外研社版高中英語必修三-Module-3-基礎知識整理

1、單詞派生：flood -flooding -floodedlighting -light-lit-lighted current -currently -currency rotating -rotateviolent-violently -violenceash-ashtraytidal-tidevolcano-volcanicerupt -eruptionterrifying -terrify -terrified luckily-luck-lucky-unlucky thankfully -thank -thanks-thankful hopefully -hopeful -hope-h

2、opeless-hopelessly sadly-sadfortunately -fortunate -fortune warning -warnworldwide -worldactive -act -actor-actressdamage-damagedpossibility -possible-impossible -impossibility experience-experiencedput outin all/ all in all/ after all/on average單詞：.experience vt.經(jīng)歷，體驗；感受到 n.經(jīng)歷經(jīng)驗 experienced adj.有經(jīng)驗

3、的；熟練的Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.（2012 ?遼寧閱讀B）除了用這些更為常見的娛樂放松之外，宇航員 還可以盡情體驗在太空中的生活。（經(jīng)驗）a teacher with much experience/ （經(jīng)歷） a very interesting experiencefrom/by experience憑經(jīng)驗；從經(jīng)驗中（得出）have experience in . 有的經(jīng)驗 /經(jīng)

4、歷be experienced in . 在方面有經(jīng)驗full of experiencein one s experienced某人的經(jīng)驗來看He has much experience in teaching.他有豐富的教學經(jīng)驗。Hes very experienced in looking after animals. 他照顧動物彳艮有經(jīng)驗。experience n .經(jīng)驗；經(jīng)歷 vt.經(jīng)歷；體驗Have you ever experienced a flood ?（教材 P21）你曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過洪災嗎？It is important to try and learn from experi

5、ence. 努力從經(jīng)驗中學習是重要的。He is an experienced and trustworthy guide. 他是一位有經(jīng)驗的、 可信賴的向導。.bury vt.掩埋，埋藏，用覆蓋The cemetery where Coghlan was buried was destroyed by the hurricane and Coghlans coffin ended up in the sea.掩埋科格倫的公墓被颶風所摧毀，他的棺材最后被卷入了大海。bury sth.under/beneath 將埋在下面bury ones head/face in hands用手捂住某人的頭

6、/臉bury oneself in = be buried in 埋頭做Since she left, hes buried himself in his work.自從她走后，他全心地投入到工作中。The climbers were buried under a pile of rocks. 登山者被埋在一堆巖石下。表示“埋頭于，全心致力于”的短語還有：(必修一第六模塊講到過)be absorbed in (2) concentrate on fix ones attention on occupy oneself in doing /with sth. = be occupied with

7、 devote oneself to = be devoted to.occur vi.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；（想法、念頭等）想起，浮現(xiàn)=happenAlmost all of them occur in the US .它們幾乎全部發(fā)生在美國The accident occurred yesterday morning.事故發(fā)生在昨天上午。sth. occurs to sb.（主意或想法突然）浮現(xiàn)在某人的腦海中；被某人想到 A good idea occurredto me.我突然想起了一個好主意。It occurs to sb. that ./to do .的念頭浮現(xiàn)在某人腦海It occurred

8、 to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.他突然想至 U第二天早上他要參加一個重要的會議。It occurred to me to visit my teacher. 我想至U要去看看我的老師。表示“某人想到”還可以用下列句式：It strikes sb.that/Sth.strikes sb./Sth. comes to sb.辨析：occur/happen/take place/break out這四個詞（組）都含有 發(fā)生”的意思，都是不及物動詞，沒有被動語態(tài)。occur既指突然發(fā)生也可指有

9、計劃的發(fā)生，在以具體事物、事件作主語時，可與happen互換使用，表示在腦海中出現(xiàn)某種想法時用 occur,不能用happenohappen是表示 發(fā)生 的最普通的用詞，常用于句型：what happened to sb./sth. ?某人/物發(fā)生了什么事？take place多指有計劃、有組織的發(fā)生。break out指戰(zhàn)爭、災難、疾病等突然發(fā)生。The meeting took place at 8 : 00 as planned.按計劃會議在上午 8點舉行。I happened to see him on the way to the bookstore yesterday.昨天我在去書

10、店的路上碰巧遇至 U了他。A terrible forest fire broke out in China a few years ago.幾年前中國發(fā)生了一起可怕的森林火災。4. strike vt.（雷電、暴風雨等）襲擊；侵襲；擊打；爆發(fā)；（鐘）敲；給以印象；使突然想起n.罷工（1）sth.strikes sb.某人突然想到某事A good idea struck me. = I struck on a good idea.我突然想至 U個好主意。It strikes sb.that某人突然想到be struck by/on/with 被打動；迷戀I was deeply struck

11、by the beauty of Shangri-La.香格里拉的美景給我留下了深刻的印象。 strike sb. in/on + the +表示身體部位的詞打某人某處The stone struck him in the eye.石子擊中了他的眼睛。(2)be on strike在罷工go on strike舉行罷工It struck me that he was on business in Shanghai. 我突然想至 U他正在上海出差。Within half an hour, all the drivers were out on strike. 半個小時內(nèi)，所有的司機都出去罷工了。

12、The visitors were struck by the beauty of the country.游客們被鄉(xiāng)村美景打動了。辨析：strike/beat/hitbeat指用棍棒等連續(xù)擊打；它還表示在游戲、競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中擊敗對方，還可指心臟或脈搏的跳動、兩點）拍打著等；beat作名詞時，表示“敲打，心臟的跳動，節(jié)拍”指對準某一目標“打” ，hit還可以引申為“攻擊，抨擊”，也指精神上或感情上的“打擊”；hit表示自然災hit害襲擊時與strike可互換；hit作名詞時，表不 一擊中，轟動一時的人或物strike表示“擊打二時，既可表示有意地4r ,也可表小尢意地 甘，撞”;還可表不“時鐘敲

13、響，罷L 使突然想起，襲擊，打動”；另外，它還是名詞，表示“打擊；空襲；攻擊；罷工，罷市，罷課”Somebody was beating at the door.有人不停地敲門。The car ran out of control and struck a tree. 汽車失去控制, 撞在樹上。She hit him on the head with a book.她用書打他的頭。.damage n.損失；損害 v.損.失；損害Fires caused by the California Earthquake did the most damage.（教材 P29） 由加利福尼亞地震引起的大火

14、造成了最嚴重的破壞。Smoking can damage your health.抽煙會損害你的健康。do/cause damage to 對造成損害The accident did a lot of damage to the car.這一事故把汽車損壞得很厲害。Frost caused heavy damage to the crops.霜凍對農(nóng)作物造成了 重大損害。辨析：harmhurtinjure物理上的傷害，但不影響wound物理上的傷害，槍傷，刀傷。ruin毀壞，徹底的毀壞。damage 損壞，destroy損壞，不可恢復的損壞。?4 ruin v.（使）破產(chǎn)；（使）墮落；毀滅n.

15、毀滅；廢墟？in ruins成為廢墟? go/fall/come to ruin毀滅；崩潰；破壞掉，易混辨析】？ruin, damage, destroy和harm?ruin 一般指對物體或生命徹底的破壞，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次性打擊的結果，常指對美好的或希望中的事物的破壞。?(2) damage 一般指對物體或生命的局部損傷，使整體的價值或作用降低或變得無價值、無作用。它既可作名詞， 也可 作動詞。作名詞時常構成搭配： cause/dodamage (to)(對)造成損害。?(3) destroy往往指對某物體進行完全的毀壞，使之無法恢復。?(4) harm 一般指傷害有生命的東西

16、，常指傷及人的健康、權利、事業(yè)等。？ Whathe faced ruined his hope. ? 他所面對的使他的希望破滅了。？ The whole city was destroyedin the earthquake. ?整個城市在地震中被毀掉了。? We wanted to have a look at the ruinsof Pompeii. ? 我們想看一下龐貝城的廢墟。 ？ They managed to repair the houses that had been damaged. ?他們設法修復了受到破壞的房子。課文：.end up 結果為,以結束(1)end (up)

17、in以告終，結果為 ended up in the seaend (up) with 以結束(指以某種方式結束)end up as 作為而結束end up doing sth.結果(2)come to an end結束put an end to 結束from beginning to end 從頭至尾，自始至終on end 豎立；筆直地；連續(xù)地make (both) ends meet使收支相抵；量入為出She had always wanted to be a writer but ended up as a teacher. 她立志當作家，但結果當了教 師。At the dinner we

18、 usually begin with soup and end up with fruit.在宴會上， 通常開始的道菜是 湯，最后一道是水果。Every time they went dancing, they ended up in a bad mood.每次他們?nèi)ヌ瑁Y果心情總是很糟糕。.cause n.原因；起因 vt.引起;導致Do you know anything about the events ? For example, what causes them?(教材 P21) 你知道有 關這些事件的事情嗎？比方說，什么引起了它們？Smoking is one of the c

19、auses of heart disease.吸煙是引起心臟病的原因之一。 the cause of.的原因cause and effect 因果關系cause sb.sth.給某人引來某事cause sb.to do sth.引起某人干某事What caused her to change her mind?是什么使她改變了主意？The child caused his parents a lot of trouble./The child caused a lot of trouble to his parents.這個孩子給他的父母帶來了很多麻煩。cause/reasonCause指造成

20、某種結果的原因，常說the cause of sth.Reason指產(chǎn)生某種行為的理由，常說the reason for sth.The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast.導致這次事故發(fā)生的原因是他開車太快。The reason why he was driving so fast was that he was afraid of being late for the meeting. 他開 車開得太快就是因為他怕開會遲到。.pick up卷起；拾起；拿起Tornadoes can pick up

21、cars , trains and even houses，and put them down in the next street oreven in the next town.（教材P23）龍卷風能把汽車、火車甚至房屋卷起，（然后）把它們拋在旁邊的街上一一甚至在鄰近的城鎮(zhèn)。The sandstorms picked up many houses last night.昨晚的沙塵暴卷起了許多房屋。The world economy is picking up.世界經(jīng)濟正在復蘇。Shall I pick you up at the station?要我開車到車站去接你嗎？pick up還可表

22、示駕車去接（某人）；接收，收聽（廣播）；（經(jīng)濟等）好轉；恢復（健康）；偶然得到（學到、發(fā)現(xiàn)）pick out挑選；分辨出；領會pick off 摘下pick out挑選出pick from 從.中挑選.take off去掉；脫掉；起飛；休假；迅速成功/走紅They can take the fur off the back of a cat and the feathers off a chicken.（ 教材 P23） 它們也能將貓和雞的毛脫掉。Take off your coat and sit down.脫掉外套，坐下吧。The plane takes off in five minut

23、es.飛機將在 5 分鐘后起飛。He took two weeks off in August.他在八月份休兩個星期假。take away 拿走，帶走take in 收留，收養(yǎng)；欺騙；理解 I couldnt take in his story at all.我完全不能理解他的話。take on呈現(xiàn)出take over 接管； 接任（職位）The young politician took over the leadership of the party. 那位年輕 的政治家接掌了那個政黨的領導位置。take one s timetake one s placetake seriously t

24、ake a deep breath.They can destroy houses, but leave the furniture inside exactly where it was.（ 教材 P23）它41 能毀掉房屋，卻把里面的家具留在原處。句中 leave the furniture inside exactly where it was 是 “l(fā)eave-賓語+賓語補足語 ”結構。leave 表示 使處于某種狀態(tài)”。Leave the medicine where the children cant reach it. 把藥放在孩子們夠不至U的地方。leave的常見結構如下：le

25、ave +賓語+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語/名詞leave +賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞（賓語與賓補之間為邏輯上的主謂關系）leave +賓語+過去分詞（賓語與賓補之間為邏輯上的動賓關系）leave +賓語+動詞不定式leave +賓語+ where引導的地點狀語從句Leave the door open and you will breathe fresh air. 讓門開著你就會呼吸至U新鮮的空氣。The news left me wondering what would happen next.這個消息使我想知道接著會發(fā)生什么事The bad weather left the project half

26、finished.壞天氣使工程只完成了一半。They killed the bison , cut off the skins and left the bodies to rot.他們把野牛殺死剝皮，尸體就 任其腐爛。leave alongleave out遺漏/省去leave behind忘帶/丟下/遺留leave for11.On average, there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year , causing about 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries.（教材P23）美國每年平土會發(fā)生 800次龍卷風，造成大約 80

27、人死亡，1,500人受傷。 on（an/the） average 平均It takes me two hours a day to play table tennis , on average.平均起來， 我每天花兩小時時間打 乒乓球。above the average在平均水平以上below the average在平均水平以下 up to the averagewith an average of Toms work at school is above the average.湯姆在校的功課在一般水平之上。（2）本句中的causing about 80 deaths and 1,500

28、injuries是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，表示結果。The football team played in all the European countries , making it famous.那支足球隊在所有的 歐洲國家踢球，使它自己出了名?，F(xiàn)在分詞和不定式都可以作結果狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示符合邏輯的、必然出現(xiàn)的結果， 而不定式常常表示出乎意料的、偶然出現(xiàn)的結果。His parents died , leaving him an orphan.他的父母死了，結果他成了一個孤兒。I hurried to his house , only to find him out.我急急忙忙地趕到他家，

29、結果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他不在家。12.By the time it ended , more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been injured.（ 教 材P23）到這次颶風結束時，共有700多人死亡，2,700多人受傷。本句中by the time作連詞用，引導時間狀語從句，意為 到為止；不遲于 ：主句則表示在此時間之前某個事件已完成。當從句用過去時時，主句通常用過去完成時。當從句用一般現(xiàn)在時時，主句通常用將來時或將來完成時。By the time this letter reaches you , I will have left th

30、e country.當你收到這封信時，我將已離開這個國家了。By the time she was 15 , she had written three long novels. 當 15 歲時,她已經(jīng)寫了三部長篇 小說。13.end up結果為；以結束The cemetery where Coghlan was buried was destroyed by the hurricane and Coghlans coffin ended up in the sea.（教材P23股葬科格倫的墓地被颶風破壞，他的棺材最后被卷進了大海。Our game always ends up in a qu

31、arrel.我們總是以吵鬧結束比賽。end up as最終成為end up + adj./prep.-ph.最終處于 狀態(tài)end up doing sth.最終表示伴隨動作，強調(diào)結果）end up with 以告終He ended up as the head of the company.他最后成為這家公司的老板。If he carries on driving like that , hell end up dead.他如果繼續(xù)照那樣開車的話，早晚得死于非命。in the endcome to an endbring sth. to an end14.in all總計；總共In all,8

32、30,000 people lost their lives.（教材 P29）總共 83 萬人喪生。How much do I owe you in all.我總計欠你多少錢？after all畢竟，歸根結底above all尤其是，最重要的是first of all 首先all in all總的說來at all 一點也不（否定句）；到底，真的，竟然（肯定句和疑問句）We can forgive him , after all, he is a child.我們可以原諒他，他畢竟是個孩子。First of all, let me introduce myself to you. 首先，讓我來介

33、紹自己。15.The California Earthquake of the 18th of April 1906 is the worst earthquake that has ever happened in the United States.（教材 P29）1906年4月18日發(fā)生在加利福尼亞的地震是美國歷史上最嚴重的一次地震。本句中的 that has ever happened in the United States 是定語從句， 修飾先行詞 earthquake o 般來說，當先行詞是形容詞最高級或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級修飾時，關系代詞用that,且定語從句常用完成時。

34、This is the most beautiful scenery that I have ever seen. 這是我所見過的最美的景色。當先行詞是物時，可以用that或which引導定語從句，但是下列情況只用that而不用which 來引導定語從句：當先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little , few, anything , everything , none, nothing 等，或先行詞被all, any, few, no, little等詞修飾時。當先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。 當先行詞被 the only , the same,

35、the very , the last 等修飾時。當先行詞中既有人又有物時。 當主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。of all time/at one time/at the same time/ahead of time/at no time/at times/at a time/from timeto time/in no time/in time/have a hard time doing sth.the+形容詞表示一類事物the rich/poor/old/young/Chinese/wounded/living/true/goodput aside/off/away/o

36、ut/up/up with/on/inwarn sb. of sth.warn sb. not to do sth. warn. sb. against doing sth.語法整理：過去完成時的被動語態(tài)一、構成had+ been + 過去分詞二、用法.表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成了的被動動作。該動作發(fā)生的時間是過去的過去”；這一過去時間可用 by, at, before等構成的短語或 when , after, until等引導的從 句或通過上下文來表示。The project had been completed by the end of 2012.這項工程已于 2012 年底竣

37、工。The classroom had been cleaned before we came. 我們來之前， 教室已被打掃干凈。.表示從過去某一時間開始，延續(xù)到過去另一時間的被動動作，該動作可能還要延續(xù) 下去；常和for或since引導的表示一段時間的短語或從句連用。The sale had been advertised for several weeks.這場拍賣會已經(jīng)做了好幾個星期的廣告。Much work had been done since she arrived here.自她抵達這里后做了 許多工作。.用在含有被動形式的間接引語或賓語從句中，常放在像said, told, t

38、hought , wondered等過去時動詞的后面，表示在這些動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作。My classmate told me that he had been punished by his teacher.我同學告訴我他已經(jīng)受至 U了老師的懲罰。We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash.我們都以為他在飛機失事中喪生了。直接引語和間接引語直接引述別人的原話，叫做直接引語；用自己的話轉述別人的話叫做間接引語。直接引語如改為間接引語，必須在語序、人稱、時態(tài)和狀語方面做相應變化。一、句型變化.陳述句直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語

39、時，用連詞 that引導(that在口語中常省略)?！癐 will never forget this interesting lesson , “ said Pau我永遠不會忘記這有趣的課，”保羅說。fPaul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.保羅說他永遠不會忘 t己刃 B有趣的一課。.疑問句直接引語如果是疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要把疑問句語序改為陳述句語序(主語在謂語前面)，句末用句號，主語的人稱、時態(tài)和狀語也要作相應的變化。(1)一般疑問句：直接引語如果是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要用連詞whether或i

40、f引導。主句中的謂語動詞是said時，要改為asked。沒有間接賓語的，可以加一個間接賓 語(me , him 或 us 等)。He said, “ Can you speak French ”fHe asked me if/whether I could speak French.He said, “ Did you see me last night ”fHe asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.(2)特殊疑問句：直接引語如果是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，仍用原來的疑問詞引 導?！癢here do you usuall

41、y have lunch? ” he asked me.fHe asked me where I usually had lunch.祈使句轉述祈使句，要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并根據(jù)句子意思在不定式的前面加上 tell, ask, order等動詞，其句型是：tell/ask/order sb.to do sth.,如果祈使句 為否定式，在不定式的前面加not?！癕ake sure the door is shut she said to her little son. 一定要關上門，“她對她的小兒 子說。- She told her little son to make sure the door was shut. 她對她的小兒子說一定要關上門。D Dont smoke in the room, he said to me不要在房間里吸煙?！八麑ξ艺f。- He told me not to smoke in the room. 他對我說不要在房間里吸煙。二、時態(tài)變化將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，動詞的時態(tài)要做相應的變化：一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時過去進行時過去進行時一般將來時過去將來時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時過去