高考必考語法精講精練專題十名詞性從句

1、學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載高考必考語法精講精練語法專題十：名詞性從句名詞性從句是比較重要的語法項(xiàng)目。2017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱附錄語法項(xiàng)目表中對(duì)名詞性從句列了四項(xiàng)：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。全國(guó)卷新課標(biāo)對(duì)名詞性從句的考查一般在語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中，主要考查從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。2015年高考全國(guó)卷沒有考查名詞性從句。2016年高考全國(guó)卷第71題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive.本句中須將that改為where。2017年高考全國(guó)卷沒有考查了名詞性從句。在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫做

2、名詞性從句。名詞可以充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語、表語和同位語，因此，名詞性從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句。Whatwasmostimportanttoherwasherfamily.(主語從句)Idontknowwhatyouwanttosay.(賓語從句)Thegoodnewsisthatwehavewonthegame.(表語從句)Thenewsthatwehavewonthegameistrue.(同位語從句)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：從屬連詞that,because疑問代詞who,whom,what,whether,ifwhose,which,疑問副詞when,where,w

3、hy,how,縮合連接whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,h詞owever,whenever,wherever關(guān)聯(lián)短語asif,asthough注意：連詞that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)無詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用，在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中不能省略，在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，口語或非正式的文體中常被省去；疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接詞以及關(guān)聯(lián)短語在句中既保留自己的含義又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。名詞性從句一般都用陳述句的語序，即使從句表達(dá)的是疑問含義。例如：Theproblemiswhathehasdonetothelittleboy.Wealldo

4、ntknowwhenhewillcome.1.主語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語的句子叫主語從句主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether和連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)。例如：Thathestoleabikewastrue.Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Whetherhecanpass

5、theexamdependsonwhetherhestudyhardornot.Whateveryoudoisnoneofmybusiness.Whoevercomestoourlibrarywillbewelcome.單個(gè)的主語從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如果是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Whereandwhenhewasbornhasnotbeenfound.Whenthepersonwasmurderedandwhyhewasmurderedarestillunknown.主語從句比較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候，為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句

6、首，而把主語從句置于句末。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It+be+名詞+主語從句。例如：Itisafactthathehasgoneabroad.Itisapitythatyoumissedthesportsmeetinglastweek.（2）It+be+形容詞+主語從句。例如：Itisobviousthathetoldalie.Itiscertainthathewillwinthegame.（3）It+be+過去分詞+主語從句。例如：Itissaidthatshewillcometothepartytomorrow.Ithasnotbeenannouncedwhent

7、heplanearetotakeoff.（4）It+不及物動(dòng)詞+主語從句。例如：Ithappenedthatthemeetingwascanceledthatday.ItoccurredtomethatIhadforgottentobringmywallet.注意:在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣(should)+do，常用的句型是：Itisnecessary/important/natural/strange/essential,etc.)that例如：Itsnecessarythatyoushouldstudyhard.Itisstranget

8、hatheshouldsaythat.Itisessentialthatacollegestudentshouldmasteratleastaforeignlanguage.2.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。例如：Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.1).由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從

9、句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去。但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如：Hehastoldme(that)hewillleaveWuhanandthathewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.注意:在insist,suggest,advise,decide,demand,desire,require,request,order,command等表示“堅(jiān)持、建議、決定、要求、命令”（“堅(jiān)決要命”）等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語從句中謂語部分常用虛擬語氣，即should+動(dòng)詞原形。例如：Iinsistthatshe(should)doherw

10、orkalone.Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.但是,如果suggest作“表明、暗示”講,insist作“堅(jiān)持說、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”講，則其后的賓語從句中學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載用陳述語氣。例如：Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathehadpassedtheexamination.Theboyinsistedthathehadnotstolenthemoney.2).用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句whether和if均可引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句，常可互換。但從句中有ornot時(shí)或介詞后的賓語從句中只能用whet

11、her連接。其它名詞性從句，如主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中表示“是否”只用whether.介詞后的賓語從句一般不用which和if引導(dǎo)，要用whether和what。that也很少引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句，只在except,but,besides等之后才用。例如：Idontcareaboutwhetheryouhavemoneyornot.Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.Heseldomloseshistemperexceptthatyoumakeafoolofhim.3).賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)受主句謂語動(dòng)詞的影響，如果

12、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可以用各種時(shí)態(tài)。例如：IknowthathestudiesEnglisheveryday.IknowthathestudiedEnglishlastterm.Iknow(that)hewillstudyEnglishnextyear.WeallknowthathehasstudiedEnglishsince1998.如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用了一般過去時(shí)，則從句中的語動(dòng)只能用過去時(shí)的某種形式，如一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)等。例如：Webelievedthathehadearnedenoughmoneytobuildahouse.Theteache

13、rtoldusthatTomhadleftusforAmerica當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如：Theteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeast.4).當(dāng)主句是I/Wethink(suppose,expect,believe,guess,imagine)時(shí)，其后的賓語從句如果是否定形式，常把否定詞not從從句中轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中成為否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。例如：Wedontbelievethathewillwinthegame.Idontthinkhewilldoso.注意：doubt用于肯定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面用whether/if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

14、；用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面用that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。besure用于肯定句或疑問句時(shí)，后接that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句；用于否定句時(shí)，后接whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。例如：Idoubtwhetherhewillcometomorrow.Thereisnodoubtthathewillcometomorrow.Iamsurethathewillwinthegame.Iamnotsurewhetherhewillwinthegame.3.表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的句子叫表語從句。表語從句常放在系動(dòng)詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用

15、asif,because引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語從句。例如：Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.ThatsjustwhatIwant.Thisiswhereourproblemlies.Thatiswhyhedidntcometothemeeting.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.（2）定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Thisisbecausehemissedthetrainbyoneminute.注意：當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí)，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。

16、例如：Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.4.同位語從句在復(fù)合句中作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。同位語從句用于解釋說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名詞后,如news,idea,information,fact,hope,thought,belief等，用來說明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞通常有that,whether和連接副詞when,where,why,how；連接代詞who，what，whose，which也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例如：Thenews

17、thathewonthefirstplacewastrue.Itisaquestionhowhedidit.Theproblemwhetherweshouldcontinuetodotheexperimenthasbeensolved.Wehaventsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.同位語從句一般緊跟在被解釋的名詞之后，但有時(shí)候也可以分開，將從句放在句末

18、。例如：Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewruleshouldbeadopted.WordcamethatMr.Presidentwouldcomeandinspectourschool.5.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別（1）定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句解釋說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（定語從句）Thefactthathehasdiedisquiteclear.（同位語從句）詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)經(jīng)常可省略。同位語從句主要由連詞th

19、at引導(dǎo)，在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分；where,when,how,who,whether,what等連詞也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定語從句）Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位語從句）Theproblemthatwerefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(定語從句)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyishardtosolve.（同位語從句）Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallof

20、us.（定語從句）Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位語從句）（3）同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用be動(dòng)詞發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,而定語從句則不能。如：Theideathatwecanasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位語從句）Theideaisthatwecanasktheteacherforadvice.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位語從句）Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundth

21、esun.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewild學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載animals.（同位語從句）Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.高考英語短文改錯(cuò)及語法填空分析與訓(xùn)練名詞性從句考點(diǎn)規(guī)律分析:名詞性從句短文改錯(cuò)改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)主要涉及從句引導(dǎo)詞的誤用、缺失以及多余。語法填空主要涉及從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇。名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：1.butitdidntmatterthatIwouldwinornot.(全國(guó)卷)2.(2016全國(guó)卷)Myuncleistheownerofarestaurantcloset

22、othatIlive3.(2016全國(guó))Thesummerholidayiscoming.MyclassmatesandIaretalkingabouthowtododuringtheholiday.(4.Besides,Ihavefewfriends,Idontknowthattheydontliketotalkwithme.全國(guó)卷)名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：1.Itsuncertainthattheexperimentisworthdoing.2.Thatishardistodogoodalloneslifeandneverdoanythingbad.3.Whattheboydidnt

23、takemedicinemadehismotherangry.4.Whathereallymeansiswhathedisagreeswithus.5.Ifwecanfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.6.ThatisthatLuXunoncelived.7.Thefactwhichshehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedallofus.8.Thereisnodoubtwhetherhewillcometomorrow.9.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasbecausehemissedthetrainbyonem

24、inutethismorning.10.Thathewantstotellusisnotclear.名詞性從句單句語法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：1.(2016全國(guó)，閱讀B)Wenowrealize_importantfamilyisandhowimportanttobenearthem,especiallywhenyoureraisingchildren.2.(2016全國(guó)，閱讀B)Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops._findstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwher

25、etheyfoundit.3.(2016全國(guó)，閱讀D)Thejourneywasintendedtoachievemorethan_CaptainRobertFalconScotthaddone.4.(2016北京，29)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonis_onecanbeentirelydust.5.(2016四川，七選五)Scientistsarestillnotexactlysure_genesinfluenceaging,buttheybelievethattheydo.6.(2016江蘇，21)Itisoftenthecase_anythin

26、gispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.7.(2015湖南，26)Youhavetoknow_youregoingifyouaretoplanthebestwayofgettingthere.8.(2015北京，33)Itrulybelieve_beautycomesfromwithin.9.(2015重慶，8)Wemustfindout_Karliscoming,sowecanbookaroomforhim.10.(2015四川，8)Theexhibitiontellsus_weshoulddosomethingtostopairpollution.11.(20

27、15安徽，25)Ashipinharborissafe,butthatsnot_shipsarebuiltfor.12.(2014大綱全國(guó)，24)Exactly_thepotatowasintroducedintoEuropeisuncertain，butitwasprobablyaround1565.學(xué)習(xí)札記：學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載參考答案及解析名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：1.that改為whether，whether與ornot搭配，表示“是否”2.thatwhere考查從句連詞。該句是賓語從句，意為“靠近我住的地方”，that改為where。3.howwhat考查疑問詞的用法。我和同學(xué)們正在

28、談?wù)摷倨诶镒鍪裁?。固定表達(dá)whattodo，如何用how結(jié)構(gòu)為howtodosth。4.that改為why，why引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示原因名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：1.that改為whether考查賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞，whether表示“是否”2.That改為What，表示“.的事情”，引導(dǎo)主語從句3.What改為that，引導(dǎo)主語從句，不翻譯，無實(shí)際意義.4.第二個(gè)what改為that，引導(dǎo)表語從句5.If改為whether，表示“是否”，引導(dǎo)主語從句6.第二個(gè)that改為where，引導(dǎo)表語從句，其中where作從句的地點(diǎn)狀語。7.which改為that，引導(dǎo)同位語從句。8.whether改為that，Thereisnodoubtthat.