醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯與寫作：Medical English Writing(3) Writing an abstract

1、Medical English WritingShandong UniversityMay, 2015Medical English Writing (3)Writing an abstractMay, 2014What Is an Abstract?A brief, written explanation of the research project. A clear and simple summary statement of the main points of the experiment or trial. A self-contained and independent sta

2、tement that must make sense all by itself.The function of the abstract The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an overview of the paper so that the readers know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the whole text of the paper. The abstract

3、should make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper. URMSMJ (The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997 生物醫(yī)學(xué)雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求) Based on the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE 國際醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯委員會)What the abstract should emphasize Ab

4、stracts are the only substantive portion of the article indexed in many electronic databases, and the only portion many readers read, authors need to be careful that they accurately reflect the content of the article. The format required for abstracts differs from journal to journal, and some journa

5、ls use more than one format; authors need to prepare their abstracts in the format specified by the journal they have chosen.Key WordsBelow the abstract authors should provide, and identify as such, 3 to 10 key words or short phrases that will assist indexers in cross-indexing the article. Classific

6、ation of Abstracts According to the nature: indicative/descriptive abstract 描述性/指示性摘要informative abstract 信息性摘要descriptive-informative abstract 描述-信息性摘要According to the format:Non-structured abstract/Traditional abstract 非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要/傳統(tǒng)性摘要2）Structured abstract （more informative abstract） 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 full-struct

7、ured abstract 全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 semi- structured abstract 半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要indicative/descriptive abstractprovides a description of the reports main topic and purpose as well as an overview of its contents it is very short and usually a brief one- or two-sentence paragraph, generally less than 100 words. be less and less

8、 common indicative/descriptive abstract 多用于理論性較強(qiáng)的論文,如專論、評論、綜述、理論推導(dǎo)等,主要概括論文的主要論點(diǎn)、分析過程和結(jié)論。該類摘要很少傳遞具體數(shù)據(jù),而只告訴讀者本文采用了什么方法、討論了什么問題、得出了什么結(jié)論。內(nèi)容宏觀,篇幅較短。綜述性、評論性或資料性論文宜寫成概括型摘要。這類摘要一般不分段。indicative/descriptive abstractPleural Fibrosis after Practolol Therapy We describe two patients who developed pleural fibros

9、is after treatment with practolol.indicative/descriptive abstractPrimary Lymphomas of Gastrointestinal Tract An institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are rmative abstracta mini paper

10、 that is understood on its own without reference to the paper proper provide maximum information with minimum words, covering objective/ purposes, procedures (materials and methods), results / findings, and conclusions. In other words, an abstract should answer why, how, and what. Why did you study

11、it? How did you study it? What did you find and what does it mean? It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or observations. Most journals limit the abstract to 150 to 250 words or even less. informative abstract信息型摘要(informative abstract ) 也稱報(bào)道型摘要,主要用于實(shí)驗(yàn)性和技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的論文,報(bào)道論文的研究成果、數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論,

12、對于最佳條件、成功的數(shù)據(jù)及誤差范圍、結(jié)論及適用范圍如實(shí)給出。綜述論文的主要內(nèi)容、要旨、重點(diǎn),還需列出有關(guān)的具體數(shù)據(jù)、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果以及采用的方法。內(nèi)容微觀,篇數(shù)較長。文字簡明準(zhǔn)確,很少用修飾語。句子之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系,一句話說明一件事。這類摘要可分段。the format is required in some journals, such as NatureMalignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking The smoking habits of 48 patients with malignant hypertension were compared w

13、ith those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were

14、considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking. Influence of different total parenteral nutrition support upon hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats This study was designed to investigate the effects of differen

15、t TPN on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Groups A and B (normal rats) received BCAA-enriched TPN (45% BCAAs) and standard TPN (24% BCAAs) respectively after 34% hepatectomy; Groups C and D (rats with cirrhosis of liver)

16、received the same TPN as Groups A and B received respectively after 34% hepatectomy. On the third day after operation, all rats were killed and specimens of liver and blood were taken for measurement of activity of liver regeneration. The results showed that DNA synthesis rate and mitosis rate in Gr

17、oups A and B were significantly greater than those in Groups C and D respectively; RLR, DNA synthesis rate and mitosis rate in Groups A and C were significantly higher than those in Groups B and D respectively. These suggest that the effect of the same TPN on liver regeneration in normal rats is bet

18、ter than that in cirrhosis rats and that BCAA-enriched TPN can provide more excellent supplementation than standard TPN can do either in normal liver or cirrhosis liver after partial hepatectomy. Descriptive-informative abstractGive consideration to the two kinds of abstracts mentioned beforeTo expr

19、ess the important parts in the form of informative abstract, to state the rest parts in the form of descriptive abstract Disadvantages of traditional abstract 1. poor in paragraphing 2. Not convenient in reading, editing, proofing by readers and computer-processingStructured abstractit tells “the st

20、ory” of your research in a logical fashion that readers can follow easily. helps the writer keep discrete elements of the abstract in their proper places no more mixingFull-structured AbstractIn 1987，after discussing with more than 300 experts from 18 countries in a conference, Dr R Brian Haynes in

21、McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Canada, wrote A Proposal for More Informative Abstracts of Clinical Articles. They put forward to the format of MIAs, which is also called structured Abstract . Essentials for MIAs1. 背景（Background/Context）同類研究的現(xiàn)狀2.目的（Objective）：論文要解決的問題3.設(shè)計(jì)（Design）：研究的基本設(shè)計(jì)，

22、包括研究性質(zhì)4.地點(diǎn)或環(huán)境（Setting）：進(jìn)行研究的地點(diǎn)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的等級，或研究的環(huán)境 5. 對象（Patients, participants or subjects）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法 6. 處理（Interventions）：說明確切的治療或處理方法 7. 主要測定項(xiàng)目（Main outcome measures）：說明為評定研究結(jié)果而進(jìn)行的主要測定項(xiàng)目 8. 結(jié)果（Results）：說明主要客觀結(jié)果 9. 結(jié)論（Conclusion）：說明主要結(jié)論，包括直接臨床應(yīng)用意義 Full-structured Abstracta mirror of t

23、he research process Some of the items can be deleted and some of them can be combined together as the case may be. the format is required in some journals, such as British Medical Journal (BMJ), the Journal of American Medical Association（JAMA）Full-structured AbstractAdvantages:1)more explicitness 2

24、)more information 3)fewer errors 4)accordant to the requirements of the foundation of the data baseDisadvantages:1) loaded down with trivial details2) repeated3) too long in length Semi-structured Abstract目的（objective/purpose/aim）方法（methods）結(jié)果（results）結(jié)論（conclusion） common in many journals at home（C

25、hinese Medical Journal, Journal of Shan dong University）and abroad （NEJM） Comparison StructuredUse headings to identify Follows IMRAD formatTypical in clinical medical journals250 wordsUnstructuredArranged in 1 paragraphFollows IMRAD formatTypical in preclinical medical journals125-200 words高影響因子國際醫(yī)

26、學(xué)期刊摘要類型的分析與思考Language CharacteristicsTensesVoices and personal pronounsEllipsisUseful sentence patternsTensesbackground/context: Insomnia is prevalent health complaint in older adults. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments have their benefits and limitations, but no placebo-controlled study has

27、compared their separate and combined effects for late-life insomnia. Improving the quality of mental health care requires moving clinical interventions from controlled research settings into real-world practice settings. Although such advances have been made for depression, little work has been perf

28、ormed for anxiety disorders. present simple tense present perfect tense Tensesintroduction to topic: Three cases of rupture of the spleen are described. The diagnosis is discussed. present simple tenseTensesobjective: The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation of 30 such pati

29、ents. The experiment was done to explore the etiological mechanism and new therapy of otitis media effusion. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological therapies, singly and combined, for late-life insomnia. present simple tense past simple tense 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要中 “目的” 部分，如果只陳述目的，還可使用動

30、詞不定式短語替代句子。例如： Objective: To assess the association between use of 5-day reductase inhibitors for benign prostatic hyperplasia and occurrence of hip fracture. (JAMA)如果“目的”或“背景”部分既包括背景介紹,也包括目的陳述, 必須全部使用結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子, 避免使用動詞不定式短語。試 比 較：錯(cuò)誤: Background: Preoperative oral carbohydrate (CHO) reduces postoperati

31、ve insulin resistance. To investigate the effect of CHO on postoperative whole-body protein turnover.正確: Background: Preoperative oral carbohydrate (CHO) reduces postoperative insulin resistance. This study investigated the effect of CHO on postoperative whole-body protein turnover.Tensesdesign, met

32、hods, results: Eighty-five patients with Alzheimers disease were selectedas the case group and eighty-two health aged adults servedas the control group From 1999 through 2004 at 37 hospitals in the United Kingdom, we randomly assigned 1252 patients with largeabdominal aortic aneurysms ( 5.5 cm in di

33、ameter) to undergoeither endovascular or open repair. Of 45 patients with abnormal contractility, thirteen were improved after the patients had been given nitroglycerin and 9 of the 13 were improved after aorto-coronary bypass. past simple tense past perfect tenseTensesconclusion: Behavioral and pha

34、rmacological approaches are effectivefor the short-term management of insomnia in late-life; sleepimprovements are better sustained over time with behavioraltreatment. The trial showed both drugs to be effective and there wasno significant difference between them in their effect. Ultimately, compara

35、tive studies will be required to determine the relative efficacy and convenience of the various forms of vitamin D that are now being developed for use in patients. It is suggested the patients with known esophageal stricture (should) not taken diet pills that contain swelling fibers.past simple tense, past simple tense, present simple tense, simple future tense, present continuous tenses, subjunctive moodVoices and personal pronouns應(yīng)盡量采用主動