英國文學史-名詞解釋

1、名詞解釋1 Romance:a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of anoble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of KingArthur and the round table knight.2 Renaissance:a revival orrebirthof the artistic and scientificrevivalwhich or

2、iginatedinItaly in the 14thcentury and graduallyspread all over Europe. Ithas twofeatures: a thirstingcuriosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3 Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.4 Enlightenment : a revivalofinterestin t

3、he old classical works, logic, order,restrainedemotion and accuracy.5 Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Romanworks. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6 Romanticism:imagination,emotionand freedom are certainlythe focalpointsofromanticism. The part

4、icular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7 Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Roma

5、ntic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.8 Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and

6、 through the buildup of accurate detail.9 Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10 Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a char

7、acter as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.11 Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、這個時期的文學作品分類：pagan(異教徒 ) Christian( 基督徒 )2

8、、代表作：The Song of Beowulf貝奧武甫( national epic民族史詩)采用了隱喻手法 3、 Alliteration 押頭韻（寫作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto詩章1、 romance傳奇文學2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( 高文爵士和綠衣騎士三、 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340

9、-1400)杰弗里 .喬叟時期)是一首押頭韻的長詩1、 the father of English poetry英國詩歌之父2、 heroic couplet英雄雙韻體： a verse unit consisting of two rhymed( 押韻 ) lines in iambicpentameter(五步抑揚格 )3、代表作： the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英國文學史的開端)大致內容： the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walk

10、s of life and social groups.精品文庫朝圣者都是來自英國的各地的人,代表著社會的各個不同階層和社會團體小說特點： each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無形中表明了各自的觀點，展示了各自的性格。小說觀點： he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man f

11、reed from superstitions( 迷信 ) and a blind belief in fate( 盲目地相信命運 ). 他希望人們能從迷信和對命運的盲從中解脫出來。4、 Popular Ballads 大眾民謠： a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth linerhymed( 筆記 )Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission( 書上 ).歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式。代

12、表人物： Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯.帕希主教 代表作： Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾四、 The Renaissance (16世紀 ) 文藝復興時期Greek and Roman） 戲劇 drama 詩章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts andsciences.文藝復興最初是指經典藝術和科學在英國的復興。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a

13、 particular development of English drama文藝復興時期的英國戲劇也得到了迅速的發(fā)展。1、 key work: humanism人文主義：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物： 1)、Thomas More 托馬斯 .莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦 2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯 . 培根 第一個散文家 (essayist) 3)、 Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯 .懷亞特 引入十四行詩的第一人sonnet(十四行詩 )： form of poetry intricately rhymed(

14、 間隔押韻 ) in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙 .斯賓塞 poets poet(詩人中的詩人 ) The Fairy Queen仙后 (epic poem 史詩 ) 5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗 .馬洛 blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚格 ) 是十六世紀英國戲劇的主要表現形式。6)、William Shakespeare威廉姆 .莎士比亞戲劇 drama四大悲?。?Hamlet( 哈姆雷特 )， Othello( 奧賽羅 )， King Lear( 李爾王 )，The Trage

15、dy of Macbeth( 麥克白 )五、 the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世紀 ) 資產階級革命與王權復辟prose 散文 1、文學特點： the Puritans(清教徒 ) believed in simplicity of life 、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 約翰 .多恩 “ metaphysical”poe

16、ts (玄學派詩人 ) 的代表人物 sonnet 十四行詩 Death be not proud (筆記 )2)、John Milton約翰 .彌爾頓a great poet 詩人（ poem 詩歌blank verse ）Defense for the English People 為英國人辯護 Paradise Lost失樂園 “Satan is not a villain ”撒旦不是壞人 Paradise Regained復樂園 ) 、John Bunyan 約翰 .拜揚 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory( 寓言

17、)” Pilgrim s Progress天路歷程 prose 散文六、 The Age of Enlightenment (18世紀 ) 啟蒙運動prose 散文1、 Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.歡迎下載2精品文庫強調正確的格式和寫作規(guī)范，像艾迪生一樣創(chuàng)作散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class

18、of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運動實際上是當時先進的資產階級同落后的封建主義斗爭的一種形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.啟蒙

19、主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚的人類本惡的觀點； 論證了人生誠實而友善， 而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會環(huán)境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.無論怎樣講究理性， 社會不平等現象仍然普遍存在， 理性的力量明顯不足。 因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種

20、謀求幸福和社會公平的手段。2、 18th century 文學的三個方面：Classicism( 古典主義 )、 revival of romantic poetry( 新興的浪漫主義詩歌)、 beginnings of themodern novel( 剛啟萌的現代派小說) 3、代表人物：1)、 Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾 .笛福realisticnovel 現實主義小說Novel ： Robinson Crusoe魯賓遜漂流記 Jonathan Wild喬納森 .威爾德 Moll Flanders 摩爾 .弗蘭德斯 2) 、Henry Fielding 亨利 .菲爾丁 father

21、of modern fiction( 現代小說之父 ) Joseph Andrews約瑟夫 .安德魯斯 受到了理查森的帕美勒的啟發(fā) 3)、 Jonathan Swift 喬納森 .斯威夫特 Gulliver s Travels格列佛游記 novel 反諷作品特點： no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift s sense of the ridiculour gets

22、 the better of him.努不動顏，罵不揚聲，語調冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時才偶露揶揄之態(tài)。 A Modest Proposal 一個溫和的建議4)、 Samuel Richardson 塞繆爾 .理查森Pamela帕美勒The method of psychological analysis心理分析的方法In the form of letters書信體小說5)、Richard B. Sheridan理查德 .B.謝爾丹School for Scandal 造謠學校，喜劇 comedy6)、Oliver Goldsmith s 奧利佛 .哥爾德斯密斯散文作家

23、essayist The Vicar ofWakefield 威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novel She Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking comedy The Deserted Village 荒村，詩歌 poems 4、Sentimentalism 感傷主義 no belief 沒有信仰 The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradic

24、tions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對封建主義的同時又模糊的感覺到資本主義進程中出現的種種矛盾，感覺到資本主義制度對人性的奴役和破壞。 代表人物： Thomas Gray 托馬斯 .格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard 墓園挽歌七、 the Romantic Period (1798-1832) 浪漫主義散文prose 1、前浪漫主義代表人物：William Blake威廉 .布萊克詩人po

25、et Robert Burns 羅伯特 .彭斯蘇格蘭詩人poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the IndustrialRevolution and the French Revolution2、教育意義Educational ： liberty, equality and fraternity自由，平等，博愛3、開始的標志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth s Lyrical Ballads 4、 lake poets(湖畔詩人 )： Coleridge South

26、ey Wordsworth5、代表人物：1)、WilliamWordsworth威廉 .華茲華斯poet-laureate (桂冠詩人 )歡迎下載3精品文庫The Prelude序曲 自傳性詩歌 Autobiographical poetry With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “ Lyrical Ballads ”. 與 s.t.coleridge 一起 ,聯合發(fā)表了“抒情民謠”作品特點： simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional

27、forms of the 18th century poetry簡單而純潔的語言,反傳統形式的18 世紀詩歌2) 、Lord Byron拜倫 Childe HaroldPilgrimage 查爾德 ?哈羅德游記cantos 詩章成名作 Don Juan唐璜poem 詩 satiricmasterpiece 諷刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness 閑散時刻poem 詩 the first volume of poem首卷詩 3)、 Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 Prometheus Unbound解放的普羅米修斯 drama 戲劇 Ode to the West Win

28、d 西風頌 poem 詩 4) 、John Keats 濟慈 poet 詩人 The Eve of St.Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜poem On a Greeian Urn 希臘古甕頌poem To a Nightingale 致夜鶯poem “ Beauty is truth, truth beauty ”美學原則5)、Walter Scott 沃特 .斯科特He is thecreator and a great master of the historical novel.他是創(chuàng)造者和歷史小說大師6)、 Jane Austen簡.奧斯丁 女 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏

29、見 Sense and Sensibility理智與情感 Emma愛瑪 寫作特點： the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, issubdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中產階級小說的發(fā)起人。7)、Charles Lamb

30、查爾斯 .蘭伯 essayist 散文家 6、十九世紀散文的特點： In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在這兩個時期的開始，艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century itbecame more

31、 definitely a means of intimate self-expression. 在十九世紀前期，散文變得對自我的表達越來越肯定八、 Critical Realism批判現實主義， Victorian Period維多利亞時期humanism 人文主義1、意義： Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國的歷史中，憲章運動是偉大的無產階級政治運動。2、代表人物：1)、Charles Dickens狄更斯 Hard Times 艱難時

32、刻 Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外傳 Oliver Twist 霧都孤兒 A Tale of Two Cities 雙城記 (描述了法國大革命 French Revolution) 特點： describing themisery and sufferings of common people. 描述苦難和苦難的群眾。2)、 Charlotte Bronte夏洛特.勃郎特 女 Shirley 雪利 Jane Eyre簡 .愛 Emily Bronte 艾米麗 .勃郎特 Wuthering Heights 呼嘯山莊（主人公： Mr. Heathcliff ） 特點： brought

33、to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province ofpoetry alone. 3)、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South 瑪麗 .巴頓，北方和南方 4)、 William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair 名利場 this title was borrowed by Thackerayfrom The Pilgr

34、im s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小說中描繪了廣闊的社會生活，無情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義人物： Rebecca Sharp a perfectembodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain we

35、alth and positionby and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場中，完美的獲取財富和地位的手段。特點：novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society 。小說是一個含有諷刺意味的上流社會寫照。 5) 、George Eliot 喬治 .艾略特 女 Adam Bede novel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual i