toefl真題t1閱讀解析翻譯

1、Attempts at Determining Earths AgeSince the dawn of civilization, people have been curious aboutofEarth. In addition, we have not been satisfied in being able to sate merely therelative geologic age of a rock or fossil. Human curiosity demandsknow actual age in years.t weGeologists working during th

2、e nineteenth century understood rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural prosest continue at aconstant rate andt also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such pros, and geologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875)recognized this. BY comparing the amount of evolution

3、exhibited by marine mollusks then, Lyell estimated t 80 million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period. He came astonishingly close to the mark, since it was actually about 65 million years. However, for older sequence of evolutionary development, estimates based on parts rates

4、 of evolution weredifficult, and not only because of missing in the fossil record. Rates ofevolution for many orders of plants and animals were not welderstood.ition could beIn another attempt, geologists reasonedt if rates of dedetermined for sedimentary rocks, they might be able to estimate the ti

5、merequired for deition of a given thickness of strata, or rock layers. Similarreasoning suggestedt one could estimate total elapsed geologic time bydividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceanso the total thickness of sedimentary rockd ever been deited inthe past. Unf

6、ortunay, such estimates did not adequay account for pastdifference in rates of sedimenion or losses to the total section of strataduringsodes of ero. Also, some very ancient sediments were no longerrecognizable, having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rockshecourse of mountain building. Est

7、imates of Earths total age based onsedimenion rates ranged from as little as million to over a billion year.Yet another scheme for approximating Earths age had been proed in1715 by Sir Edmund Halley (1656-1742), whose name we assote with thefamous comet. Halley surmisedt the ocean formed soon after

8、the origin ofthe planet and therefore would be only slightly youngert the age of thesolid Earth. He reasonedt the original ocean was not salty andtsubsequently saerived from the weathering of rocks was brought to the seaby streams. Thus, if one knew the total amount of saissolvedhe oceanand the amou

9、nt added each year, it might besible to calculate the oceansage in 1899, Irish geologist John Joly (1857-1933) attempted the calculation. From information provide by gauges placed at the mouths of streams. Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans. Then,knowing the salinit

10、y of ocean water and the approximate volume of water, hecalculated the estimate ofocean by theamount of salt already held in solution in the oceans. Anof the ocean was obtained by diving the total saltherate of salt added each year. Beginning with essentiallynon-saline oceans, it would have taken ab

11、out 90 million years of the oceans to reach their present salinity, according to Joly. The figure, however, was off thecurrently accepted mark of 4.54 billion by a factor of 50, largely because therewas no way to account accuray by recycled salt and salt incorporatedoclay mineral deited on the sea f

12、loors. Even though in error, Jolyscalculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age forEarth far in exs of a few million years. The bef in Earths immenseantiquity was also supported by Darwin, Huxley, and other evolutionarybiologists, who saw the need for timehedreds of millions

13、 of years toplish theanic evolution apparenthe fossil record.Paragraph 2Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural prosest continue at aconstant rate andt also leave some sort of tangible recordhe rocks.Evolution is one such pros

14、, and geologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875)recognized this. BY comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marinemollusks then, Lyell estimatedt 80 million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period. He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it waually about 65 million years.

15、However, for older sequence ofevolutionary development, estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing partshe fossil record. Rates of evolutionfor many orders of plants and animals were not welderstood.1. The word “tangible”A. physicalhe passage is closesteanin

16、g toB.C.D.relatedsignificant helpful1. A：詞匯題。 tangible 與physical 都有“可接觸到的”意思，其他選項(xiàng)都沒有此意。2. It can be inferred form paragraph 2t Charles Lyell based his study of themarine mollusk fossils on which of the following amptions?of timeA.The Tertiary Period was separatedlength.o divit were equal inB.C.D.Mol

17、lusks lived under rockshe sea during the Tertiary period.Evolution of mollusks proceeded at a uniform rate over timeMollusks have evolved less raly with the passing of time2.C：推理題。根據(jù)原文的“Evolution is one such pros”，可以找到段首句，自然進(jìn)化的過程是不斷持續(xù)的，C 選項(xiàng)的“proceeded at a uniformrate ”符合這個(gè)隱含意思。3. The word “sequence

18、”he passage is closeteaning toA.B.C.D.3.observations sensesseries categories C：詞匯題。Sequence 與series 同義，意為“一系列”。4. According to paragraph 2, Lyells strategy for estimation geologic dates wasnot very accurate for periods before the Tertiary Period party becauseA.B.C.Marine mollusks did not evolve unti

19、l the Tertiary Periodfossil records of the very distant past arepletethere was not much agreement about how to identify or categorize ear erasthe duration of previous geologic periods was difficult to determinerD.4. B：事實(shí)信息題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文“because of missing parts fossil record” B 選項(xiàng)為該定位句的同義改寫。Paragraph 3

20、heIn another attempt, geologists reasonedt if rates of deition couldbe determined for sedimentary rocks, they might be able to estimate the timerequired for deition of a given thickness of strata, or rock layers. Similarreasoning suggestedt one could estimate total elapsed geologic time bydividing t

21、he average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceanso the total thickness of sedimentary rockd ever been deited inthe past. Unfortunay, such estimates did not adequay account for pastdifference in rates of sedimenion or losses to the total section of strataduringsodes of ero. Also, so

22、me very ancient sediments were no longerrecognizable, having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rocks inthe course of mountain building. Estimates of Earths total age based onsedimenion rates ranged from as little as million to over a billion year.5. The phrase “another attempt” he passage re

23、fers toA.B.C.D.trying to understand the fossil recordtrying to determine the evolutionary rate of marine molluskstrying to understand natural prosestrying to determine Earthual age5.D：指代題。根據(jù)第一、二段的主旨內(nèi)容可以得出 geologists are “trying todetermine Earthual age”6. The world “converted”he passage is closestea

24、ning toA.B.C.D.6.added changed restored reduced B：詞匯題。Convert 與change 為同義詞，意為“轉(zhuǎn)變”。7. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were problems with thecalculation of Earths age using the study of sedimentary rocks EXCEPTA.B.C.D.7.the inconsistency of sedimenion rates over timethe effect of geolog

25、ic pros on sedimentary rockthe expanof some sedimentary rocks due to Earthsernal heatthe loss of an unknown number of sedimentary layers due to eroC：否定事實(shí)信息題。C 選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容原文未提及。Paragraph 4Yet another scheme for approximating Earths age had been proed in1715 by Sir Edmund Halley (1656-1742), whose name we as

26、sote with thefamous comet. Halley surmisedt the ocean formed soon after the origin ofthe planet and therefore would be only slightly youngert the age of thesolid Earth. He reasonedt the original ocean was not salty andtsubsequently saerived from the weathering of rocks was brought to thesea by strea

27、ms. Thus, if one knew the total amount of salt dissolved in theocean and the amount added each year, it might besible to calculate theoceans age in 1899, Irish geologist John Joly (1857-1933) attempted the calculation. From information provide by gauges placed at the mouths of streams. Joly was able

28、 to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.Then, knowing the salinity of ocean water and the approximate volume ofwater, he calculated the amount of salt already held in solutionhe oceans.An estimate ofof the ocean was obtained by diving the total saltheocean by the rate of salt added e

29、ach year. Beginning with essentially non-saline oceans, it would have taken about 90 million years of the oceans to reach their present salinity, according to Joly. The figure, however, was off thecurrently accepted mark of 4.54 billion by a factor of 50, largely because therewas no way to account a

30、ccuray by recycled salt and salt incorporatedoclay mineral deited on the sea floors. Even though in error, Jolyscalculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age forEarth far in exs of a few million years. The bef in Earths immenseantiquitywasalsosupportedbyDarwin,Huxley,andothe

31、revolutionary biologists, who saw the need for time in thedreds ofmillions of years torecord.plish theanic evolution apparent in the fossil8. The world “approximating”he passage is closesteaning toA.B.C.D.8.thinking about researching estimating demonstrating C：詞匯題。Approximate 與estimate 同義詞，意為“估計(jì)”。9.

32、 The word “subsequently”he passage is closesteaning toA.B.C.D.9.later furthermore evidentlyaccidentally A：詞匯題。Subsequently 與 later 同義詞，意為“接下來”。10. According to paragraph 4, John Jolys calculations were founded on all thefollowing EXCEPTA.B.C.D.knowing how salty the ocean water isestimating how much

33、salt enters the ocean each yearaccounting for the amount of saltt is recycledfiguring the volume of water containedhe ocean10. C：否定事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容，定位到原文“Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.”由此可知，Joly 的計(jì)算是基于海洋鹽度的增加，而不是C 選項(xiàng)所說的循環(huán)，因此錯(cuò)誤。11.According to paragraph 4, in which of

34、 the following ways could Jolysestimate of Earths age be considered significant?A.B.C.It provedIt indicatedlleys idea aboutt Earth was much olderof the ocean was fairly accurate.n some scientists had claimed.It was favored by the majority of scientists at the end of the nineteenthcenturyD. It was th

35、e basis for mu11. Bodern researcho the salinity of the ocean：事實(shí)信息題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文“Even though in error, Jolyscalculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in exs of a few million years.”因此，B 選項(xiàng)是該句信息的同義改寫。12. The author mentions “Darwin, Huxley, and other evolutionar

36、ybiologists” in order toA.Provide evidencet Jolys calculations inspired scientists working onother lines of scientific inquiryB.Support the claimt all of the leading scientists of the time bevedtEarth was just over 90 million years oldC.Arguet Jolys calculations would have been more exact if he hadc

37、ollaborated with experts in other fieldsD.Provide exles of scientists who bevedof Earth to be greatern just a few million on year, like Joly, in order to account for their findings12. D：修辭目的題。標(biāo)陰影的部分是例子，所要論證的內(nèi)容是前一句“Jolys calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age forEarth

38、far in exParagraph 2s of a few million years.”D 選項(xiàng)符合該論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容。Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural prosest continue at aconstant rate andt also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such pros, and ge

39、ologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875)recognized this. By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks then, Lyell estimated t 80 million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period. He came astonishingly close to the mark, since it wa ually about 65 million years. Howe

40、ver, for older sequence of evolutionary development, estimates based on parts in the fossil record.Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not wellunderstood. 13. Look at the four squares could be added to the passage.t indicate where the following sentenceMorefundamentally,Lye

41、llsevolutionaryapproachisrinsically limited because Earth evolution began.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Dexisted long before life and“more fundamentally”，說明：文本題。句中有一個(gè)前面一句應(yīng)該涉及 earth 上的生命，因此放在 D 選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)槠淝耙痪湓谡f動(dòng)植句要表達(dá)的 “more fundamentally is物的進(jìn)化是難以理解的，恰好接上limited”14. Directions：Anroductory sentence

42、 for a brief summary of the passageis provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoit express the most important ideashe passage. Some sentendo not belong in the summary because they express ideast are notpresentedhe passage or are minor ideashe passage. This question isworth

43、 2 pos.Since the dawn of civilization, people have been curious aboutEarths ageAnswer choiIt was not until the nineteenth centuryA.t attempts were made todetermine the relative geologic age of rocks and fossils.Charles Lyell made a good estimate of the Tertiary Period from the fossilB.record, but hi

44、s method could not be extended to earr geological periods.C.Attempts were made to calculate Earths age from the thickness of surviving sedimentary rock and from the current level of the oceans salinity.In the nineteenth century, scientists made a number of important, butD.unsucsful, attempts to calc

45、ulate Earths age from the record of variousnatural proses.E.Darwin and Huxley supported the accuracy of John Jolys Calculation ofEarths age because it agree with their view of how long evolution hadbeen in progress.F.Earths true age, 4.54 billion years, was determined by combining data from the geol

46、ogical and fossil records.14. BCD：小結(jié)題。B 概括了原文第 1 段主旨，C 概括了原文第 4 段主旨，D 概括了原文第 3 段主旨。其他選項(xiàng)都是錯(cuò)誤的。翻譯：確定地球自文明到來的時(shí)刻起，人們對地球的能夠僅僅陳述巖石或化石的相對地質(zhì)的嘗試感到好奇。此外，沒有滿足于。人類的好奇心要求知道實(shí)際。在十九世紀(jì)工作的地質(zhì)學(xué)家理解巖體，他們集中在以恒定速率繼續(xù)的自然過程，并且在巖石中留下某種有形的。進(jìn)化是一個(gè)這樣的過程，地質(zhì)學(xué)家Charles Lyell（1797-1875）認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)。通過比較海洋軟體動(dòng)物的演化量，Lyell 估計(jì)自第三紀(jì)開始以來已經(jīng)過去了 8000 萬

47、年。這個(gè)數(shù)字驚人的貼近事實(shí)，因?yàn)樗鼘?shí)際上是大約 6500 萬年。然而，對于較早的進(jìn)化發(fā)展序列，基于進(jìn)化的部分速率的估計(jì)是的，并且不僅是因?yàn)榛械娜笔?，還因?yàn)閷τ谠S多種類的植物和動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化速率不是很清楚。在另一個(gè)嘗試中，地質(zhì)學(xué)家推斷，如果沉積巖的沉積速率可以確定，它們可以能夠估計(jì)特定厚度的巖層或巖石層的沉積下來所需的時(shí)間。類似的推理表明，人們可以通過將每年到達(dá)海洋的沉積物的平均厚度除以過去曾經(jīng)沉積的沉積巖的總厚度來估計(jì)過去總的地質(zhì)時(shí)間。不幸的是，這種估計(jì)沒有充分考慮過去在侵蝕期間沉積速率或?qū)Φ貙涌偯娣e的損失的差異。此外，一些非常古老的沉積物不再被識別，在山建造過程中已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為火成巖和變質(zhì)巖?；?/p>

48、于沉降速率的地球總的估計(jì)從小到幾百萬到超過 10 億年。1715 年，Edmund Halley 爵士（1656-1742）提出了另一種近似地球的方案，其名稱與著名的彗關(guān)。哈雷推測，在地球之后形成的海洋，因此將比固體地球的時(shí)代稍微年輕。他認(rèn)為，原始的海洋不咸，隨后源自巖石的風(fēng)化的鹽被帶到海上。因此，如果知道海洋中溶解的鹽的總量和每年的添加量，可能有可能在 1899 年計(jì)算海洋的1857-1933），愛爾蘭地質(zhì)學(xué)家試圖計(jì)算。從放置在溪流口處的儀表提供的信息。 Joly 能夠估算鹽對海洋的年增量。然后，知道海水的鹽度和大致的水體積，他計(jì)算了已經(jīng)保持在海洋中的溶液中的鹽的量。海洋的估計(jì)是通過將海洋中

49、的總鹽量每年加入鹽的速率來獲得的。根據(jù) Joly 的說法，從基本上不含鹽的海洋開始，它將花費(fèi)約 9000 萬年的海洋來達(dá)到其現(xiàn)有的鹽度。然而，這個(gè)數(shù)字從目前接受的 45.4 億下降了 50倍，主要是因?yàn)闆]有辦法準(zhǔn)確地計(jì)算回收的鹽和鹽加入到沉積在海底的粘土礦物中。即使錯(cuò)誤，Joly 的計(jì)算明確支持那些堅(jiān)持一個(gè)地球的超過幾百萬年的地質(zhì)學(xué)家。對于地球的遠(yuǎn)古年代，赫克斯利和其他進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家也都支持，他們認(rèn)為數(shù)億年來需要時(shí)間來完成化石中的有機(jī)進(jìn)化。Water Supply in VeniceThe city of Venice, built on saltwater marshes and crissc

50、rossed by cs, experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history. Onefifteenth-century French traveler notedt “in a city” in which theinhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty “How wasthe community to solve this important problem?Water drawn from the lagoon (

51、the large, shallow body of water betnVenice and the Mediterranean Sea) and the cs withhe city served manydomestic uses such as washing and cooking inventories of even the mostmodest households list large numbers of buckets, which were emptied andrinsed, the ones used to carry the brackish (somewhat

52、salty) cwater werekept separate from thoseneeds would have been imended for fresh water. Still, even serving suchsible if the cs of Venice had been extremelypolluted. Theernment was obliged to ime controls, and in the earlyfourteenth century, the Great Council prohibited the washing of all clonddyed

53、 woolens in the cs, addingt water used for dyeing could not beflushedlagoon.o the cnks tos. Henceforth dirty water oft sort was to goo theon the part of the dyers, infractions were many,the law did not reflect common practice. A century later, however, most of thedye workst used blood or indigo (a d

54、ark blue dye)had shifted to theperiphery of the city, as had all activities “t let off bad odors or smells.”,such as bhering. Blood, carcasses, and spoiled meat were to goo thelagoon. The cs of Venice began to be protected in the name of nascentecological awareness.Muore stringent measures were nesa

55、ry to guarantee a supply ofdrinking water, however. In the early centuries of settlement in the lagoonbasin, the populations depended on wells on the nearby coastal region. By thenh century, however, with the increase in population density, cisternsbecame nesary. Basically, the cisterns were large,

56、covered pits dugo theground and lined with clay to hold water. The cisterns were locatedhe city,but unlike the wells, the cisterns were notd with water from the lagoon,they collected rainwater instead. Cisterns became widespreadcity.he growingOver a period of severaldred years, Venice developed an e

57、laboratesystem of cisterns and gome-the gutters or pipest carried rainwater to thecisterns andt, for a single cistern, might extend over an area of severalstreets. Wealthy households had their own cisterns. In less affluent areas ofthe city, cisterns were often owned and maained by neighborhood grou

58、ps.In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent, one or two cisterns were provided for each street. A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements. Every public square inthe city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.In the thir

59、teenth century, a deciwas made to create 50 additionalcisterns, primarilysame time, ahe recently urbanized area at the edge of the city. At then was launched to repair the existing cisterns. Expanof the cistern system stopped during much of the fourteenth century as Venice,like other cities in Europ

60、e, suffered from bubonic. In the fifteenthcentury, however, a new program of cistern construction and repair wasundertaken.In spite of the expanof the cistern system, Venice continued to haveproblems with its water supply, espelly during dry periods. Flotillas ofboats had to be dispatched Bottenigo,