RClimDex中文用戶手冊

1、. z.- - - z -RClimDe* (1.0)極端氣候指數(shù)計(jì)算軟件用戶手冊 學(xué)斌 Feng Yang加拿大環(huán)境部氣候研究中心2004信息工程大學(xué)遙感學(xué)院 昌春 譯注20138作 者 致 RClimDe* 由*uebin Zhang學(xué)斌and Feng Yang加拿大氣象局氣候研究部開發(fā)與維護(hù)，最初的開發(fā)由加拿大國際開展辦事處通過加中氣候協(xié)作工程，C5資助。Lisa Ale*ander, Francis Zwiers, Byron Gleason, David Stephenson, Albert Klan Tank, Mark New, Lucie Vincent與Tom Peters

2、on對(duì)R包的開發(fā)與測試作出了重要奉獻(xiàn)。CCl/CLIVAR ETCCDMI的有關(guān)研討會(huì)也對(duì)RClimDe*的改良提供了珍貴的意見。. 譯者的話原英文說明中所介紹的下載網(wǎng)址已無效，新網(wǎng)址包括.pcic.uvic.ca/tools-and-data/climde*e.shtmlRClimde*可計(jì)算極端氣候指數(shù)27項(xiàng)，以下摘錄來自一碩士論文地區(qū)極端氣候事件時(shí)空變化及其與NDVI的相關(guān)性使用RClimde*軟件的15項(xiàng)指數(shù)名稱翻譯及一段簡要說明。.指數(shù)名稱、解釋、單位FD0 霜日一年中日最低溫0SU25 夏日日數(shù)日最高氣溫25GSL 作物生長期連續(xù)6 日5或5TN10p 冷夜日數(shù)日最低氣溫90%分位

3、值的日數(shù)天T*10p 冷晝?nèi)諗?shù)日最高溫90%分位值的日數(shù)天WSDI 熱持續(xù)指數(shù)連續(xù)6 日最高溫在90%分位值日數(shù)天CSDI 冷持續(xù)指數(shù)連續(xù)6 日最低溫在10%分位值日數(shù)天R*5day 5 日最大降水量每月連續(xù)五日的最大降水量 mmCDD 持續(xù)枯燥指數(shù)日降水量日最高溫2日降水量下，輸入源文件R包名稱：source(rclimde*.r)。如文件不在缺省目錄 什么目錄？ 中，在rclimde*.r名稱之前，你可能需要用全路徑名，此時(shí)在提示符下輸入：source(f:/rclimde*/rclimde*.r注意：全路徑名之間的間隔符為uni*下采用的/而不是windows操作系統(tǒng)命令行即以前的DOS

4、操作系統(tǒng)下的。這將加載RClimDe*。 一旦源程序加載成功，RClimDe*主菜單就會(huì)出現(xiàn)：譯者注：英文原文中，3.1中1、2方法出現(xiàn)次序相反。為便利用戶使用作了調(diào)換。3.2. 加載數(shù)據(jù)，運(yùn)行質(zhì)量控制模塊QC數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制模塊是計(jì)算極端指數(shù)的預(yù)備性處理工作。RClimDe*質(zhì)量控制模塊執(zhí)行如下功能: 1) 用R語言認(rèn)可的數(shù)據(jù)格式代替缺失值 (假設(shè)原數(shù)據(jù)以-99.9表示)，如用NA表示不可得；2) 用NA代替所有的不合理值。這些值包括 a) 小于0的日降水量； b) 小于日最小氣溫的日最大氣溫。此外，質(zhì)量控制模塊還能識(shí)別日最大氣溫與日最大氣溫的離群值不正常值。這些離群值是由用戶定義的區(qū)域之外的日

5、特征值。當(dāng)前，這個(gè)區(qū)域被定義為均值日特征值的n倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差翻譯待審核！，即mean n*std, mean+n*std。std表示日特征值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差， n 表示一個(gè)用戶的輸入，mean均值表示氣候特征的日值。 在RClimDe*主菜單中選擇Load Dataand Run QC ，翻開的窗口形式如下。用戶能夠選取用于計(jì)算極端指數(shù)的氣候數(shù)據(jù)文件。 文件名的格式應(yīng)該有如stationname.t*t。文件中數(shù)值格式應(yīng)該符合附錄B的要求。 在這個(gè)實(shí)例中，我們使用一個(gè)名為21946.t*t、 ASCII格式的站點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)加載成功之后，一個(gè)彈出窗口出現(xiàn)。 如果這一步?jīng)]有順利完成，一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤信息提示將會(huì)出現(xiàn)。這

6、通常是由于輸入格式有誤。請比擬你的數(shù)據(jù)格式與手冊提供的樣例數(shù)據(jù)格式。 不合理的值將被自動(dòng)識(shí)別，但離群值需要用戶進(jìn)展確認(rèn)。 n的缺省值是3 (根據(jù)為數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制設(shè)定參數(shù)的設(shè)定)，但這個(gè)數(shù)值用戶可以改寫。因?yàn)?可能標(biāo)志flag著一個(gè)很大的數(shù)值，用戶可能希望設(shè)定為4。當(dāng)參數(shù)設(shè)定是為了以后使用(翻譯待復(fù)核!)，不需要填寫Station name or code，點(diǎn)擊 OK 繼續(xù)。譯者注：此處n表示原始?xì)庀髷?shù)據(jù)序列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。如*地實(shí)際降水等變化超出此缺省值，可以適當(dāng)放大，如將改成5以防止誤將真實(shí)值當(dāng)成離群值。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)不合理值，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)彈出窗口。例如，日最小氣溫大于日最大氣溫。 如果在日降水量中出現(xiàn)負(fù)值

7、(除了以-99.9表示缺測的情況) ，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下窗口： 如果有離群值出現(xiàn)，將出現(xiàn)以下窗口。 譯者注：離群值的查找很方便。如果出現(xiàn)離群值，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)提示的目錄中生成的文件21946tepstdQC.csv對(duì)原始數(shù)據(jù)中的不合理值進(jìn)展查找與修改即可。數(shù)據(jù)控制模塊完成，將會(huì)彈出一個(gè)窗口。同時(shí)，4個(gè)E*cel文件：21946tempQC.csv,21946prcpQC.csv, 21946tepstdQC.csv, and21946indcal.csv 將建立在一個(gè)名為log的子目錄中。開場的2個(gè)文件包含著氣溫與降水中存在的不合理值比離群值還不合理信息，第3個(gè)文件標(biāo)記所有可能的氣溫離群值及其出現(xiàn)日期。最

8、后一個(gè)文件包含著數(shù)據(jù)控制模塊的信息，并將用于指數(shù)的計(jì)算。注意：在最后的一個(gè)文件中，僅用NA代替缺失值 和不合理值，并未改變作了標(biāo)記的離群值。為了可視化，4個(gè)用于日最高、最低氣溫、日降水時(shí)間序列圍繪圖的PDF文檔(缺失值被標(biāo)為紅點(diǎn)) 放置在log目錄之中。.因此，用戶可能需要檢查文件 21946tepstdQC.csv 中的數(shù)據(jù)，是否標(biāo)記為離群值的數(shù)據(jù)真的為離群值。文件 21946indcal.csv 可以用Windows 系統(tǒng)下的E*cel 軟件或Uni*系統(tǒng)下的編輯器進(jìn)展修改。這一步操作完成之后，用戶點(diǎn)擊OK，進(jìn)入后續(xù)的指數(shù)計(jì)算。注意：指數(shù)采用數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制后的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)展計(jì)算。原始的輸入文件并未

9、改變。譯者注：21946tepstdQC.csv中保存著軟件認(rèn)為可能不合理的值，用戶可以查看或修改。不合理值包括：降水量為負(fù)值、最低氣溫大于最高氣溫。系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成一個(gè)校核過的新數(shù)據(jù)文件進(jìn)展后續(xù)處理，并不直接使用原始數(shù)據(jù)文件因此，用戶想要修改原始數(shù)據(jù)文件以改正錯(cuò)誤值的話，應(yīng)當(dāng)重新加載數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制模塊也需要再次運(yùn)行。3.3. 指數(shù)計(jì)算RClimDe*能夠計(jì)算附錄A中全部的27種核心氣候指數(shù)，用戶可以根據(jù)需要選擇指數(shù)進(jìn)展計(jì)算。在主菜單中選擇值計(jì)算指數(shù)Indices Calculation之后，用戶被要求設(shè)置*些參數(shù)。設(shè)置參數(shù)值Set Parameter Values窗口允許用戶輸入用于門檻值計(jì)

10、算的基期的第1年和最后1年、站點(diǎn)緯度(南半球?yàn)樨?fù)值)、用戶定義的日降水門檻值P (用毫米mm表示),當(dāng)日降水超過這個(gè)門檻值時(shí)計(jì)算持續(xù)日數(shù) (Rnn指示器)、4個(gè)用戶定義的氣溫門檻值。用戶定義的日最高限值User defined Upper Limit of Day High用于計(jì)算日最高氣溫高于門檻值時(shí)的持續(xù)日數(shù)。用戶定義的日最高限值User defined Lower Limit of Day High用于計(jì)算日最高氣溫低于該值時(shí)的持續(xù)日數(shù)。用戶定義的日低值上限User defined Upper Limit of Day Low用于計(jì)算日最低氣溫超過該值時(shí)的持續(xù)日數(shù)。用戶定義的日低值下限U

11、ser defined Lower Limit of Day Low用于計(jì)算日最低氣溫低于此值的持續(xù)日數(shù)。這些指數(shù)分別被稱作SUmm、FDmm、TRmm、IDmm， mm對(duì)應(yīng)于用戶定義的值。 譯者注：基期的第1年系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)識(shí)別為原始序列的第2個(gè)值的年份，而不是第個(gè)值的年份，原因見4. 的過失。采用默認(rèn)設(shè)置不作改動(dòng)可以運(yùn)行，但具體影響本人尚未深入分析。對(duì)于降水指數(shù)的計(jì)算可能無直接影響，但影響溫度指數(shù)的計(jì)算。4. 的過失提供的一個(gè)補(bǔ)救方法是在觀測數(shù)據(jù)前面增加一個(gè)值但標(biāo)為-99.9詳見4. 的過失。用戶定義的日降水門檻值P (用毫米mm表示), 當(dāng)日降水超過這個(gè)門檻值時(shí)計(jì)算持續(xù)日數(shù) (Rnn指示器)的

12、修改可能影響連續(xù)濕潤指數(shù)的計(jì)算CWD。這一步完成之后，一個(gè)窗口會(huì)出現(xiàn)，允許用戶選擇需要計(jì)算的指數(shù)。缺省設(shè)置為計(jì)算所有指數(shù)。 退選不需計(jì)算的指數(shù)工程后，點(diǎn)擊 OK 進(jìn)展計(jì)算。根據(jù)選擇計(jì)算的指數(shù)多少，這一步的計(jì)算時(shí)間各有長短。譯者注：在調(diào)試過程中，為節(jié)約運(yùn)算時(shí)間可退選暫不需要計(jì)算的工程。如僅需CDD，保存CDD選項(xiàng)即可。需要計(jì)算的指數(shù)運(yùn)算完成之后 ，出現(xiàn)一個(gè)彈出窗口。 計(jì)算所得的指數(shù)序列以E*cel格式存放在名為indices的子目錄中。指數(shù)結(jié)果文件名稱類似 21946_*.cvs， *表示指數(shù)的名稱。數(shù)據(jù)的各列用逗號(hào)(,)分隔?？紤]可視化需要，繪制了年序列、趨勢最小線性二乘法solid line

13、，locally weighted linear regression (dashed line)的圖形，線性回歸的趨勢擬合也進(jìn)展了繪制。這些圖形被保存在名為JPEG的子目錄中，圖形文件名命名方法與前述類似，僅將 cvs換成 jpg。譯者注：提示窗口僅標(biāo)出了plots目錄，其他結(jié)果文件也在相應(yīng)目錄之中。選擇計(jì)算指數(shù)Indices Calculation可以為同樣的站點(diǎn)計(jì)算其它的指數(shù)。對(duì)于其他站點(diǎn)，選擇數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制模塊Data QC、重復(fù)上述的同樣過程。所有的計(jì)算完成之后，選擇 E*it即可。4. 的過失在RClimDe*本版以及此前版本中有一個(gè)的過失。假設(shè)可得數(shù)據(jù) 的第1年與基期的第1年一樣

14、的話，程序?qū)⒅兄箞?zhí)行。產(chǎn)生這個(gè)過失的原因之一是氣溫百分比指數(shù)計(jì)算中需要一個(gè)基期以外的數(shù)據(jù)。防止這個(gè)過失的一個(gè)方法是在觀測序列的第1個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)之前增加一個(gè)值，比方數(shù)據(jù)文件的基期為1961-1990、現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)從1961年1月1日開場，可以在數(shù)據(jù)文件中增加1個(gè)前1天的數(shù)據(jù)視作缺測，標(biāo)為-99.9：1960 12 31 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9”5. 過失報(bào)告Please report any bugs/errors to with error messages and data being used for the calculation of the indices. This will b

15、e helpful in producing a better release in the near future. We would also appreciate your suggestions for further improvement. APPENDI* A: List of ETCCDMI core Climate IndicesIDIndicator nameDefinitionsUNITSFD0Frost daysAnnual count when TN(daily minimum)25CDaysID0Ice daysAnnual count when T*(daily

16、ma*imum)20CDaysGSLGrowing season LengthAnnual (1st Jan to 31st Dec in NH, 1st July to 30th June in SH) count between first span of at least 6 days with TG5C and first span after July 1 (January 1 in SH) of 6 days with TG5CDaysT*Ma* Tma*Monthly ma*imum value of daily ma*imum tempCTN*Ma* TminMonthly m

17、a*imum value of daily minimum tempCT*nMin Tma*Monthly minimum value of daily ma*imum tempCTNnMin TminMonthly minimum value of daily minimum tempCTN10pCool nightsPercentage of days when TN10th percentileDaysT*10pCool daysPercentage of days when T*90th percentileDaysT*90pWarm daysPercentage of days wh

18、en T*90th percentileDaysWSDIWarm spell duration indicatorAnnual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when T*90th percentileDaysCSDICold spell duration indicatorAnnual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TN=1.0mm) in the yearMm/dayR10Number of heavy precipitation daysAnnual

19、count of days when PRCP=10mmDaysR20Number of very heavy precipitation daysAnnual count of days when PRCP=20mmDaysRnnNumber of days above nnmmAnnual count of days when PRCP=nnmm, nn is user defined thresholdDaysCDDConsecutive dry daysMa*imum number of consecutive days with RR=1mmDaysR95pVery wet days

20、Annual total PRCP when RR95thpercentileMmR99pE*tremely wet daysAnnual total PRCP when RR99thpercentilemmPRCPTOTAnnual total wet-day precipitationAnnual total PRCP in wet days (RR=1mm)mmAPPENDI* B: 輸入數(shù)據(jù)格式譯者注：用于輸入的觀測數(shù)據(jù)文件只能使用純文本格式，不能使用CSV文件等。All of the data files that are read or written are in list fo

21、rmatted format. The e*ception is the very first data file that is processed in the Quality Control step. This input data file has several requirements:ASCII te*t file譯者注：ASCII碼文本文件Columns as following sequences: Year, Month, Day, PRCP, TMA*, TMIN. (NOTE: PRCP units = millimeters and Temperature unit

22、s= degrees Celsius)The format as described above must be space delimited (e.g. each element separated by one or more spaces).For data records, missing data must be coded as -99.9; data records must be in calendar date order. Missing dates allowed.E*ample data Format for the initial data file (e.g. u

23、sed in the Quality Control step):190111-99.9-3.1-6.8190112-99.9-1.3-3.6190113-99.9-0.5-7.9190114-99.9-1-9.1190117-99.9-1.8-8.4譯者注：數(shù)據(jù)格式必須與上表保持一致，年、月、日、降水值mm、最高氣溫、最低氣溫(攝氏溫度)。缺測值必須使用-99.9。所有記錄必須按日歷年排序，但允許有缺失。比方上表中1月5、6、7日缺失。APPENDI* C: Indices definitionsDefinitions for indicators listed in Appendi* A.

24、 For practical reasons, in this version of the software, not all indices are calculated on a monthly basis. Monthly indices are calculated if no more than 3 days are missing in a month, while annual values are calculated if no more than 15 days are missing in a year. No annual value will be calculat

25、ed if any one months data are missing. For threshold indices, a threshold is calculated if at least 70% of data are present. For spell duration indicators (marked with a *), a spell can continue into the ne*t year and is counted against the year in which the spell ends e.g. a cold spell (CSDI) in th

26、e Northern Hemisphere beginning on 31st December 2000 and ending on 6th January 2001 is counted towards the total number of cold spells in 2001.FD0Let be the daily minimum temperature on day in period. Count the number of days where:SU25Let be the daily ma*imum temperature on day period. Count the n

27、umber of days where:ID0Let be the daily ma*imum temperature on day in period. Count the number of days where:TR20Let be the daily minimum temperature on dayin period. Count the number of days where:GSLLet be the mean temperature on dayin period. Count the number of days between the first occurrence

28、of at least 6 consecutive days with:and the first occurrence after 1st July (1st January in SH) of at least 6 consecutive days with:T*Let be the daily ma*imum temperatures in month, period. The ma*imum daily ma*imum temperature each month is then:-TN*Let be the daily minimum temperatures in month, p

29、eriod. The ma*imum daily minimum temperature each month is then:-T*nLet be the daily ma*imum temperatures in month, period. The minimum daily ma*imum temperature each month is then:-TNnLet be the daily minimum temperatures in month, period. The minimum daily minimum temperature each month is then:-T

30、n10pLet be the daily minimum temperature on day in period and let be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window (calculated using method from Appendi* D). The percentage of time is determined where:T*10pLet be the daily ma*imum temperature on dayin period and let be the calendar day

31、10th percentile centred on a 5-day window (calculated using method from Appendi* D). The percentage of time is determined where:Tn90pLet be the daily minimum temperature on day in period and let be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window (calculated using method from Appendi* D).

32、The percentage of time is determined where:T*90pLet be the daily ma*imum temperature on day in period and let be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window (calculated using method from Appendi* D). The percentage of time is determined where:WSDI*Let be the daily ma*imum temperature

33、on day in period and let be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window (calculated using method from Appendi* D). Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days:-CSDI*Let be the daily minimum temperature at day in period and let be the

34、 calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window (calculated using the method from Appendi* D). Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days:-DTRLet and be the daily ma*imum and minimum temperature respectively on day in period. If represents

35、 the number of days in, then:R*1dayLet be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. Then ma*imum 1-day values for period are:R*5dayLet be the precipitation amount for the 5-day interval ending, period. Then ma*imum 5-day values for period are:SDIILet be the daily precipitation amount on wet d

36、ays,in period. If represents number of wet days in, then:R10Let be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. Count the number of days where:R20Let be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. Count the number of days where:RnnLet be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. If r

37、epresents any reasonable daily precipitation value then, count the number of days where:CDD*連續(xù)無雨日數(shù)持續(xù)枯燥指數(shù)，閾值為1mmLet be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. Count the largest number of consecutive days where:譯者注：譯者通過對(duì)源程序CDD模塊的分析，找到了修改閾值的語句。因?yàn)镽CLIMDE*自帶的CDD閾值僅是1mm，而農(nóng)業(yè)干旱等實(shí)際研究中存在多種降水閾值的設(shè)定。如3m

38、m，5mm等。一篇美國農(nóng)業(yè)干旱文獻(xiàn)設(shè)為=1改為prcp=6.35或其他因地制宜之干旱指標(biāo)閾值2.第303行 將PRCP=1mm改為PRCP=6.35mm此句僅用作繪圖標(biāo)題，并不參與計(jì)算，不改亦無大礙 3.第1905行這是最關(guān)鍵的一句。應(yīng)將midj1改為 midj6.35CWD*Let be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. Count the largest number of consecutive days where:R95pTOTLet be the daily precipitation amount on a wet

39、day in periodand letbe the 95th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period. If represents the number of wet days in the period, then:R99pLet be the daily precipitation amount on a wet day in periodand letbe the 99th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period

40、. If represents number of wet days in the period, then:PRCPTOTLet be the daily precipitation amount on day in period. If represents the number of days in, thenAppendi* D: 閾值門檻值估計(jì)與基期溫度指數(shù)計(jì)算Empirical quantile estimation:The quantile of a distribution is defined as , 1p1,where F(*) is the distribution f

41、unction. Letdenote the order statistics of (i.e. sorted values of *), and let denote the ith sample quantile definition. The sample quantiles can be generally written as.Hyndman and Fan (1996) suggest a formula to obtain medium un-biased estimate of the quantile by letting and letting , where int(u)

42、 is the largest integer not greater than u. The empirical quantile is set to the smallest or largest value in the sample when j n respectively. That is, quantile estimates corresponding to pn/(n+1) are set to the largest value in the sample.Bootstrap procedure for the estimation of e*ceedance rate for the base period:It is not possible to make an e*act estimate of the thresholds due to sampling uncertainty. To provide tempora