專四輔導(dǎo)-語法ppt課件(PPT 35頁)

1、 專四輔導(dǎo)-語法和詞匯Instructor: Ma Nina1第1頁，共35頁。第一章 語法結(jié)構(gòu)第一節(jié) 語法考試綜述一. 教學(xué)大綱要求 系統(tǒng)掌握英語語法，并在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中做到概念清楚，形式正確。具體如下：2第2頁，共35頁。1.名詞：可數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞，抽象，專有，物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù)，s屬格的各種意義,某些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞的數(shù)，集體名詞的數(shù)。2.限定詞：限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關(guān)系，限定詞與限定詞的搭配關(guān)系，冠詞的類指，特指和獨(dú)指；冠詞的習(xí)慣用法，some, any,no的用法3.代詞：不定代詞one, someone, anyone及不定代詞one, they, we, you, he的用法；物主代詞，

2、非人稱代詞；反身代詞及其他動(dòng)詞賓語的用法。4.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)，情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，虛擬式，被動(dòng)態(tài)，非謂語動(dòng)詞5.定語從句，名詞性從句（賓語，主語，表語，同位語從句）；狀語從句（時(shí)間，原因，目的，結(jié)果，方式，條件，讓步）6.直接引語，間接引語，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)；介詞和介詞詞組；附加疑問句；存在句；主謂一致；后置，前置與倒裝；省略3第3頁，共35頁。二.測(cè)試要求及題型1.測(cè)試要求a.掌握并能正確運(yùn)用大綱規(guī)定的一級(jí)至四級(jí)語法內(nèi)容b. 掌握大綱規(guī)定的基礎(chǔ)階段認(rèn)知詞匯（5500-6000），并且能正確，熟練的運(yùn)用其中的3000-4000個(gè)單詞及其最基本的搭配c.考試時(shí)間為15分

3、鐘4第4頁，共35頁。2. 題型本部分采用多項(xiàng)選擇題，共30題，每道題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，題目中約50%為詞匯，詞組和短語用法題，其余為語法結(jié)構(gòu)題。5第5頁，共35頁。三.學(xué)習(xí)語法的幾點(diǎn)建議感性知識(shí) 與 理性知識(shí)四級(jí)考試以正式書面語語法為規(guī)范，而許多非正式或不規(guī)范的形式只是作為干擾項(xiàng)存在于試題中。專業(yè)學(xué)生要有清晰的文體意識(shí)，嚴(yán)格區(qū)分口語語法和正式書面語語法。側(cè)重正規(guī)語法的學(xué)習(xí)，重視語言的規(guī)范性。通過大量閱讀來培養(yǎng)對(duì)語法的感性認(rèn)識(shí)必要的語法理論6第6頁，共35頁。第二節(jié) 語法難點(diǎn)與考點(diǎn)及舉例一.冠詞冠詞有兩個(gè)形式：不定冠詞a (an)和定冠詞the。不定冠詞的用法可分為兩大類：“類別用法”和 “指量用法”

4、。 There are a dozen eggs in the basket. Kate and I are nearly of an age.定冠詞的用法包括特指用法，概括用法以及與形容詞，副詞比較等級(jí)連用。 If you get into difficulties, Monica is the person to ask. The Japanese admire the traditions of the Chinese.7第7頁，共35頁。The idea of traveling through _ space to other planets interests many peopl

5、e today. (1995.54)A. a B. the C. / D. one抽象名詞space前不加冠詞，表示“太空”C8第8頁，共35頁。二.代詞代詞分為：人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，指示代詞，疑問代詞，關(guān)系代詞，不定代詞等?？荚囍攸c(diǎn)：such以及關(guān)系代詞9第9頁，共35頁。1. SuchSuch 可以用作主語，表語，賓語和補(bǔ)語。例如：Such is life.The burglar was arrested, and was sentenced as such.His suggestion is such as maybe called sensible and prac

6、tical.Such 的意義一般要有that或as引導(dǎo)的分句來表示 1) such that +分句 His kindness was such that we will never forget him. 10第10頁，共35頁。2) such as + to不定式 The situation is such as to demand your immediate attention. The brilliance of his satires was _ make even his victims laugh. (1996.52) A. so as to B. such as to C.

7、so that D. such that “such as to”意為“是這樣以致”；其中such 為代詞，在句中做表語。 “so as to”以便，以致，so為副詞，不可做表語。 “so that”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句； “such that”（這樣的以致于）引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句。3) Such as +分句 The case is not such as can be easily settled.B11第11頁，共35頁。2.關(guān)系代詞(that, who, whom, whose, which, as, but, than, where)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句分為限制性和非限制性定語從句。主要區(qū)別As在

8、限制性定語從句中，既可指人，又可指物，可與the same, such, so, as連用 You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago. As many people as are present have voted for the candidate.在非限制性定語從句中既可充當(dāng)主語也可充當(dāng)賓語，都可代表它的先行詞或句子。 The two countries were satisfied with this solution, as was agreed beforehand. （as在從句中作主語，其先行詞為solution

9、） Julia was sad, as could be judged from her tearful eyes. （as在從句中作主語，代表前面的句子） The world, as we know, is made up of small particles called atoms. （as在從句中作賓語，代表整個(gè)從句。）12第12頁，共35頁。Things, _is often the case, will turn out to be contrary to ones wishes.A. as B. which C. that D. it7) but 作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，其意

10、義相當(dāng)于thatnot, 它的主句往往帶有not或no。 There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war.（無論多么荒涼的地方，人們都會(huì)把它變成戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。） He has many pen-friends. No week passes_he receives several letters. A. that B. which C.than D.but13第13頁，共35頁。三.動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) For some time now, world leaders_ out the necessity

11、 for agreement on arms reduction. A. had been pointing B. have been pointing C. were pointing D. pointed動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) 只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，以下三種句型可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：1)動(dòng)詞+賓語 Mr. Smith has been sent to California for a year.2)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 I was given a pen by Tom.3)動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 The ship was named “May Flower” B14第14頁，共35頁。四.虛擬語氣1.

12、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的應(yīng)用 1)對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)或?qū)砬闆r的假設(shè) 2)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或過去事實(shí)相反2.虛擬語氣在某些從句中的應(yīng)用 1)在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞常用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。 It is desired (suggested, requested, demanded, required, advisable, desirable, imperative, preferable, urgent, understanding, necessary, important incredible, strange, essential); It was ordered

13、 (proposed, arranged) that; it has been decided that; It is our wish (a pity, a shame, no wonder) that15第15頁，共35頁。2).提議，建議，命令，要求或驚奇，惶惑，懷疑，不滿等意義的詞。 advise, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, expect, believe, suspect, beg, command, decide, demand, think, deser

14、ve, desire, determine, direct, insist, intend, maintain, move etc.3).虛擬語氣在表語從句和同位語從句中4)在Its time/ Its about time/Its high time (that); would rather (sooner, as soon)后的句子中用過去式表示虛擬。5)由as if, as though, even if, even though, if only, in order that, so that, lest, for fear that, in case, whatever, whoev

15、er, however, no matter what等詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中需要虛擬語氣。6)Wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，從句動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)態(tài)或過去將來時(shí)態(tài)7)混合式虛擬條件句16第16頁，共35頁。五.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.should/ought to+ have +過去分詞 此結(jié)構(gòu)表示過去應(yīng)盡而未盡的責(zé)任，或應(yīng)做而未做的事。用否定式時(shí)，表示已發(fā)生的錯(cuò)誤或愚蠢行為2.Must +have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞 此結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過去某種動(dòng)作或情形的推測(cè)或猜測(cè)。在否定句和疑問句中，常用can/cant代替must/mustnt17第17頁，共35頁。Mary _my letters otherwise she wo

16、uld have replied before now. A. has received B. ought to have received C. couldnt have received D. shouldnt have received3.could/may/might have +過去分詞表示過去發(fā)生某事的可能性，而說話人不能絕對(duì)肯定。Could/may比might語氣更強(qiáng)一些。4.neednt have+過去分詞表示已經(jīng)做過的不必要的動(dòng)作You _Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.A. neednt have tol

17、d B. neednt tellC. mustnt have told D. mustnt tellcA18第18頁，共35頁。六.狀語從句1.讓步狀語從句 1)最常見 由though, although, even if/though引導(dǎo) 2)as可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但只有某些形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞倒裝于as之前時(shí)才屬于此種用法 Much as _ I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare time.A. I would have liked to B. I would like to hav

18、e C. I should have to like D. I should have liked toA19第19頁，共35頁。3)while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當(dāng)于though/although.它與引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的區(qū)別要從主句與從句關(guān)系來辨別 表讓步: While I admit his suggestion is very reasonable, I dont agree to take it. 表時(shí)間： While I am writing this paper, you can be doing something else. _I sympathize, I cant real

19、ly do very much to help them out of the difficulties.As long as B. as C. while D. even 這種讓步從句可是使主句中所表達(dá)的拒絕變得較委婉，更容易讓對(duì)方接受。C20第20頁，共35頁。4)No matter與疑問詞what，when, where, how等連用，或上述疑問詞加ever,也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，兩者基本上可互相使用5) for all+名詞（不可加從句）也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管” _, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sour

20、ces. A. instead of his contributions B. For all his notable contributions C. His making notable contributions D. however his notable contributionsB21第21頁，共35頁。2.時(shí)間狀語從句常用的時(shí)間狀語引導(dǎo)詞有when, after, as, before三種特殊用法：Immediately，directly引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句，相當(dāng)于as soon asThe minute/moment/ day, the first/ second/last timeH

21、ardly/scarcelywhen和no soonerthan表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于as soon as,使用時(shí)要注意搭配，而且注意hardly/scarcely/ no sooner后面是完成式，而when, than 后面用過去時(shí)22第22頁，共35頁。3.結(jié)果狀語從句1)主要句型：so +形容詞，副詞/such +名詞that.如果so用在名詞前，應(yīng)采用 “so +形容詞+a/an+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)2)詞組with the result that也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句， 表示“相伴而生的結(jié)果是”23第23頁，共35頁。4.目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞有so that, in order that, in

22、 case, lest, for fear that等1)so that, in order that引導(dǎo)的從句中常出現(xiàn)will/can/may/shall這樣的助動(dòng)詞（情態(tài)動(dòng)詞），它們的時(shí)態(tài)與主句保持一致。So that可以轉(zhuǎn)換成so as to do, in order that也可以用in order to do 來轉(zhuǎn)換2)in case引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)主句可用should+動(dòng)詞原形，動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)詞過去式 He didnt dare to leave the house in case he should be recognized.3)Lest, for fear (tha

23、t)表示否定意義的目的（以免，以防），后者更常用，而lest多用于正式文件。它們引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語可用should+動(dòng)詞原形；或might/would+動(dòng)詞原形 The daughter was not allowed to go to bed, lest she might be needed.24第24頁，共35頁。5.原因狀語從句Since, because, for特殊用法：in和on the grounds 加that 構(gòu)成的Barry has an advantage over his mother_ he could speak French. A. since that B.i

24、n that C.at that D. so thatB25第25頁，共35頁。6.條件狀語從句最常見的if,還有unless, provided/providing that, so/as long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in the event that等；whether or not可表示選擇條件句7.引導(dǎo)限制狀語從句 引導(dǎo)的有：as far as, so far as, in so far as, in as much as, in so much as表示“在范圍內(nèi)” In so far as/ Insofar

25、as the definitions are concerned, there may still be some inaccuracies in this dictionary.26第26頁，共35頁。七.不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞1.有些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)名詞2.有些動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式3.分詞獨(dú)立主格的用法 分詞獨(dú)立主格在句中作狀語，可表示時(shí)間，條件，原因，伴隨狀況等。 _no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his room. A. there was B. Since C. being D. there being 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做原因狀語，th

26、ere being=as there wasD27第27頁，共35頁。5.主語和分詞保持一致 Hearing the terrible news, her face turned pale. 該句不正確，主語face不能發(fā)出hear 的動(dòng)作。 He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _insufficiently popular with all members. A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D. being consi

27、der D是分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用來做原因狀語。D28第28頁，共35頁。6.分詞，動(dòng)名詞，和to不定式的否定當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)，短語若需否定，則否定詞放在動(dòng)名詞前，同理，當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語時(shí)， 短語若需否定，則否定詞放在現(xiàn)在分詞前， to不定式亦同。2001， 51_,he can now only watch it on TV at home.A. obtaining not a ticket for the matchB. not obtaining a ticket for the matchC. not having obtained a ticket for the matchD.

28、 not obtained a ticket for the match.此句為-ing分詞完成體做表示原因的狀語。完成體表示動(dòng)作延續(xù)到謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，或已經(jīng)完成。Obtain的邏輯主語是he, 他們之間主動(dòng)關(guān)系。C29第29頁，共35頁。7.動(dòng)名詞還和很多習(xí)慣用語一起組成句子成分參見書本p12230第30頁，共35頁。八.原級(jí)，比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)的特殊用法1.原級(jí)的特殊用法 倍數(shù)：倍數(shù)詞+as.as as+原級(jí)+again +as-Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?- No, I would gladly have paid _for it.A. Twice so much. B. twice as muchC. As much twice D. so much twiceB31第31頁，共35頁。2.比較級(jí)的特殊用法1.