賓語補足語及主謂一致

1、PAGE PAGE 7賓語補足語及主謂一致. 賓語補足語賓語補足語是對賓語作進一步的補充說明。某些及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構成符合賓語。復合賓語的第一部分通常由名詞或代詞充當，第二部分表示第一部分的特征，稱為賓語補足語。賓語補足語可以由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞及動詞的不定式來充當：1. 名詞：eg. They named their daughter Jenny。他們給女兒取名叫珍妮。 They thought this good advice. 他們認為這是好的建議?！咀⒁狻?1) 常用名詞充當賓補的動詞有：call, nam

2、e, elect, choose, make, think, find, consider, keep等(2) 充當賓補的名詞若表示正式的或獨一無二的頭銜、職位時，前面一般不用冠詞。 eg. They elected John chairman of the committee. 他們選舉約翰為委員會主席。2. 形容詞：eg. You should keep your room clean and tidy.你應該保持房間干凈整潔。Wed better leave the door open. 我們最好把門敞開。3. 副詞和介詞短語：eg. Why didnt you invite them

3、in? 為什么不邀請他們進來？ The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.4. 現(xiàn)在分詞：eg. Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.我可以感覺到涼風吹在我臉上。5. 過去分詞：eg. Last year they had their house rebuilt. 去年他們重建了房子。 When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.

4、講英語時要確保使自己能被理解。6. 動詞不定式：eg. Would you like me to come along with you? 你想要我和你一起去嗎？ He believed the Earth to be a globe. 他相信地球是球形的。【總結歸納】一、使役動詞后賓語補足語的用法最常見的使役動詞有：make, have, leave. 他們都表示“使得”， 后面都可接賓語+賓語補足語的結構，但用法有所不同。1. make 用作使役動詞表示“使；使成為”時，可跟復合結構，即“ make +賓語+賓語補足語”，其中的賓語補足語可以是形容詞，名詞，不帶to 的不定式，過去分詞。e

5、g. The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.We made him captain of our football team.What makes the grass grow?He couldnt make himself heard above the noise of the traffic.【注意】當不定式作make的賓語補足語時，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時一定要加to.eg. The boy was made to work (work) twelve hours a day.My parents have always made

6、me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. A. feeling well B. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good2. have 表示“使得”， 其后接賓語補足語，常用以下結構： 1) have sb. do sth. 使/讓某人做某事 2) have sb. doing sth. 使/讓某人一直做某事 3) have sth. done 使、讓某事被做；遭遇某種不幸eg. The teacher had her recite (recite) the text again.He had the girl s

7、tanding (stand) in the classroom the whole morning.He had his house painted (paint) this morning.Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt.(hurt)Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve3. lea

8、ve 作使役動詞，表示“使、讓保持某種狀態(tài)”。 1) 用形容詞作賓語補足語He left the door open when he went out. 2) 用名詞、介詞短語作賓語補足語His parents both died last year, leaving him an orphan. 3) 用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語They walked off and left me sitting there alone. 4) 用過去分詞作賓語補足語 Did you leave the doors and windows properly locked?二、感官動詞后賓語補足語的用法 表示感覺

9、和心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如hear, feel , listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell, see 等詞后要求用省略to的動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞及過去分詞作賓語補足語。以see為例，常見的結構有： (1.) see sb. do sth. 看見某人做了某事 (2.) see sb. doing sth. 看見某人正在做某事 (3.) see sth. done 看見某事被做eg. Tom saw his parents get into the car and drive off. He was seen to drive (drive)

10、the car at high speed on the highway yesterday. I saw her crying (cry) when I came into the classroom.三、with(without) + 賓語+賓語補足語的結構1. with +賓語+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語eg. He used to sleep with the window open . They left the room with lights still on. He stepped in, with his hands in his pockets. The woman, with

11、out a necklace around her neck, was a friend of Marys.2. with +賓語+doing/ done/ to doeg. The old man walked across the street with the policeman supporting (support) him. With the matter settled (settle), we went home. With Tom to help (help) me, I believe I can finish the work in time. = 2 * ROMAN I

12、I. 主謂一致主謂一致是指一個句子的主語和謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)等方面要保持一致。主謂一致一般要遵循三個原則，即“語法一致原則，就近一致原則及邏輯意義一致原則”。一、語法一致原則1. 由and連接的兩個名詞作主語，表示不同的人或事，謂語動詞用復數(shù); and 連接的兩個名詞指同一個人或物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。兩個單數(shù)名詞用and并列，表示一個概念或是不可分割的整體作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 常見的此類短語有war and peace, iron and steel, a needle and thread, bread and butter, a horse and cart等。eg. What he

13、 said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.The famous writer and poet gives a talk twice a day.Egg and rice is her usual breakfast.ex. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet. A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being

14、decided D. arent decided3. 由noand no, eachand each, everyand every等構成復合主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 eg. Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.4. 主語后面帶有as well as, rather than , like, but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to , as much as, more than 等詞連接的名詞，根據(jù)

15、語法一致的原則，謂語動詞根據(jù)這些詞前的主語來確定動詞的形式。eg.The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the lab at that time.5. 【注意】“more than one/many a+單數(shù)名詞”結構作主語時意義上是復數(shù)，但是其結構后的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。eg. More than one student has passed the exam. 不止一個學生通過了考試。Many a student is watching the footba

16、ll game. 許多學生在看足球比賽。二、就近一致原則1. 由連詞or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut also, notbut等連接主語時，謂語動詞與最靠近的主語保持一致。eg. Was (be) he or you in the next room just now?2. 謂語動詞與介詞后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。1）all of; most of; a lot of; some of; half of; the rest of; plenty of; part of; two-thirds of等加名詞作主語時，謂語動詞根據(jù)名詞的

17、數(shù)據(jù)而定。eg. The rest of the boys were (be) out. All of the work has (have) been done.2) “one of+復數(shù)名詞”后的定語從句關系詞作主語，從句謂語動詞用復數(shù)，而 “the only one of +復數(shù)名詞” 后的定語從句關系詞作主語，從句謂語動詞卻用單數(shù)。eg. He is one of the students who have (have) been to Shanghai. he is the only one of the students who has (have) been to Shangha

18、i.3) many/few/quite a few/ a good many/ a large number of/ millions of+復數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。eg. A great number of scientists invited are present at the conference.4) much/ little/quite a little/ a great deal of/ a bit of+不可數(shù)名詞:謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式eg. There is little water in the bottle.5) an amount of +不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞

19、的單復數(shù)由amount 的單復數(shù)形式決定。eg. A large amount of money was spent on the great bridge.= Large amounts of money were spent on the great bridge.6) a (large) quantity of+名詞作主語，謂語動詞的數(shù)與名詞保持一致，quantities of+名詞作主語，用復數(shù)謂語動詞。eg. A large quantity of time was spent on the Internet by him. Quantities of time were spent

20、 on the internet by him.7) 當there be句型的主語是一系列事物時，be的單、復數(shù)形式應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。Eg. There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boys and twenty girls in the classroom now. 8) 如果主語用kind of 等表示種類的詞作主語，謂語動詞一般按語法一致的原則決定單復數(shù)。eg. This kind of men is very dangerous.（this kind of+單數(shù)（或復數(shù)）名詞，

21、謂語動詞用單數(shù)） Men of this kind are very dangerous.（如果復數(shù)名詞中心詞作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)） These kinds of men are very dangerous.(如果kind of前有復數(shù)限定詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù))三、邏輯意義一致原則1. 某些名詞，如family, team, class, audience, group, public, band等作主語時，如果該詞表示一個組織或集體概念時，我們將其視作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)； 如果該詞表示該組織或集體的各個成員，謂語動詞則用復數(shù)。eg. His family is small. 他的家庭

22、規(guī)模很小。 His family are all model workers. 他的家人都是勞模。2. people, police, cattle等集體名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 The police are looking for the missing child.3. 以-s結尾的名詞：A) 學科名稱（如: politics, physics, mathematics, economics等）、國名、地名、書名、組織機構（如the United Nations, The Arabian Nights等）作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。B) 由兩部分構成的物體，如glasses, sc

23、issors, trousers, jeans等作主語時，謂語動詞常用復數(shù)。eg. The Arabian Nights is a popular storybook. 天方夜譚是本受歡迎的故事書。 The glasses are yours.但物體前若用a pair of/pairs of時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)常取決于pair的單復數(shù)。eg. There are some new pairs of compasses.4.表示時間、重量、距離、金錢等意義的復數(shù)名詞主語時，往往看成一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。eg. Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to m

24、e. One hundred dollars is not a large sum of money.5. 不定式、動名詞、從句作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。eg. To get up early is a good habit. Serving the people is my great happiness. When well go out for an outing has been decided.6. 表示群島、山脈、瀑布、運動會等的專有名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。eg. The Olympic Games are held once every four years.7. 少數(shù)名詞，如m

25、eans等作主語時，謂語動詞單復數(shù)根據(jù)所表達的概念而定。eg. Every means has been tried. All possible means have been tried.【隨堂檢測】 = 1 * ROMAN I.單項選擇1. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were2. The health problems as well as t

26、he destruction of the environment _ all well discuss in the meeting. A. are B. is C. were D. was 3. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are4. Ten minutes _ a long time for one who waits. A. seem B. seems C

27、. seemed D. are seemed5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _ a driving license. A. has B. have C. is having D. are having6. Joy and Sorrow _ next-door neighbors. A. is B. are C. were D. be7. In my opinion, some of the news _ unbelievable. A. are B. is C. has been D. have been 8. When _ the United

28、 Nations founded? A. is B. are C. was D. were9. Every possible means _ so far. A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried10. There _ a dictionary and several books on the desk. A. are B. must C. have been D. is11. Nobody _ seen the film. Its a pity. A. but Tom and Jack have B. except

29、Tom and Jack have C. but my friends has D. but I have12. No teacher and no student _. A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting13. _ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings _their duty. A. Each; are B. Both; is C. Neither; are D. None; is14.

30、Are the two answers correct? No, _ correct. A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not15. What we need most now _ fresh water and food. A. is B. was C. has been D. will be16. Having finished her project, shen was invited by the school _ to the new students. A. speakingB. having spokenC. to speakD. speak17. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues _ with her stories. A. amusedB. amusingC. to amuseD. to be amused18. When we saw the road _ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. A. block