2018英語一翻譯強(qiáng)化

1、2018 考研英語（一）翻譯強(qiáng)化主講人：武峰郵箱：w初探一、考察內(nèi)容詞匯 考研大綱中所有詞匯的用法語法 長難句分析語篇上下文的聯(lián)系 主要考察代詞的用法二、詞匯的基本難點(diǎn)及解決1 詞意的曲解1994 年 72 題 a leader of the new school contends 中，school ？是 “ 學(xué)派 ” ，而不是 “ 學(xué)校 ” ；1995 年 74 題 when the qualities to be measured 中，quality ？是 “ 特征 ” ，而不是 “ 質(zhì)量 ” ；1996 年 74 題 elegant system 中，elegant ？是 “ 完美，完善

2、 ” ，而不是 “ 優(yōu)雅 ” ；1997 年 71 題 there is an agreed account of human rights 中，account ？“ 認(rèn)識，看法 ”，而不是 “ 賬戶 ”；1998 年 75 題 some respected ideas 中，respected ？“ 公認(rèn) ” ，而不是 “ 受人尊敬的 ” ；1999 年 74 題 appropriate to various branch of historical inquiry 中，inquiry ？是 “ 研究，探究，探索 ” ，而不是 “ 詢問 ”2000 年 75 題arising from mas

3、s migration movement 中，movement ？是“ 移動，流動 ”，不是 “ 運(yùn)動 ”2001 年 75 題 And home appliances will是 “ 智能化 ”，而不是 “ 聰明 ”；e so smart that. 中，smart ？2002 年 65 題 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 中，technology ？是 “ 方法，研究方法 ”，而不是 “ 技術(shù) ”298299before, after, where, because, since, thought, althoug

4、h, so that, 等等關(guān)系詞：連接名詞性從句的 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever 等關(guān)系代詞和 when, where, how, why 等關(guān)系副詞 ; 連接定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 who, which, that, whom, whose 等等介詞：on, in, with, at, of, to 等介詞常常引導(dǎo)介詞短語作修飾語不定式符號 to：不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語做定語或者狀語修飾語，分詞：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞可以構(gòu)成分詞短語作修飾語，可是拆分點(diǎn)。Social science is that branch of in

5、tellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(35 詞，2003 年 62 題 )分段給分、采點(diǎn)給分的原則參考譯文：社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個(gè)分支，它試圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理 性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式去研究人類及其行為。4 改變原

6、文順序，組合漢語譯文在英語中定語從句總是在所修飾的名詞后面，而漢語中定語一般在所修飾的名詞之前；但是如果英語的定語從句過于復(fù)雜，放在所修飾的名詞前，句子會很不通順，這時(shí)就可以把定語從句放在所修、飾的名詞后面來翻譯，獨(dú)立成為一句簡短的狀語可以放在所修飾的動詞前面；復(fù)雜的狀語從句可以安排在整個(gè)句子主干的前面或者后面；在英語中被動句使用很多，而漢語中主動句則使用很多，所以翻譯的時(shí)候可以少用“ 被 ” 字句，用別的詞來代替 “ 被 ” 字或者轉(zhuǎn)化成主動句等等。例：魯迅先生在斗爭中創(chuàng)造了雜文，成了文學(xué)藝術(shù)中的奇葩。上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)為了嚴(yán)肅法紀(jì)，決定給他行政記過處分，并賠償部分經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。四、重讀閱讀漢語信達(dá)雅30

7、0301from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.參考譯文：這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣一種謬論：人的天性中天生就存在惰性。而實(shí)際上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒有人愿意掙只相當(dāng)于最低生活維持費(fèi)的錢，也沒有人愿意飽食終日、無所事事。（二）被動語態(tài)的翻譯被動語態(tài)的翻譯原則 尋找替代詞科技文獻(xiàn)用 “ 可以 ”有 “ 被 ” 不用 “ 被 ”To

8、day this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system.參考譯文：當(dāng)今這種寶貴的泥沙（已經(jīng)）讓大壩給攔住了，并且也沒有有效的系統(tǒng)（除沙）。Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.參考譯文：而尼羅河已經(jīng)為現(xiàn)代人所改變，但是他們也沒有完全理解這種改變的方式。b. 然而現(xiàn)代的人們用連他們自己也不完全清楚的方法改變了尼羅河。3）Because it is very slipp

9、ery, it is used for lubrication.因?yàn)樗浅；?，所以可以用來作為潤滑劑?.）When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated.The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise arecooled ande the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling poin

10、t; if a little is poured into thehand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all thelubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.參考譯文：當(dāng)原油從油田取得后，就被送往煉油廠去處理。最常見的處理方式是加熱。油加熱時(shí)最早升起的蒸汽冷卻后成為最好的汽油。汽油沸點(diǎn)低，如果倒入

11、少許在手上，它立即就蒸發(fā)掉。稍后從油中分離出來的氣體就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各種不同等級的潤滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。5） It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to thatof diamond；but when present，the resemblance is regar

12、ded as compelling evidence that the302303父母們?nèi)绻麑τ谇嗌倌甑倪@種反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備，并且意識到這種反應(yīng)是一種標(biāo)志，標(biāo)志著孩子正在成長，并且正在形成寶貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力，那么父母們就不會感到如此的傷心，所以也就不會因?yàn)閷Υ擞辛嗽骱藓偷挚沟那榫w而把孩子推到對立面。6. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for t

13、he protection we get from insect-eating animals.參考譯文：要不是由以昆蟲為食的動物來保護(hù)我們，昆蟲就會吞食所有的莊稼、害死家禽家畜，讓我們不能生存于世。翻譯方法導(dǎo)圖（后面有單獨(dú)頁列出，需要更清晰大圖，請去武峰老師微博：BrotherFive打印清晰版大圖）http/1413907332/wbphotos/large/photo_id/3481099227171774深談?wù)骖}講解（所附參考譯文，僅做全文理解參考所用。具體劃線句子的準(zhǔn)確譯文，請認(rèn)真聽講、記好筆記。）1998 年 天體物理學(xué)（典型理科類）They were by far, the la

14、rgest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures

15、that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National304305這種氣體在引力的壓縮下形成星系、恒星、植物，甚至最終產(chǎn)生人類。設(shè)計(jì) Cobe 衛(wèi)星就是要觀察這些最大的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還想看到更小的熱點(diǎn)，即，像星系中的星團(tuán)和超星團(tuán)這樣一些局部物體的粒子。看來他們不必等待很長時(shí)間。（73）天體物理學(xué)家使用

16、南極陸基探測器和球載儀器，正在越來越近地觀測這些云系，也許不久會報(bào)告他們的觀測結(jié)果。（74）假如這些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致，那就意味著又一種科學(xué)論說的勝利，這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說。膨脹說認(rèn)為，很久以前，在一種反引力的驅(qū)動下，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內(nèi)膨脹了無數(shù)倍。（75）宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論產(chǎn)生的在科學(xué)上看來似乎可信的結(jié)論。許多天體物理學(xué)家近十年來一直確信這一論說是正確的。2000 年政府與經(jīng)濟(jì) （文理科搭配）Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that th

17、e welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.Furthermore it is obviou

18、s that the strength of a countrys economy is directly boundup with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in ord

19、er to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources

20、 or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kin

21、ds.Owing to the remarkable development inmunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change thro

22、ughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process ofindustrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over306307十年精講請參考翻譯十年部分講義30830947) On t

23、he other, /it links these concepts to everyday realities /in a manner /which is parallel to the links /journalists forge /on a daily basis /as they cover and comment on the news.47）另一方面，法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實(shí)際聯(lián)系在一起，其方式就如同新聞工作者在報(bào)道和評論新聞事件時(shí)，以日常生活為基礎(chǔ)，把這些觀念與實(shí)際情況相結(jié)合一樣。48) But /the idea /that the journal

24、ist must understand the law more profoundly /than an ordinary citizen /rests on an understanding /of the established conventions and special responsibilities /of the news media.48）但是，新聞工作者對于法律的理解應(yīng)該比普通公民更加深刻，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是基于理解了新聞媒體既定的規(guī)范和特殊的責(zé)任。49) In fact, /it is difficult to /see how journalists /who do not h

25、ave a clear grasp of the basicfeatures of the Canadian Constitution /can do a competent job on political stories.49）實(shí)際上，有些新聞工作者對于加拿大憲法的基本特點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解，要是想象他們能夠勝任政治新聞報(bào)道的工作，這一點(diǎn)是很困難的。50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, /it is preferable forjournalists /to rely on their own notio

26、ns of significance /and make their own judgments.50）律師的評論和反饋當(dāng)然能夠提升新聞報(bào)道的內(nèi)容，但是，記者們最好還是依靠他們自己的價(jià)值觀來做出判斷。2008 年考研英語（一）真題分析but 46) he believes /that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage /of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence /and thus enabling him to detect

27、 errors in reasoning and in his own observations.但是，46）他認(rèn)為，正是這種困難或許能夠揚(yáng)長補(bǔ)短，能讓他長時(shí)間專注地思考每一個(gè)句子，因此，讓他能在推理和自己的觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的缺點(diǎn)。47) He asserted, /also, /that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought/was very limited, /for which reason /he felt certain /that he never could have succeeded wi

28、th mathematics.47）達(dá)爾文還斷言，在理解許多冗長且完全抽象的觀點(diǎn)上，他的能力很有限。鑒于此，他曾深信自己在數(shù)學(xué)方面本來就不該獲得成功。48) On the other hand, /he did not accept as well founded the charge /made by some of his critics /that, /while he was a good observer, /he had no power of reasoning.3103112010 年考研英語（一）真題分析46) Scientists jumped to the rescue

29、/with some distinctly shaky evidence /to the effect /that insects would eat us up /if birds failed to control them.46）科學(xué)家們迅速趕來營救，他們使用的證據(jù)明顯不牢靠，大意是：如果鳥不能控制蟲子，蟲子就會把一切都吃光。47) but /we have at least drawn nearer the point /of admitting /that birds should continue /as a matter of intrinsic right, /regardle

30、ss of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.47）但是，起碼我們更接近了這樣一種觀點(diǎn)：承認(rèn)鳥類應(yīng)該繼續(xù)存在，這是作為一個(gè)物種固有的權(quán)利，不管它們是否對我們有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence /that these creatures preserve the health of game /by killing the physically weak, /or that they prey only on “worthles

31、s species”.48）曾經(jīng)生物學(xué)家有點(diǎn)濫用這種證據(jù)，證明了這些生物是通過獵殺弱者來保持獵物的健康狀態(tài)，或者說，這些生物捕殺的只不過是“毫無價(jià)值的物種”。49) In Europe, /where forestry is /ecologically /more advanced, /themercial treespecies are recognized /as members of native forest community, /to be preserved as such, /within reason.49）在歐洲，從生態(tài)的角度而言，其林業(yè)更加發(fā)達(dá)，非經(jīng)濟(jì)類樹種可以認(rèn)為是原始

32、森林群落的一部分，同樣應(yīng)該得到合理保護(hù)。50) It tends to ignore, /and thus eventually to eliminate, /many elements /in the land community /that lack commercial value, /but /that are essential to its healthy functioning.50）這很可能會忽視，從而最終會消除陸地生物群落中的很多重要因素，這些要素雖然缺乏商業(yè)價(jià)值，但對其健康機(jī)制而言，它們卻至關(guān)重要。2011 年考研英語（一）真題分析46) Allens contributi

33、on was to take an assumption /we all share-/that because we are not robots /we therefore control our thoughts-/and reveal its erroneous nature.46）我們都不是機(jī)器人，因此能夠控制自己的思想。艾倫的貢獻(xiàn)就在于他去研究了我們都同意的這一假想，并揭示了其錯誤的本質(zhì)。and 47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control /through the conscious mindalone,

34、/in reality /we are continually faced with a question: /“Why cannot I make myself do this /31231349) The second, /by Joshua Greenberg, /takes a more empirical approach to universality, / identifying traits (particularly in word order) /shared by many languages, /which are considered to represent bia

35、ses /that result from cognitive constraints.49）做出又一貢獻(xiàn)的是喬舒亞格林伯格，他運(yùn)用了更加經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的方法來研究這種普遍性，鑒別出多種語言共有的特征（特別是在詞序上的特征），而這些特征可以認(rèn)為是代表了由認(rèn)知約束所產(chǎn)生的偏見。50) Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change /that are independent of the family tree /or the pathway /tracked through it, /whereas Greenbergian univ

36、ersality predicts / strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.50）喬姆斯基的語法應(yīng)該表明了語言變化的模式，這些模式獨(dú)立于語言譜系或由該譜系所探究出來的路徑，然而格林伯格的普遍性理論則認(rèn)為，在特定的詞序關(guān)系模式之間存在著緊密的相互依附關(guān)系。2013 年考研英語（一）真題46) Yet /when one looks at the photographs of the garden /created by the homeless, /it strikes one that,

37、 /for all their diversity of styles, /these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, / beyond that of decoration and creative expression.46）不過，一個(gè)人看到那些無家可歸者所創(chuàng)建的花園照片時(shí)，令其印象深刻的是，這些花園盡管形態(tài)各異，卻無不反應(yīng)出人類在裝飾欲和創(chuàng)造表達(dá)欲之外，還有種種其他的基本訴求。47) A sacred place of peace, /however crude it may be, /is a distinctly h

38、uman need, /as opposed to shelter, /which is a distinctly animal need.47）一個(gè)平靜的神圣之所，不管多么簡陋，也明顯是人類的需求；和一個(gè)住所不一樣，那只是動物的需求。48) The gardens of the homeless /which are in effect homeless gardens /introduce form into an urban environment /where it either didnt exist /or was not discernible as such.48）實(shí)際上，這些

39、自然形成的無家可歸者的花園將某種“形態(tài)”引入了城市，這種“形態(tài)”在城市里要么不存在，要么不明顯。49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit /which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, /until one day /we find ourselves in garden /and feel the expression vanish /as if by magic.49）大多數(shù)人就會有靈魂墮落的感覺，對此，我們往往歸咎于某些心理問題，直到有一天，31431546）

40、這場運(yùn)動受到各種強(qiáng)大的動機(jī)所驅(qū)使，在荒野中開創(chuàng)了一個(gè)國家，就其本質(zhì)而言，它也塑造了這片未知大陸的性格和命運(yùn)。47) The United States is the product of two principal forces - /the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics /and the impact of a new country /which modified these traits.47）美國是兩股主要力量的產(chǎn)物：一是歐洲移

41、民帶來的各式思想、風(fēng)俗和民族特征，二是這個(gè)新國家本身在融合上述特征之后產(chǎn)生的影響。48) But, /the force of geographic conditions /peculiar to America, /the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, /and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways /in a raw, new continent /caused significant changes.48）但是，美國特有的地理?xiàng)l件所擁有的優(yōu)勢、不同種族間所產(chǎn)生的相互影響、以及在這片原始的新大陸上特別艱難地維持舊秩序，這一切都帶來了巨大的變化。49) The first shiploads of immigrants /bound for the territory /which is now the United States/crossed the Atlantic /more than a hundred yea