跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)資料U1Economicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration遷移；移民；移動(dòng),andthespreadoftechnology.Globalvillage:allthedifferentpartsoftheworldfromonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunication,especiallythei

2、nternet.Meltingpot:asocialculturalassimilation同化作用ofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.CulturalDiversity:referstothemixculturesandsub-culturesofagroupororganizationorregion.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage?(P8-9)Theconceptofculture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpret

3、ations解釋aboutbeliefs,valuesandnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.Whatarethethreeingredientsofculture?Artifacts:thematerialandspiritual精神的，心靈的productspeopleproduce.Behavior:whattheydoConcepts;beliefs,values,worldviews.whattheythink文化冰山(Culturaliceberg)P7u(hinnJ(Physiolindsoad

4、lrocessCommunication00Characteristicsofcultural:Cultureisshared:Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.Culturalislearned:Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itdrivesfromone?ssocialcommunication,notone?sgenes.Enculturation（文化習(xí)得）:Alltheactivitiesoflearningone?sculturearecalledenculturation.Cultureisdyna

5、mic（P6）:Cultureissubjecttochange.It?sdynamics態(tài)；動(dòng)力ratherthanstatic靜態(tài)的，constantly不斷地；時(shí)常地changingandevolving進(jìn)化；展開undertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontractwithothercultures.Acculturation（文化適應(yīng)）:Theprocesswhichoneadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultu

6、res.Cultureisethnocentric（文化中心主義）:Ethnocentricisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication:meaningtosharewithortomakecommotion,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Interculturalcommunication:communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalpresumptions彳假定推定andsy

7、mbolsystemsdistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.（P9-10）Componentsofcommunication:Source:thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding:Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message:thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthoughts.Channel:thetermchannelisusedtechnicallyto

8、refertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Noise:thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistorts曲解themessagethesourceencodes.Receiver:thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding:thereceiverisactuallyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Recei

9、verresponse:itreferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback:itreferstothatportionofthereceiverrespondsoftheresourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context:Generallycontextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhich

10、helpsdefinethecommunication.Charactersofcommunication:Communicationisdynamic,symbolic,irreversible可逆的，systematic,transactional,andcontextual.Unit2-4verbalcommunicationPragmatics用學(xué)；語(yǔ)用論:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantic語(yǔ)義學(xué)；語(yǔ)義論:thestudyofthemeaningofwords.Denotati

11、on符號(hào)；表示；意義；扌旨示:theliteralofmeaningordefinitionofawordtheexplicit明確的；清楚的；直率的；詳述particular特別的；詳細(xì)的；獨(dú)有的；挑剔的,definedmeaning.Connotation暗示，隱含意義:thesuggestivemeaningofawordallthevalues,judgments,andbeliefsimpliedbyaword,thehistoricalandassociativeaccretion增加物oftheunspokensignificance意義；重要性；意思behindtheliter

12、almeaning.Taboo:someobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism委婉語(yǔ):theactofsubstituting取代amild溫和的indirect間接的，orvague模糊的termforoneconsideredharsh嚴(yán)厲的，blunt生硬的，oroffensive.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?(P

13、22-23)AddressingbynamesNameorder:Surname+givenname/HeXianguGivenname+surname(AE)/LindaSmithNowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.(P23)InChineseseniority(資歷)ispaidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedaddressseniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgive

14、nnamesislimitedbyhusbandandwife,verycloselyfriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors.AddressingbyrelationshipChineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshoepolitenessandrespect.(P23)TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrela

15、tives,Americantendstousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Addressingbytitle,office,professionAnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofapersonstitle,officeorprofessiontoindicatethepersonsinfluentialstatus.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(P24Americanstendtoregardtitle

16、sastrivialunlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.Unit5nonverbalcommunicationChronemics:Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Monochromictime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Polychromictime:beinginvolvedinmanythingsatonce.Proxemics:theperceptiona

17、ndusetospace.Kinetics:thestudyofbodylanguage.Paralanguage:involvingsoundsbutnotwordsandlyingverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Monochromic&Polychromic(P97)Monochromictimemeanspayingattentiontodoingonlyonethingatatime.Monochromictimeisstructuredandoftenrigid.Everythingisscheduleddowntotheminuteandprecau

18、tionsaretakentoguardagainstinterruption.Polychromictimemeansbeinginvolvedinmanythingsatonce.Peopleandculturesthatrunonpolychromictimemultitaskwell.Thesepeoplefocusonmaintainingpersonalrelationshipsmorethancompletingtasks.Unit6cross-gendercommunicationHowisgenderdifferentfromsex?(P120)Genderandsexare

19、notsynonymousSex:Biological;permanent;individualpropertyGender:sociallyconstructed;variedovertimeandacrosscultures;socialandrelationalquality.Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?(P121)Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:Familycommunication,particularlybetweenmothersandchildrenandre

20、creationalinteractionbetweenchildren.U7(P138)High-contextcultureLow-contextcultureUnit9P186Aplanetaryculture:aculturethatintegrateseasternmysticismwitheasternscienceandrelationlism.Interculturalperson:representssomeonewhosecognitive,affectiveandbehavioralcharacteristicsisnotlimitedbutopentogrowthbey

21、ondthepsychologicalandparametersofhisorherownculture.(P186)WhataretheChinese/AmericanculturalvalueslikeintermsofCulturalOrientationputforwardbyKluckhohnandStrodtbeck?Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,Chinesecultureholdsthatit?sgoodbutcorruptiblewithoutpropereducation.Astotherelationshipofmantonature,

22、theythinkmankindcanliveharmonywithnature.Theyalsohaveacyclicaltimeconceptandthereforetheyarepast-oriented.Theyhaveabeingandbecomingattitudeandactivityandthinkthatmanshouldkeepaninnerpeaceasnothingiseternal.Theyarequitecollectiveandthereforetheyfocusmoreonthebenefitofthegroup.Identifythefeaturesofeac

23、hoffourHofstedesculturaldimensionsandusethemtoanalyzethecases.Individualismvs.CollectivismPowerdistanceUncertaintyavoidanceMasculinityvs.Femininity每單元練習(xí)ABCD(Unit5E.DiscoverthemeaningofsomecommongesturesinEnglish.)復(fù)習(xí)例題Americanparentswouldasktheirchildren?sopinioninfamilydecision-makingbecause_C_.Amer

24、icanparentslikebeingtoldbytheirchildrenwhattodo.Americanchildrenhavemuchpowerinthefamily.Americanparentstaketheirchildrenasanequal.Americanparentsareunabletomakedecisionsthemselves.WhatisthebestexpressionofthefollowingyoucanusewhenyoumeetanAmericanfriendattheairport?B(P26)Youmusttired.Didyouhaveagoo

25、dtrip.Itisraining,isn?tit?Thankyouforcoming.Whatisaproperresponseofthefollowingto“Thankyou.”?DP57Itismydutytodoso.Itdoesn?tmatteratall.Iquiteunderstandit.Don?tmentionit.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthecharacteristicofculture?CP5-11Itisshared.Itislearned.Itisstatic.Itisethnocentric.WhenaBritishfriend

26、issick,you?dbettersay“_”toyourfriendtoshowyourconcern.BDrinkplentyofwater.BIdohopeyou?llbefeelingbettersoon.CPutonmoreclothes.DTakemedicineontime.WhatistheChineseequivalentof“l(fā)andscaperengineer”?DP13A導(dǎo)游伐木工人工程師園林工人Whatdoes“callyourcarriageforyou”mean?CAskyouforafavorAskyoutobuyacarriageAskyoutogoaway

27、AskyoutojoinapartyWhichofthefollowingdoesnothavethesamefunctionthat“副”fulfillsinChinese?DP73AssociateDeputyLieutenantUnderlineWhichofthefollowingisnotincludedinkinesics?CP95PostureStanceBodydistancegestureIndividualismhasthefollowingfeaturesexcept.AstrongfamilytiesSelf-relianceFreedomRespectforindiv

28、idualrightsM-timeculturehasthefollowingfeaturesexcept.DP97CuttingtimeintobitsTakingdeadlinesseriouslySchedulingonethingatatimeMorehuman-centered_culturearetypicalP-timecultures.AP97LatinAmericanNorthernAmericanWesternEuropeanNorthernEuropeanInAmericanculture,silencemaybeinterpretedas.DP110Assertiven

29、essThoughtfulnessEnthusiasmApathyWhichofthefollowingisnotafeatureofmasculinetalk?BP123Usingtalktoassertoneselfandone?sideasBeingtentativesothatothersfeelfreetoaddtheirideasUsingtalktoestablishone?sstatusandpowerAvoidingpersonaldisclosuresWhichisthefollowingisoftheinvisiblepartofculturaliceberg?AP7re

30、ligiousbeliefsgestureseatinghabitsStyleofdressAccordingtotheculturalorientationsputforwardbyKluckhohnandStrodtbeck,whichofthefollowingdoesnotdescribetheChineseculturalvalues?BChinesecultureholdsthathumannatureisgoodbutcorruptible.TheyhaveaLineartimeconceptandarefuture-oriented.Theyhaveabeing-and-bec

31、omingattitudetowardsactivity.Theyarequitecollectiveandfocusonthebenefitsofthegroup.InEnglish-speakingcountries,peopletendtouseallthegreetingsexcept.CP25Howareyougettingon?Howarethings?Wherehaveyoubeen?How?slife?WhatisapropertopicwhenyouaretalkingwithanAmerican?DP26aa)thepriceofanitemReligionMaritals

32、tatusHobbiesWhichisthefollowingisofthevisiblepartoftheculturaliceberg?BP7ReligiousbeliefsLiteratureValuesWorldviewsWhichofthefollowingisnotoneofthecharacteristicsofcommunication?CItissymbolicItiscontextualItisstaticItissystematicWhichofthefollowingisnotoneofthesocialfunctionsofcompliments?CP50greeti

33、ngpeoplestartingaconversationcriticizingpeopleovercomingembarrassmentWhichofthefollowingisnotafeatureofsex?BP120ItisbiologicalItisdynamicItispermanentIthasanindividualpropertyWhatistheChineseequivalentofsanitationengineer?DP13導(dǎo)游伐木工人工程師清潔工Whatdoesthealadyofthetownmean?CP67不確定）AfashionablegirlAgracefu

34、lladyAprostitudeAnurbangirlWhatistheacceptableaddressingof“TomSmithinAmericancuture?DP24TeacherSmithMr.TomDirectorTomProfessorTomTheword“dragon”isaword?AP70-71（不確定）withdifferentassociatedmeaningsinChinesewithoutacounterpartinChinesewiththesameprimarymeaninginChinesewithmanymoretermsinChineseWhenmaki

35、nganappointmentwithanAmericanfriend,whichofthefollowingexpressionsisthemostappropriateone?DP29I?mcomingtoseeyouthisafternoonyoumuststayathomewaitingformethisafternooncouldyoucomedirectlytomyhousethisafternoonIwaswonderingwhetherIcouldcomeroundtovisityousometimeWhatistheChineseequivalentof“recklessdi

36、sregardforthetruth”?D躁動(dòng)不安為非作歹實(shí)事求是信口雌黃Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthefeaturesofgender?CP119-120It?ssocially-constrictedIt?sdynamicIt?spermanentIthasarelationalqualityWhichculturetendstoenvelopeachotherinbreathwhentalking?AP101ArabiancultureAmericancultureBritishcultureChinesecultureWhichofthefollowi

37、ngisnotincludedinchronemics?CP95punctualitytimeorientationsilencepromptnessCollectivismemphasizesthefollowingvaluesexceptBstrongfamilytiesself-relianceharmonygroup-orientationinJapaneseculture,silencemaybeinterpretedasevidenceofCP110passivityapathywisdomhesitationAccordingtotheculturalorientationspu

38、tForwardbyKluckhohnandStrodtbeck,Americanculturevalueshavethefollowingfeaturesexcept?CAmericancultureholdsthathumannatureevilbutperfectibleTheyhavealineartimeconceptandarefuture-orientedTheyhaveabeing-and-becomingattitudetowardsactiviityTheyarequiteindividualisticInEnglish-speakingcountries,peoplete

39、ndtouseallthegreetingexceptTheyhavealineartimeconceptandarefuture-orientedCHowareyougettingon?Howarethings?Whereareyougoing?How?slife?CulturalPuzzles（3道）KatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointer

40、estinherteachingandquiteafewofthemavoidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Oneday,shecametotheDirectorandtoldhimthatshewouldliketotalktohimaboutherproblem.Thedirectorlookedathistimetableandaskediftheycouldmeetatteno?clockonThursdaymorningandsheagreed.P87ThisisatypicalculturalclashbetweentheChinesea

41、ndWesterners,whichwascausedbytheirdifferenceregardingCClollectivismvs.IndividualismPast-orientationvs.Future-orientationP-timevs.M-timeD.High-contextvs.Low-contextWhenanAmericanisparkinghisbicycleandthebicycleaccidentallyfallsover,hefeelsembarrassedathisawkwardness,andhisquiteangeredandhumiliatedwhe

42、nChineseonlookerslaugh.TheChineseonlooker?slaughmayconveythefollowingmeaningexceptC.Don?ttakeitsoseriously.It?snothing.Youarereallyclumsy.Suchthingscanhappentoanyofus.ACanadiancolleagueandItraveledtoGuilinwithouradmirableguideHepingLiuinveryhotweather.Sight-seeingisthirstybusiness,wedidnottrustthewa

43、ter,anddelightedintheexcellentbeerwhichwepolitelyofferedHeping.Hepingrefused,wesaidnothinganddrankourbeer,whilepoorHepingwatched.Q:WhydidHepingrufusethebeeronthefirstoffer?A：Becausehewasbeingmodestandpolite.CaseIntroduction（2道）EricsdifferentsituationsinopeningtheshopinChina:Hehadrelativelylittlediff

44、icultyinlocatinghisfirstshopafterseveralweeksofpaperwork,andhewasopenforbusinesssonnerthanhehadthoughtpossible.Thelocalbureaucratswithwhomhedealthadseemedfavorablyimpressed.AsEricbeganapplyingforthenecessarypermitswiththelocalgovernmentagencieshewasmetwithresponsessuchaswe.veneverencounteredthisrequ

45、est,orthisProcedurerequiresadditionalinformation.Ericsdifferentattitude:Ericwasoptimisticabouttheprospectofhisbusiness.Hisbusinesswasquitesuccessfulinfirstfewmonths.Peoplewereeagertobuyhis“uniqueproduct.Afterseveralroundsoftryingtounderstandtheofficialrules,Ericbeacameincreasinglyfrustrated.Afterall

46、hehadbeenabletoacquirethepermitstoopenshop.Moreover,hisattemptstosecureadditionalsupplychannelswereasyetunfruitful.Itseemedthatallsupplierswere“alreadyatfullcapacity,or“unsureoffutureresources.CaseAnalysis“Doingorientation:seektochangeandcontrolwhatishappeningEg:Hehadheardmuchabouttheredtapeinvolvedin