靜態(tài)與動態(tài)解析課件

1、靜態(tài)與動態(tài)Static vs. Dynamic第1頁，共23頁。英語傾向于多用名詞和形容詞，因而敘述呈靜態(tài)（static）; 漢語傾向于多用動詞和副詞，因而敘述呈動態(tài)（dynamic）第2頁，共23頁。英語的靜態(tài)傾向表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：以名詞表達(dá)動詞概念（又叫“名詞化”nominalization）如用名詞表示施事者，這類名詞往往由動詞派生而來（如以er/or結(jié)尾）。如：He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。或用抽象名詞來表達(dá)動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)等。The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommo

2、nly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá)，并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人，因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。第3頁，共23頁。在許多情況下，用名詞代動詞可以使行文和表意都更簡潔、靈活。但是過分使用名詞會使文句冗長、死板、甚至費(fèi)解。英語科技性和學(xué)術(shù)性文體都喜歡名詞化。以下這段選自美國大學(xué)的教科書，名詞化現(xiàn)象大大增加了文本的理解難道：第4頁，共23頁。The aim of this study is to work out an empirical method of conversaito

3、nal analysis capable of recovering the social assumptions that underlie the verbal communication process by focusing on actors use of speech to interact, i.e. to create and maintain a particular definition of a social situation.(John Gumperz: The conversaitonal analysis of Social Meaning A Study of

4、Classroom Interaction)如果把這段話加以改寫，動詞取代名詞，主動取代被動，就大大增加其可讀性：In this book we aim to study how to work out an empirical method by which we can analyze how people converse together. We hope to be able to recover what it is that people assume when they communicate by talking together. We shall focus on how

5、 speakers use speech to interact that is, how they create and maintain what they define as the meaning of a social situation.第5頁，共23頁。以名詞代替形容詞 （名詞連用）這種現(xiàn)象在新聞英語和科技英語中很常見：Job Opportunity Discrimination（因種族或性別而異的）就業(yè)機(jī)會歧視Figure Control Problem保持優(yōu)美身材的問題space shuttle flight program航天飛機(jī)試飛計(jì)劃computer programmi

6、ng teaching device manual計(jì)算機(jī)編程教學(xué)方法手冊名詞定語和被修飾詞之間存在種種不同的語義關(guān)系，如：impulse buy = things bought on impulseouster attempt by his opponents = attempt by his opponents to oust him第6頁，共23頁。在理解和翻譯英語名詞連用短語時，需要仔細(xì)分析其語義結(jié)構(gòu)，還要聯(lián)系其語境甚至社會文化背景知識，如：A Russian citizen said to Green, “The hotel clerk, with a little currency

7、persuasion, would be able to find accomodation for you.”一個俄羅斯公民對格林說，“花點(diǎn)錢疏通一下，那個旅館服務(wù)員就會把你安頓下來”。He arose one morning filled with inspiration to market a new line of celebrity ashtrays.一天早晨，他起床時突然心血來潮，準(zhǔn)備上市一批印有名人頭像的煙灰缸。第7頁，共23頁。名詞連用簡化了語義結(jié)構(gòu)，使表達(dá)方便簡潔，但是過分堆積名詞，會使語言失去活力，缺乏動態(tài)感，有時還會造成歧義。例如：British history teac

8、hersTeachers of British historyBritish teachers of historyExcessive headline phrases condemnation is, of course, a possibility.It is possible, of course, to go too far in condemning headline phrases.當(dāng)然，過分指責(zé)使用標(biāo)題式短語是可能的。It is possible, of course, to condemn the overuse of headline phrases.當(dāng)然，指責(zé)過分使用標(biāo)題式

9、短語是可能的。第8頁，共23頁。用名詞作定語，其意義和功能有時相當(dāng)于用形容詞作定語，如：prestige university = prestigious universityrace hatred = racial hatredaffluence society = affluent society然而，不能以此類推，因?yàn)橛袝r用名詞作定語與用形容詞作定語在意義和功能方面并不相同：economy measure節(jié)約措施economic measure 經(jīng)濟(jì)措施efficiency expert研究提高工作效率的專家efficient worker工作效率高的工人第9頁，共23頁。英語還傾向于大

10、量使用抽象名詞，尤其常見于科學(xué)論著、官方文章、報(bào)刊評論、法律文書、商業(yè)信函等文體。抽象詞語意義模糊、概況性強(qiáng)、不帶主觀色彩，給人深奧、冷靜、理性的印象。試比較：The actual date of the completion of the purchase should coincide with the availability of the new facilities.= The purchase should not be completed until the new facilities are available.A high degree of carelessness, p

11、re-operative and post-operative, on the part of some of the hospital staff, took place.= Some of the hospital staff were very careless both before and after the operation.第10頁，共23頁。名詞優(yōu)勢造成介詞優(yōu)勢由于名詞常常跟在介詞后面構(gòu)成介詞短語，所以英語也必然多用介詞，這種現(xiàn)象合稱為“名詞 介詞優(yōu)勢”。英語常常用介詞短語取代動詞短語，即以“靜”代“動”，如：He is at his books. 他在讀書。The mach

12、ine is in operation.機(jī)器在運(yùn)行。With these words, she went away.說完這些話，她便離開了。They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.他們立刻出動去追擊敵人。第11頁，共23頁。“名詞 介詞優(yōu)勢”英語里大量的弱式短語。這類短語往往削弱或淡化原來所要表達(dá)的動詞、形容詞或其它詞類的意義，增強(qiáng)了敘述的靜態(tài)感。如：Afford an opportunity to ( = allow)Conduct an investigation into ( = investigate)Beyond the sh

13、adow of a doubt (= certain)Due to the fact that(= because)這種弱化表達(dá)通常出現(xiàn)在學(xué)術(shù)論文、法律文書等正式文體中，不適合用于日?？诠P語，因?yàn)樗鼈儠o讀者留下兜著圈子說話的印象。試比較：第12頁，共23頁。In view of the fact that Mr. Jones is not very well, I am taking the opportunity of replying on his behalf.Our companys well-defined position is that it stands ready at a

14、ll times to co-operate with your firm whenever it is called upon to do so. The majority of stockholders are in complete sympathy with your companys goals and objectives in regard to the construction of a new plant.I am replying for Mr. Jones, who is ill.Our company is always ready to co-operate. Mos

15、t of our stockholders sympathize with your aim to build a new plant.第13頁，共23頁。常用弱化動詞和虛化動詞英語里最常用的弱化動詞（verbs of feeble phenomenality）是“be”動詞，此外還有have, become, grow, feel, go, come, get, do等。英語還常常把動詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生成名詞，置于虛化動詞（empty verb，如have, make, take, do等）之后作其賓語，如have a look, take a walk, make attempts等。這兩類動詞

16、都使語言表述缺乏動態(tài)感。試比較：After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.A distinction must be made between “economic” and “economical”.You must distinguish between “economic” and “economical”.第14頁，共23頁。用形容詞和副詞表達(dá)動詞的意義英語常用動詞的同源形容詞和弱化動詞相結(jié)合的方式表達(dá)動詞的意義，如：I am doubtful w

17、hether he is still alive. (doubt, live)The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients. (sympathize)英語里表示心理或生理感覺的形容詞也常常和弱化動詞相結(jié)合，表達(dá)動詞的意義，如：He was unaware of my presence.John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.第15頁，共23頁。英語還常用副詞來表達(dá)動詞的意義，如：Im afraid Mr. Brown is out, but hell b

18、e in soon.恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快會回來的。The newspaper was down at six yesterday.昨天報(bào)紙六點(diǎn)鐘付印。第16頁，共23頁。漢語的動態(tài)傾向表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：動詞連用是漢語常見的現(xiàn)象漢語的謂語動詞可以包含多項(xiàng)動詞，即連動式、兼語式、把字式和被字式。如：我被老師叫到辦公室去作檢討。（=被字式 + 連動式）I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.我去叫他們派一個會計(jì)到這兒來幫助你們算賬吧。（兼語式 +連動式）Let me go and ask the

19、m to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts.第17頁，共23頁。連動式，也叫連動句，為漢語句式的一種。兩個或兩個以上的動詞連用，動詞間有先后、方式、目的等關(guān)系。沒有語音停頓和關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。如“上街買菜”“乘飛機(jī)去北京” 。兼語式，謂語部分是連用的動詞（有的后一個是形容詞），不屬于同一個主語，前一個謂語的賓語同時又作為后一個謂語的主語，等于一個動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和主謂結(jié)構(gòu)連環(huán)在一起，當(dāng)中沒有語音停頓，這樣的格式叫兼語式，其結(jié)構(gòu)形式是“主語+謂語+兼語+謂語”。舉例：讓他進(jìn)來。(“他”是“讓”的賓語，卻是“進(jìn)來”的主語)我們推選他作班長

20、。第18頁，共23頁。動詞（詞組）可以充當(dāng)漢語句子的各種成分漢語動詞及動詞詞組，包括連動式詞組、兼語式詞組，無需改變形式就可以充當(dāng)句子的各種成分。如：實(shí)現(xiàn)理想境界要靠辛勤勞動。（動詞詞組作主語、賓語）To turn ideals into reality needs hard work.解決問題的最好方法是進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究。（動詞詞組作定語、表語）The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations.革命不是請客吃飯。（兼語式詞組作表語）Revolution is not a dinner party.他們喜歡乘火車旅行。（連

21、動式詞組作賓語）They enjoy traveling by train.第19頁，共23頁。漢語的動詞還可以充當(dāng)介詞。嚴(yán)格來說，漢語的介詞大多是由動詞演變而來的。如：用詞典 （動詞， to use a dictionary）用英語寫（介詞，to write in English）人們來來往往。（動詞，people are coming and going）他往東走去。( 介詞，He went in an eastward direction.)第20頁，共23頁。漢語動詞常常重復(fù)或重疊疊字構(gòu)詞是漢人喜聞樂見的表達(dá)方法。漢語動詞以各種結(jié)構(gòu)加以重復(fù)或重疊。如：來的來，去的去。Some come, and others leave.說說笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子們過得十分愉快。Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.學(xué)問，學(xué)問，要學(xué)要問；邊學(xué)邊問，才有學(xué)問。Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation.說是說了，沒有結(jié)果；做是做了，沒有成功。I h