曼昆宏觀經(jīng)濟學第23章.ppt

1、 2007 Thomson South-Western一國收入的衡量Measuring a Nations IncomeMicroeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affe

2、ct many households, firms, and markets at once.一國收入的衡量 微觀經(jīng)濟學研究家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們如何在市場上相互交易。 宏觀經(jīng)濟學研究整體經(jīng)濟。宏觀經(jīng)濟學的目標是解釋同時影響許多家庭、企業(yè)和市場的經(jīng)濟變化。Measuring a Nations IncomeMacroeconomics answers questions like the following:Why is average income high in some countries and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidl

3、y in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others? 一國收入的衡量宏觀經(jīng)濟學回答以下問題:為什么一些國家平均收入高，而另一些國家平均收入低? 為什么一些時期物價上升迅速，而另一些時期物價較為穩(wěn)定? 為什么一些年份生產(chǎn)和就業(yè)擴大，而另一些年份收縮? THE ECONOMYS INCOME AND EXPENDITUREWhen judging whether the eco

4、nomy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.經(jīng)濟的收入與支出當判斷經(jīng)濟富裕還是貧窮時，觀察經(jīng)濟中所有人賺到的總收入是自然而然的。THE ECONOMYS INCOME AND EXPENDITUREFor an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:Every transaction has a buyer and a seller.Eve

5、ry dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller. 經(jīng)濟的收入與支出對一個整體經(jīng)濟而言，收入必定等于支出，因為:每一次交易都有買者和賣者某個買者的1美元支出就是某個賣者的1美元收入Figure 1 The Circular-Flow DiagramSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor, land,and capitalIncome = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of

6、 dollarsFactors ofproductionWages, rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSFORGOODS AND

7、 SERVICES經(jīng)濟循環(huán)流向圖企業(yè)家庭生產(chǎn)要素市場商品和服務市場支出(=GDP)收入=(DGP)工資、租金和利潤(=GDP)收入(=GDP)銷售商品和服務購買商品和服務勞動、土地和資本生產(chǎn)投入THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced wit

8、hin a country in a given period of time.國內生產(chǎn)總值的衡量國內生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP) 度量一個經(jīng)濟體的收入與支出。 GDP 是在某一既定時期一個國家內生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品與勞務的市場價值。THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT國內生產(chǎn)總值的度量The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.經(jīng)濟循環(huán)流向圖說明了收入等于支出THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC

9、 PRODUCT“GDP is the Market Value . . .”O(jiān)utput is valued at market prices.“. . . Of All. . .”Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets“. . . Final . . .”It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).“. . . Goods and Serv

10、ices . . .”It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits). GDP的衡量“GDP 是市場價值 . . .”產(chǎn)出按市場價格來評價?！? . . 所有的 . . .”GDP包括在經(jīng)濟中生產(chǎn)并在市場上合法銷售的所有東西?！? . . 最終的 . . . ”GDP只包括最終物品的價值，而不包括中間品的價值（價值只能計算一次）。 “. . . 物品與勞務 . . . ”它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽

11、車），也包括無形的勞務（理發(fā)、打掃房屋、醫(yī)生出診）。 THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT“. . . Produced . . .”It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.“ . . . Within a Country . . .”It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a co

12、untry. “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months). GDP的衡量“. . . 生產(chǎn)的 . . .”它包括現(xiàn)期生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務，并不包括涉及過去生產(chǎn)的東西的交易?！?. . . 一個國家之內 . . .”它衡量的生產(chǎn)價值是在一個國家的地理范圍之內。 “在某一既定時期內”它衡量某一既定時期內進行的生產(chǎn)的價值

13、，通常這個時期是一年和一個季度（三個月） 。THE COMPONENTS OF GDP GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as

14、 illegal drugs.GDP的組成部分GDP 包括一個經(jīng)濟體生產(chǎn)并在市場上合法銷售的所有物品與勞務。什么未計算在GDP之內?GDP 不包括在家里生產(chǎn)和消費而沒有進入市場的大多數(shù)商品和服務。GDP不包括非法生產(chǎn)和銷售的項目，如非法毒品。Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指標Gross National Product (GNP) 國民收入總值Net National Product (NNP) 國民生產(chǎn)凈值National Income 國民收入Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指標Personal Income 個人收入Disposa

15、ble Personal Income 個人可支配收入Gross National ProductGross national product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nations permanent residents (called nationals).It differs from GDP by including income that our citizens earn abroad and excluding income that foreigners earn here.國民總收入國民生產(chǎn)總值 (GNP) 是一國永久居民（

16、稱為國民）所賺到的總收入。GNP 與GDP不同之處在于包括本國公民在國外賺到的收入，而不包括外國人在本國賺到的收入。Net National Product (NNP)Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of the nations residents (GNP) minus losses from depreciation.Depreciation is the wear and tear on the economys stock of equipment and structures.國民生產(chǎn)凈值 (NNP)國民生產(chǎn)凈值 (NNP

17、)是一國居民的總收入減去折舊的消耗。折舊是經(jīng)濟中設備和建筑物存量的磨損或損耗。National IncomeNational Income is the total income earned by a nations residents in the production of goods and services.It differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes (such as sales taxes) and including business subsidies. 國民收入國民收入 是一國居民在物品與勞務生產(chǎn)中賺到的總

18、收入。 國民收入與國民產(chǎn)值的不同之處在于不包括間接的企業(yè)稅（例如銷售稅）而包括企業(yè)補貼。Personal IncomePersonal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.Unlike national income, it excludes retained earnings, which is income that corporations have earned but have not paid out to their owners. In addition, it inc

19、ludes households interest income and government transfers. 個人收入個人收入是居民戶和非公司企業(yè)得到的收入。與國民收入不同，個人收入不包括留存收益（未分配利潤），留存收益是公司賺到但沒有支付給其所有者的收入。另外，個人收入包括家庭從其持有政府債券中得到的利息收入，以及從政府得到的轉移支付（例如福利和社會保障收入）。Disposable Personal IncomeDisposable personal income is the income that household and noncorporate businesses hav

20、e left after satisfying all their obligations to the government.It equals personal income minus personal taxes and certain nontax payments.個人可支配收入個人可支配收入是家庭和非公司企業(yè)在完成他們對政府的義務之后剩下的收入。個人可支配收入等于個人收入減去個人所得稅和某些非稅收支付（例如，交通罰單）。THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP (Y) is the sum of the following:Consumption (C) Investme

21、nt (I) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (NX)Y = C + I + G + NXGDP的組成部分GDP (Y)是以下項目之和:消費 (C) 投資 (I) 政府購買 (G) 凈出口 (NX)Y = C + I + G + NXTHE COMPONENTS OF GDPConsumption (C):The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.Investment (I):The spending

22、on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.GDP的組成部分消費 (C):家庭除了購買新住房以外用于物品與勞務的支出。投資(I):用于資本設備、存貨和建筑物的支出，其中包括家庭用于購買新住房的支出。THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGovernment Purchases (G):The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments.Does not include transfer pa

23、yments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.Net Exports (NX):Exports minus imports.GDP的組成部分政府購買 (G):地方、州和聯(lián)邦政府用于物品與勞務的支出。政府購買不包括轉移支付，因為這種支付并不要求交換現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務。凈出口 (NX):出口減進口Table 1 GDP and Its Components表1. GDP和其組成部分（2004年）總量（10億美元）人均量（美元）占百分比（）國內生產(chǎn)總值， Y11 72839

24、 904100消費，C8 23228 00970投資，I1 9226 53916政府購買，G2 1847 43119凈出口，NX-609-2 072-5數(shù)據(jù)來源：美國商務部 GDP and Its Components (2004)Consumption 70%Government Purchases19%Net Exports -5 %Investment16%GDP和其組成部分 (2004)消費 70%政府購買19%凈出口 -5 %投資16%REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDPNominal GDP values the production of goods and servi

25、ces at current prices.Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices. 實際GDP與名義GDP名義GDP按現(xiàn)期價格計算的物品與勞務產(chǎn)出的價值量。實際GDP按不變的基年價格計算的物品與勞務產(chǎn)出的價值量。 REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP實際GDP與名義GDPAn accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.如果想對經(jīng)濟有一個

26、更準確的理解，需要用GDP平減指數(shù)將名義GDP轉換成實際GDP。Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP實際與名義 GDP 年熱狗的價格熱狗的數(shù)量漢堡的價格漢堡的數(shù)量2005$1100$2502006$2150$31002007$3200$4150Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP實際與名義 GDP計算名義GDP2005($1/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 50個）￥2002006($2/個熱狗 X 150個）+（$3/個漢堡 X 100個）￥6002007($3/個熱狗 X 200個）+（$4/個漢堡 X 150個）￥1200Table 2

27、 Real and Nominal GDP實際與名義 GDP計算實際GDP（基年為2005年）2005($1/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 50個）￥2002006($1/個熱狗 X 150個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 100個）￥3502007($1/個熱狗 X 200個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 150個）￥500The GDP DeflatorThe GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.It tells us

28、 what portion of the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced. GDP 平減指數(shù)GDP平減指數(shù)是價格水平的一種度量，等于名義GDP除以實際GDP再乘以100。GDP平減指數(shù)說明，在名義GDP增長中有多少歸因于價格的上升而不是產(chǎn)量的增加。The GDP DeflatorThe GDP deflator is calculated as follows: GDP 平減指數(shù)GDP平減指數(shù)計算如下:The GD

29、P DeflatorNominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows: GDP 平減指數(shù)將名義GDP轉換成實際GDP :Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP實際GDP與名義GDP計算GDP平減指數(shù)2005（$200/$200) X 100 = 1002006（$600/$350) X 100 = 1712007（$1200/$500) X 100 = 240Figure 2 Real GDP in the United States美國的實際GDPBillions of2000 Dollars$10,0009,0008,0007

30、,0006,0005,0004,0003,000197019751980198519902000199520052,0002000年的10億美元IS GDP A GOOD MEASURE OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING?GDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy. Higher GDP per person

31、indicates a higher standard of living.GDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life, however.GDP是衡量經(jīng)濟福利的好指標嗎？GDP是社會經(jīng)濟福利一個最好的衡量指標 人均GDP告訴我們經(jīng)濟中每個人的平均收入與支出。較高的人均GDP說明較高的生活水平。但是，GDP并不是幸?；蛏钯|量的完美衡量指標。GDP AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEINGSome things that contribute to well-being are not included

32、in GDP.The value of leisure.The value of a clean environment.The value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets, such as the value of the time parents spend with their children and the value of volunteer work.GDP 和經(jīng)濟福利對美好生活作出貢獻的某些東西并沒有包括在GDP中閑暇的價值清潔環(huán)境的價值幾乎所有在市場之外進行的活動的價值，如父母在家照顧孩子的

33、時間的價值和義務工作的價值Table 3 GDP and the Quality of Life 表3. GDP與生命質量國別 人均實際GDP 預期壽命（歲） 成人識字率（） 因特網(wǎng)使用率（） （2002年美元）美國 35 750 77 99 55 德國 27 100 78 99 41日本 26 940 81 99 45墨西哥 8 970 73 91 10俄羅斯 8 230 67 99 4巴西 7 770 68 86 8中國 4 580 71 91 5印度尼西亞 3 230 67 88 4印度 2 670 64 61 2巴基斯坦 1 940 61 42 1 孟加拉國 1 700 61 41 0.5 尼日利亞 860 52 67 0.5Because every transaction ha