradiction in terms/11432, “a hearing of causes/* from Anglo-Fr. oyer, from O.Fr. oir, from L. audire nto hear (see audience). Espec

11、ially in phrase oyer and terminer (1414), from Anglo-Fr. (1278), lit. a hearing and determining, in England a court of judges of assize, in U.S. a higher criminal court.c.1425, from Anglo-Fr. oyez hear ye!” (c.1286, O.Fr. oiez), a cry uttered (usually thrice) to call attention, from L. subjunctive a

12、udiatis, pl. imperative of audire “to hear” (Anglo-Fr. ozer; see audience).oyster1357, from O.Fr. oistre (Fr. huitre), from L. ostrea, pl. or fem. of ostreum oyster, from Gk. ostreon, from PIE *ost- bone (see osseous). Related to Gk. ostrakon nhard shell“ and to osteon bone.”nWhy then the worlds min

13、e Oyster, which I, with sword will open.” Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Windsor/ II.ii.2Ozark。mountains of southcentral United States, from Fr. aux Arcs, short for aux Arkansas “to the Arkansas (Indians)/1 who once inhabited that region. See Arkansas.ozone1840, from Ger. Ozon, coined in 1840 by Ge

14、r. chemist Christian Friedrich Schonbein (1799-1868) from Gk. ozon, neut. prp. of ozein to smell.n So called for its pungent odor.Eolian。1605, “of the wind/1 from L.出olus god of the winds/1 from Gk. Aiolos, from aiolos nquickly moving.n Eolian harp first recorded 1791. The ancient district of Aiolis

15、 in Asia Minor was said to have been named for the wind god, hence Eolian also refers to one branch of the ancient Gk. people.to something observed0 first recorded 1593.observatory -1676 (in ref. to Greenwich), from Fr. observatoire, from observer (v) from O.Fr. (see observe).observe ,c.1386, to hol

16、d to” (a manner of life or course of conduct), from O.Fr. observer, from L. observare “watch over, look to, attend to, guard, from ob “over + servare to watch, keep safe, from PIE base *ser- to protect.n Meaning to attend to in practice, to keep, follow” is attested from 1390. Sense of watch, percei

17、ve, notice11 is c.1560, via notion of see and note omens.” Meaning to say by way of remark11 is from 1605.obsess 1503, to besiege, from L. obsessus, pp. of obsidere besiege, occupy/1 lit. nsit opposite to J from ob against + sedere sit.” Of evil spirits, nto haunt J is from 1540. Obsession was origi

18、nally (1513) nthe act of besieging, then hostile action of the devil or an evil spirit (1605); meaning “persistent influence or idea” is first recorded 1680. Obsessive (adj.) formed 1911. Obsessive-compulsive is attested from 1927.obsidian O1656, from L. obsidianus, misprint of obsianus (lapis) ”(st

19、one) of ObsiusJ a Roman alleged by Pliny to have found this rock in Ethiopia.obsolescent ,1755, from L. obsolescentum (nom. obsolescense prp. of obsolescere “fall into disuse” (see obsolete). Obsolescence is attested from 1828.obsoleteobsolete1579, from L. obsoletus ngrown old, worn out, pp. of obso

20、lescere fall into disuse J probably from ob away + solere to be used to, be accustomed.11obstacle ,0.1340, from O.Fr. ostacle hindrance, from L. obstaculum na hindrance, obstacle/ from obstare nstand opposite to, block, hinder, from ob “against + stare to stand J from PIE base sta- nto stand (see st

21、et).The lover thinks more often of reaching his mistress than the husband of guarding his wife; the prisoner thinks more often of escaping than the gaoler of shutting his door; and so, whatever the obstacles may be, the lover and the prisoner ought to succeed.11 StendhalObstacle course is attested f

22、rom 1973.obstetrics1819, from obstetric (adj.), 1742, from Mod.L. obstetricus npertaining to a midwife,“ from obstetrix (gen. obstetricis) midwife, lit. one who stands opposite (the woman giving birth)/1 from obstare stand opposite to” (see obstacle). The true adjective would be obstetricic, nbut on

23、ly pedantry would take exception to obstetric at this stage of its career, Fowlerobstinatec.1340, from L. obstinatus resolute, inflexible, stubborn, pp. of obstinare persist, stand stubbornly, set ones mind on, from ob by + stinare, related to stare nstand/ from PIE basento stand (see stet).obstrepe

24、rous ,1600, from L. obstreperus nclamorous/* from obstrepere “drown with noise, oppose noisily/ from ob against + strepere make a noise, from PIE strep-, said to be imitative.obstruction1533, from L. obstructionem (nom. obstruction na building up, from obstructus, pp. of obstruere nblock up, build u

25、p, hinder/1 from ob nagainst +struere to pile, build” (see structure). Obstruct is attested from 1611.obtain。c.1425, from M.Fr. obtenir (14c) from L. obtinere hold, take hold of, acquire/ from ob to (though perhaps intensive in this case) + tenere to hold” (see tenet).obtrude O0.1555, from L. obtrud

26、ere nthrust into, press upon,“ from ob toward 十 trudere nto thrust (see extrusion).obtuse。1509, from M.Fr. obtus (fem. obtuse), from L. obtusus blunted, dull/1 pp. of obtundere to beat against, make duHJ from ob nagainst + tundere to beat, from PIEto beat, strike, push, thrustn (cf. L. tudes hammer,

27、 Skt.tudati he thrusts). Sense of “stupid“ is first found 1509. The verb obtund (trans.) nto render dead, make dull has occasionally been used, esp. in medical jargon, since c.1400.obverse1656 (adj.), from L. obversus, pp. of obvertere to turn toward or against/1 from ob toward + vertere to turn (se

28、e versus). The noun, in ref. to coins, medals, etc. (opposite of reverse), is attested from 1658.obviate .1598, “to meet and do away with/ from L.L. obviatus, pp. of obviare ”act contrary to, go against/1 from L. obvius that is in the way, that moves against0 (see obvious).obvious1586, frequently me

29、t with,“ from L. obvius that is in the way, presenting itself readily, commonplace/1 from obviam (adv.) in the way/ from ob against + viam, acc. of via nway.n Meaning “plain to see, evident*1 is first recorded 1635.ocarina -1877, from It. ocarina, dim. of oca “goose” (so called for its shape), from

30、V.L.*qucq, from L. avicula nsmall bird/1 dim. of avis bird” (see aviary).Occams razorOccams razorwhen two competing hypotheses explain the data equally well, choose the simpler. Named for Eng. philosopher William of Ockham(C.1285-C.1349).occasion (n.) ,1382, from O.Fr. occasion, from L. occasionem (

31、nom. occasio) opportunity, appropriate time, from occasum, pp. of occidere fall down, go down, from ob down, away + cadere to fall” (see case (1). The notion is of a falling together/1 or juncture, of circumstances. The verb is first attested 1530. Occasional (1631) was originally happening on some

32、particular occasion;n sense of nhappening as occasion presents itself, without regularity is from 1630.Occident。c.1375, from O.Fr. Occident (12c.), from L. occidentem (nom. occidens) western sky, part of the sky in which the sun sets/1 originally setting” (adj.), prp. of occidere fall down, go down

33、(see occasion).occipital1541, from M.Fr. occipital, from M.L. occipitalis, from L. occiput (gen. occipitis) back of the skull/ from ob against, behind11 + caput head (see head).Occitian。Old Provencal, langue dOc,” 1940, also nthe northern variant of modern Provencal/occlude O1597, from L. occludere

34、(pp. occlusus) shut up, close up,“ from ob against, upn + claudere nto shut, close (see close (v.). Of teeth, 1880 (implied in occlusion).occult。1533, “secret, not divulged/* from L. occultus hidden, concealed, secret/1 pp. of occulere cover over, conceal/* from ob over” + a verb related to celare n

35、to hide/1 from PIE base *ke/- (see cell). Meaning not apprehended by the mind, beyond the range of understanding11 is from 1545. The association with the supernatural sciences (magic, alchemy, astrology, etc.) dates from 1633.occupant1596, from L. occupantem (nom. occupans prp. of occupare nto take

36、possession off (see occupy).occupation。c.1340, na being employed in something/1 also na particular action,” from O.Fr. occupacion (12c.), from L. occupationem (nom. occupation na taking possession, business, employment/ from occupatus, pp. of from occupare (see occupy). Meaning trade is from 1530.oc

37、cupyoccupyc.1340, to take possession of, also to take up space or time, employ (someone)/1 from O.Fr. occuper, from L. occupare take over, seize, possess, occupy/1 from ob over + intensive form of capere to grasp, seize” (see capable). During 16c.-17c. a euphemism for “have sexual intercourse with,“

38、 which caused it to fall from polite usage.A captaine? Gods light these villaines wil make the word as odious as the word occupy, which was an excellent good worde before it was il sorted.n Doll Tearsheet in 2 Henry IVoccur1527, “meet, meet in argument/ from M.Fr. occurrer, from L. occurrere nrun to

39、 meet, run against, befall, present itself/1 from ob “against, toward + currere to runn (see current). Sense development is from meet to present itself1 to nappear to happen (present itself in the course of events11). Meaning to come into ones mind is from 1626.ocean Oc.1290, from O.Fr. occean (12c.

40、), from L. oceanus, from Gk. okeanos, the great river or sea surrounding the disk of the Earth (as opposed to the Mediterranean), of unknown origin. Personified as Oceanus, son of Uranus and Gaia and husband of Tethys. In early times, when the only known land masses were Eurasia and Africa, the ocea

41、n was an endless river that flowed around them. Until 0.1650, commonly ocean sea, translating L. mare oceanum. Application to individual bodies of water began 14c.; there are usually reckoned to be five of them, but this is arbitrary; also occasionally applied to smaller subdivisions, e.g. German Oc

42、ean nNorth Sea.” Oceanography coined in Eng. 1859, from Gk. graphia, from graphein to write (about).Oceania。Hsouthern Pacific island and Australia, conceived as a continent/11849, Mod.L., from Fr. Oceanie (c.1812). Earlier in Eng. as Oceanica (1832).ocelotlarge wildcat of Central and South America,U

43、 1775, from Fr. ocelot, formed in Fr. by naturalist de Buffon (1707-1788), from Nahuatl ocelotl jaguar”(in full tlalocelotl, a compound formed with tlalli field)ochlocracy“government by the rabble/1 1584, from Fr. ochlocratie (1568), from Gk. okhlokratia, from okhlos mob + kratos rule, power, streng

44、th (see -cracy).ochre。1398, type of clayey soil (much used in pigments)/1 from O.Fr. ocre (1307), from L. ochra, from Gk. ochra, from ochros pale yellow/1 of unknown origin.As a color name, brownish-yellowJ it is attested from c.1440.octa-。prefix meaning eight J from L. octo, Gk. okto-, cognate with

45、 Skt. asta, Goth. ahtau, O.E. eahta (see eight).octagon。1656, from L. octagonos, from Gk. oktagononos, lit. eight-angled/1 from okta- comb. form of okto eight1* (see eight) + gonia nangle/1 related to gony knee” (see knee). The adjective octagonal is attested from 1571.octane ,hydrocarbon of the met

46、hane series, 1872, coined from octo- (from Gk. okto eight; see eight) + -ane, as in methane; so called because it has eight carbon atoms. A fueFs octane rating, in ref. to its anti-knocking quality, is attested from 1932.octant Oinstrument for making angular measurements in navigation or astronomy/1

47、 1731, from L.L. octans, from octo eight (see octa).octave。c.1300, vtaues (pl., from popular O.Fr. form otaves later reformed, from M.L. octava, from L. octava dies eighth day, fem. of octavus eighth/ from octo (see eight). Originally nperiod of eight days after a festival, also neighth day after a

48、festival (counting both days, thus if the festival was on a Sunday, the octaves would be the following Sunday). Verse sense ofnstanza of eight lines is from c.1586; musical sense of nnote eight diatonic degrees above (or below) a given note is first recorded 1656, from L. octava (pars) neighth part.

49、”O(jiān)ctavia -fem. proper name, from L., fem. of Octavius, lit. nthe eighth.” octavo。1582, printers word for sheets folded to make eight leaves, from L. in octavo in the eighth/1 from octavus eighth (see octave). Abbreviation is 8vo.octo-。see octa-.October。c.1050, from L. October (mensis), from octo eig

50、ht/1 from PIE base octo(u)- eight.0 For -ber see December. Replaced O.E. winterfylled. In Rus. history, October Revolution (in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government) happened Nov. 7, but because Russia had not at that time adpoted the Gregorian calendar reform, this date was reck

51、oned there (Old Style) as Oct. 25. Octobrist can have two senses: the first (from Rus. oktyabrist) is a member of the league formed October 1905 in response to imperial policies; the second (from Rus. Oktyabryonok) is a member of a Rus. communist childrens organization, founded 1925 and named in hon

52、or of the October Revolution.octogenarian ,1815, from Fr. octogenaire ”aged 80,“ from L. octogenarius ncontaining eighty/ from octogen neighty each/, from octoginta eighty/* from octo eight.”octopusoctopus1758, genus name of a type of eight-armed cephalopod mollusks, from Gk. oktopous eight-footed,“

53、 from okto eight” (see eight) + pous foot. Proper plural is octopodes, though octopuses probably works better in English. Octopi is from mistaken assumption that -us is the L. noun ending that takes -i in plural.octoroon。1861, irregular formation from L. octo “eight” (see eight) + suffix abstracted

54、from quadroon (in which the suffix actually is -oon). Offspring of a quadroon and a white, so called in allusion to having one-eighth Negro blood.ocular1503, from L. ocularis “of the eyes,“ from oculus eye,” from PIE base oqw- “to see” (cf. Goth, augo, O.E. eage eye; see eye).odalisque1681, “female

55、slave in a harem/* from Fr. odalisque (1664), from Turk, odaliq maidservant/1 from odah Toom in a harem J lit. chamber, hall + -liq, suffix expressing function. In Fr., the suffix was confused with Gk. -isk(os) “of the nature of, belonging to.”C.1300, nconstituting a unit in excess of an even number

56、/1 from O.N. oddi third or additional number, as in odda-madr nthird man, odd man (who gives the casting vote)/ odda-tala odd number.H O.N. oddi means lit. point, angle;n related via notion of triangle” to oddr point of a weapon/* from P.Gmc. uzdaz “pointed upward” (cf. O.E. ord point of a weapon, s

57、pear, source, beginning/1 O.Fris. ord “point, place/1 Du. oord “place, region/1 O.H.G. ort npoint,n Ger. Ort nplacen), from PIE uzdho- (cf. Lith. us-nis thistle). None of the other languages, however, shows the O.N. development from point” to third number/1 Used from 1382 to indicate a surplus over

58、any given sum. Sense of strange, peculiar0 first attested 1588 from notion of odd one out, unpaired one of threen (attested earlier, 0.1400, as singular” in a positive sense of renowned, rare, choice); oddball neccentric or unconventional person first attested 1948. Odd job (c.1770) is so called fro

59、m notion of ”not regular/1 Odd lot incomplete or random setn is from 1897. The international order of Odd Fellows began as local social clubs in England, late 18c., with Masonic-type trappings; formally organized 1813 in Manchester.oddity。1713, odd characteristic or trait, from odd (q.v.). Meaning “

60、odd person11 is first recorded 1748.oddments .1780, a hybrid with a L. suffix on a Gmc. word, from odd (q.v.), on model of fragments.blood type, 1926, originally zero J denoting absence of A and B agglutinogens.as a prefix in Irish names, from Ir. 6, ua (O.Ir. qu) descendant. oTclock Oc.1720, abbrev