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1、初中英語時態(tài)和語態(tài)專項練習(xí)題清華大學(xué)英語系測試:為中學(xué)英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:HYPERLINK http:/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果1The boy is happy because he _(sell) out all the newspapers.2The plan _(give) up because of rain.3If it _(not rain) tomorrow, we _(go )fishing.4Where _you_(be) these days?5Where is Tom? He _(go) to the post office. He said he _(c

2、ome) back soon.6Mike says he _(want )to be a worker after he _ (finish )school.7The last bus _just _(leave) when they _(get) to the bus stop.8She _(not go) to bed until she _(finish) her work.9Light _(travel )much faster than sound.10I _(feel) much better after I _(take) the medicine.11”Where _we_(m

3、eet)?” “Lets meet outside the park gate.”12I_(be) afraid Mr Johnson _(not visit) out school tomorrow.13I _(lost) my bike ._you _(see) it anywhere?14_this kind of car _(produce) in Shanghai?15We _(see) several members of the family since we _(arrive)16I found that the students _(play) football on the

4、 playground.17The shop _(close) at this time of day.18Where _your watch _(lose)?19_the doctor _(send) for last night?20Three children _(take) good care by the nurse.21Some children _(take ) good care by the nurse.22Some new houses _(build) by the villagers themselves.23What language _(speak) in Aust

5、ralia?24The colour TV _(buy) in that shop three days ago.25He said he _(stay) here for another two days.26The doctor said Jim must _(operate ) on at once.27“_the bridge _(repair) yet?”“Yes, the workers_ already_(repair) it.”28We are in Grade One this year, so we _(teach ) physics next year.29“Where

6、_(be) you last night?”“I_(ask) to help Tom at home”30The big tree _(blow)down in the storm last night.31I_ never _(eat) such delicious noodles before.32When we reached the town, it _(get) dark.33We _(have) lunch when suddenly someone knocked at the door.34Lucy said she _(visit) the school the next m

7、onth.35I _(wait) until he comes back.36You _(watch) TV after supper, arent you?37They _(be) to that small village several times.39Can you tell me if it _(snow) tomorrow?40Could you tell me if you _(read) the story book?41He said the lights in the room _(go) out when he opened the door.42I _(be) fift

8、een soon.43Tom, your aunt _(come) this afternoon .44My teacher often _(tell) us not to play on the street.45They_(plant) trees on the hill. Do you see?46The teacher said that the earth _(move) round the sun.47She said she _(put) on a new coat the next day.48The Great Wall _(know) all over the world.

9、49Could you tell me where Alice _ (live)?50_the film _(show) many times since last Sunday.51_the street lights usually _(turn) on at seven in summer evening?52I _(not go) to the cinema because I _(see) the film before.53It _(get) dark. What about _(go) home at once?54You _(be) late if you _(not hurr

10、y).55Use your head and you _(find) a better way.56Look!Someone _(lie) on the floor.57It _(rain) harder now. It _(rain) quite often in summer.58Here _(come) the bus.59I dont know when the manager _(return), but when be _(come) back I _(let) you know.60“Where _(be) you this time yesterday?”“I_(be) at

11、home. I _(go) over my lessons then.”KEY:1has sold 2will be given up/ has been given up3doesnt rain, will go 4have, been5has gone, would come6wants, finishes 7had, left, got 8wont go,finishes9travels 10felt, had taken 11shall/will, meet 12am, wont visit13have lost, Have seen 14is, produced 15Have see

12、n, arrived 16were playing17is closed18was, lost/ has, been lost 19was, been sent 20wastaken 21are taken 22have been built 23is spoken24was bought25would stay 26be operated 27has, beenrepaired, have repaired28will be taught 29were ,was, 30was blewn 31have,eaten32got/ had got 33were having 34would vis

13、it 35willwait36are watching 37have been 38snows 39had studied40have read41had been gone 42will be/ am 43will come 44tells45are planting 46moves 47would put 48is known49lives50has, been showed 51are, turned 52wont go, have seen53gets, going 54will be, dont hurry 55will find56is lying57is raining/ rai

14、ns, rains 58comes 59will return,comes, will let 60were, was, was going清華大學(xué)英語系測試:為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:HYPERLINK http:/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果初一英語上冊知識點【知識梳理】 I. 重點短語1. Sit down2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like7. look at8. have a look9. come on10. at work11. at school12. put on13. lo

15、ok after14. get up15. go shoppingII. 重要句型1. help sb. do sth.2. What about?3. Lets do sth.4. Its time to do sth.5. Its time for 6. Whats? It is/ Its7. Where is? Its.8. How old are you? Im.9. What class are you in? Im in.10. Welcome to.11. Whats plus? Its.12. I think13. Whos this? This is.14. What can

16、 you see? I can see.15. There is (are) .16. What colour is it (are they)? Its (Theyre)17. Whose is this? Its.18. What time is it? Its.III. 交際用語1. Good morning, Miss/Mr.2. Hello! Hi!3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.4. How are you? Im fine, thank you/thanks. And you?5. See you. See you later

17、.6. Thank you! Youre welcome.7. Goodbye! Bye!8. Whats your name? My name is .9. Here you are. This way, please.10. Whos on duty today?11. Lets do.12. Let me see.IV. 重要語法1. 動詞be的用法;2. 人稱代詞和物主代詞的用法;3. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和所有格的用法;4. 冠詞的基本用法;5. There be句型的用法?!久麕熤v解】1. in/on 在表示空間位置時,in表示在某個空間的范圍以內(nèi),on表示在某一個物體的表面之上。例如:

18、There is a bird in the tree. 樹上有只鳥。 There is a picture on the wall. 墻上有張圖。2. this/that/these/those (1)this常常用來指在時間、地點上更接近講話人的人和事,these是this的復(fù)數(shù)形式。that常常用來指在時間、地點上離講話人更遠一點的人和事,those時that的復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: You look in this box and Ill look in that one over there.你看看這個盒子,我去看那邊的那個盒子。 I want this car, not that car

19、. 我想要這輛小汽車,不是那一輛。 Take these books to his room, please. 請把這些書拿到他房間去。 This is mine; thats yours. 這個是我的,那個是你的。 These are apples; those are oranges. 這些是蘋果,那些是橘子。 (2)在打電話的用語中,this常常指的是我,that常常指的是對方。例如: This is Mary speaking. Whos that? 我是瑪麗。你是誰?3. There be/ haveThere be 有,其確切含意為某處或某時存在某人或某物。其結(jié)構(gòu)是:There b

20、e + 某人或某物 + 表示地點或時間的狀語。There be 后面的名詞實際上是主語,be 動詞的形式要和主語在數(shù)上保持一致,be動詞后面的名詞是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時用is,名詞是復(fù)數(shù)時用are。例如:(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可樂。(2) There is a doll in the box. 那個盒子里有個娃娃。(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那樹上有許多蘋果??傊?,There be結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)的是一種客觀存在的有。have表示擁有,占有,具有,即:某人有某物(sb

21、. have / has sth.)。主語一般是名詞或代詞,與主語是所屬關(guān)系。例如:(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有兩個兄弟,一個姐姐。(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四個房間。4. look/ see/ watch (1)look 表示“看、瞧”,著重指認真看,強調(diào)看的動作,表示有意識地注意看,但不一定看到,以提醒對方注意。,如:Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧!孩子們在玩電腦游戲。Look! Whats that over there? 看

22、!那邊那個是什么?單獨使用是不及物動詞,如強調(diào)看某人/物,其后接介詞at,才能帶賓語,如:Hes looking at me。他正在看著我。(2)see強調(diào)“看”的結(jié)果,著重的是look這個動作的結(jié)果,意思是“看到”,see是及物動詞,后面能直接跟賓語。如:What can you see in the picture? 你能在圖上看到什么?Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板!你看到了什么?(3)watch“觀看,注視”,側(cè)重于場面,表示全神貫注地觀看、觀察或注視某事務(wù)的活動,強調(diào)過程,常用于“看電視、看足球、看演出”等。如:Y

23、esterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我們從電視上看了一場足球比賽。4. put on/ / in put on意為“穿上,戴上”。主要指“穿上”這一動作, 后面接表示服裝、鞋帽的名詞。in 是介詞,表示“穿著”強調(diào)狀態(tài)。在句中可以做定語、標語和狀語。如:Its cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷,穿上你的外衣。He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子,走了出去。The woman in a white blouse is Johns mother.穿白色襯衣的那個婦女是

24、John的媽媽。5. house/ home/familyhouse :“房子”,指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”,指一個人同家人共同經(jīng)常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“,“家庭成員”。例如:Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午請到我家來。He is not at home. 他不在家。My family all get up early. 我們?nèi)叶计鸬煤茉纭?. fine, nice, good, well四者都可用作形容詞表示好之意,但前三者既可作表語又可作定語,而后者僅用作表語。主要區(qū)別在于: (1) fine指物時表示的是

25、質(zhì)量上的精細,形容人時表示的是身體健康,也 可以用來指天氣晴朗。例如:Your parents are very fine. 你父母身體很健康。Thats a fine machine. 那是一臺很好的機器。Its a fine day for a walk today. 今天是散步的好時候。(2)nice主要側(cè)重于人或物的外表,有美好,漂亮的意思,也可用于問候或贊揚別人。例如:Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。Nice to meet you. 見到你很高興。Its very nice of you. 你

26、真好。(3)good形容人時指品德好,形容物時指質(zhì)量好,是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用語。例如:Her son is a good student. 她兒子是一個好學(xué)生。The red car is very good. 那輛紅色小汽車很好。(4)well只可用來形容人的身體好,但不能作定語,它也能用作副詞作狀語,多放在所修飾的動詞之后。例如:Im very well, thanks. 我身體很好,謝謝。My friends sing well. 我的朋友們歌唱得好?!究键c掃描】中考考點在本單元主要集中在:1. 動詞be的用法;2. 人稱代詞和物主代詞的用法;3. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和所有格的用法;

27、4. 冠詞的基本用法;5. There be句型的用法。6. 本單元學(xué)過的詞匯、短語和句型;7. 本單元學(xué)過的日常交際用語??荚囆问娇梢允菃雾椞羁?、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子?!局锌挤独?. (2004年北京市中考試題) Mary, please show _ your picture. A. my B. mine C. I D. me【解析】答案:D。該題考查的是人稱代詞和物主代詞的用法。本題中動詞show后面跟雙賓語,空白處應(yīng)填入人稱代詞的賓格me作賓語。2. (2004年上海市徐匯區(qū)中考試題) _ orange on the desk is for you, Mike. A. A B

28、.An C. / D. The【解析】答案:D。該題考查的是冠詞的基本用法。因為是特指課桌上的那個橘子,所以用定冠詞the。3. (2004年哈爾濱市中考試題) -What _ the number of the girls in your class? -About twenty. A. is B. am C. are D. be【解析】答案:A。該題考查的是動詞be的用法和主謂一致。the number作主語,應(yīng)該是單數(shù)第三人稱,動詞be變?yōu)閕s。4. (2004年陜西省中考試題) There _ a football match on TV this evening. A. will h

29、ave B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have【解析】答案:B。該題考查的是There be句型和動詞have用法區(qū)別。There be句型本身就表示“在某個地方存在某個人或物”,不能和動詞have混在一起用。清華大學(xué)英語系測試:為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:HYPERLINK http:/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果哈佛大學(xué)英語系研究,美國布什推薦。專為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做。官方網(wǎng)站:http:/ 哈佛大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供初中there be 句型用法及配套練習(xí)一:there be 句型基本認識定義:There be句型表示某處存在

30、某物或某人。2、結(jié)構(gòu):(1) There is +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+ 地點狀語. (2) There are +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+地點狀語.注意事項: there是引導(dǎo)詞,在句中不充當任何成分,翻譯時也不必譯出。句子的主語是某人或某物,謂語動詞be要與主語(某人或某物)的數(shù)保持一致。當主語是兩個或兩個以上的名詞時,謂語動詞要與跟它最近的那個名詞一致。如: There is a bird in the tree. 樹上有一只鳥。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我們教室里有一位老師和許多學(xué)生。 There are tw

31、o boys and a girl under the tree. 樹下有兩個男孩,一個女孩。二: there be 句型的??键c考點一:各種句型轉(zhuǎn)化。1:變成否定There be句型的否定式的構(gòu)成和含有be動詞的其它句型一樣,在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同:not是副詞,no為形容詞,not a/an/any + n. 相當于no+ n.。例如: There are some pictures on the wall. There arent any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on the wall. Th

32、ere is a bike behind the tree. There isnt a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree.2:變成一般疑問句There be句型的一般疑問句變化是把be動詞調(diào)整到句首,再在句尾加上問號即可。但同時要注意:當肯定句中有some時,要將其改為any(否定變化也一樣)。There is some water on Mars. Is there any water on Mars? There are some fish in the water. Are there any fish in

33、the water? 3:特殊疑問句對主語提問:當主語是人的時候,則用who 引導(dǎo),當主語是物的時候,則用what 引導(dǎo)。注意:無論原句的主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),對之提問時一般都用be的單數(shù)形式(回答時卻要根據(jù)實際情況來決定)。如: There are many things over there. Whats over there? There is a little girl in the room.Who is in the room? 對地點狀語提問:則用where 引導(dǎo)。如:There is a computer on the desk. Where is the computer? T

34、here are four children on the playground. Where are the four children? 對數(shù)量提問:般有兩種句型結(jié)構(gòu): How many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+are there+介詞短語? How much+不可數(shù)名詞+is there+介詞短語?考點二:there be 句型的時態(tài)。be可以有現(xiàn)在時(there is/are)、過去時(there was/were)、將來時(there is/are going to be或there will be)和完成時(there have/has been);還可用there must be ,there

35、 cant be, there used to be等。 如: -There _ a concert this evening.-Yeah. Exciting news! A. are going to be B. is going to be C. is going to have D. will have考點三:there be 句型反意疑問句的構(gòu)成:be (not) there? 如:There is some milk in the bottle, _ ? Aisnt there Barent there Cisnt it Dare there 考點四:there be 句型的主謂一致

36、:There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的be動詞要和后面所跟名詞保持一致,遵循就近原則。如:1.There _ any rice in the bowl. A. are B. is C. isnt D. arent 2.There _ many apples on the tree last year. A. have been B. were C. are D. is 考點五:there be 句型用的其他動詞:there be 句型中有時不用動詞be ,而用come , live ,stand , lie, seem to be , happen to be ,等。如:There _ a knife

37、and a fork on the table. (2007黃岡)A. seems to be B. seem to be C. is seeming to be D. are剖析:根據(jù)就近原則,首先排除B、D,而 there be 句型中有時不用動詞be ,而用come , live ,stand , lie, seem to be等,所以答案應(yīng)從A、C中選。感官動詞一般不用進行時,故C也不正確。注意事項:there be 句型與have句型的區(qū)別(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含義。區(qū)別如下:There be表示“某處存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人擁有某物/某人

38、”,它表示所有、擁有關(guān)系。如: He has two sons. 他有兩個兒子。There are two men in the office. 辦公室里有兩個男人。(2)當have表示“包括”、“存在”的含義時,There be 句型與其可互換。如: A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一個星期有七天。三:課堂實地演練I. 將下列句子變成否定句和一般疑問句。1.There is some water in the bottle.2.There are many apples in the box.II. 對句子劃線部

39、分提問。3.There are seven days in a week. 4.There are lots of books in our library.5.There is a knife over there.6.There is a little milk in the glass. 單項填空。( )8.There_ not _ milk in the cup on the table .A. are, many B. are , much C. is ,many D. is ,much ( )10.How many _ are there in the room ? A. appl

40、e B. students C. milk D. paper ( )11.Do you know if _ a meeting next Sunday ? A. there was going to have B. there was going to beC. is there going to be D. there will be ( )12. Is this the last exam we have to take ? C No, but there _ another test three months later from now.A. will be going to B. i

41、s C. will be D. has been( )13.There _ great changes in such kind of computers in the last few years. A. is B. are C. will be D. have been( )14.There _ a film tomorrow evening Awill have Bhave Cis going to be Dhas( )15.There _ a football match on TV this evening. A. will have B. is going to be C. has

42、 D. is going to have( )16.There _ a school at the foot of the hill. Ahave Bstand Care Dstands( )17.Theres going to _ in tomorrows newspapers. A. have something new B. have new somethingC. be something new D. be new something( )19.How many boys _ there in Class one? A. be B. is C. are D. am( )20.Ther

43、e _ a lot of good news in todays newspaper. A. is B. are C. was D. were( )21.There _ pencil-box, two books and some flowers on the desk. A. is a B. are some C. has a D. have some( )22.There _ an apple and ten bananas in the basket. You can take any of them. A. are B. is C. has D. have( )23. _ any fl

44、owers on both sides of the street? AIs there BAre there CHas DHave( )24. There _ great changes in our country since 1982. A. have been B. were C. has been D. are( )25. There is little water in the glass, _ ? A. isnt there B. isnt it C. is it D. is there( )26. -There is no air or water on the moon. I

45、s there? - _. A. Yes, there are B. No, there isntC. Yes, there isnt D. No, there is( )27.-What did you see in the basket then ? -There _ a bottle of orange and some oranges. A. is B. are C. was D. were( )28. _ any flowers on both sides of the street ? A. Is there B. Are there C. Has D. Have( )29. _

46、is there on the table? A. How many apples B. How much bread C. How much breads D. How many food ( )30. There isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get some for me? A. any B. some C. a D. an( )31. How many _ are there in your classroom? A. desks B. desk C. chair D. door( )32. There _ something wro

47、ng with our classroom. A. are B. has C. is D. have( )33. There is some _ on the table. A. apple B. orange C. cake D. sandwich.漢譯英。34.房子前面有一輛小汽車。35.今晚不開會。36.我能為你做點什么嗎?37.山腳下有一棵大樹。38.你們班有多少學(xué)生?39.桌子上放著什么?40.你丟的那個錢包里有多少錢?參考答案1.There is not any water in the bottle. Is there any water in the bottle?2.Ther

48、e are not many apples in the box. Are there many apples in the box?II. 3.How many days are there in a week.?4.How many books are there in your library?5.Whats (there) over there.6.How much milk is there in the glass?. 711 CDBBD 12-16 CDCBD 17-21 CACAA 22-26 BBADB 27-31 CBBAA 32-33 CB. 34) There is a

49、 car in front of the house.35) There is not going to be a meeting tonight.36) Is there anything I can do for you ?37) There stands a tall tree at the foot of the mountain .38) How many students are there in your class?39) Whats on the table ?40) How much money is there in the purse you have lost ?哈佛

50、大學(xué)英語系研究,美國布什推薦。專為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做。官方網(wǎng)站:http:/ 哈佛大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供學(xué)英語簡單嗎?肯定會有許多學(xué)生說:“難死了”。為什么有好多學(xué)生對英語的學(xué)習(xí)都感到頭疼呢?答案只有一個:“不得法?!?英語與漢語一樣都是一種語言,為什么你說漢語會如此流利?那是因為你置身于一個漢語環(huán)境中,如果你在倫敦呆上半年,保準說起英語來會非常流利。但很多中學(xué)生沒有很好的英語環(huán)境,那么你可以自己設(shè)置一個英語環(huán)境,堅持“多說”、“多聽”、“多讀”、“多寫”,那么你的英語成績肯定會很出色。 一、多“說”。 自己多創(chuàng)造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學(xué),尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心

51、情這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學(xué)英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。 或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應(yīng)大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風(fēng)景、談學(xué)校只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學(xué)過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發(fā)現(xiàn)與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發(fā)音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。 如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關(guān)系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所

52、見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。 二、多“聽” 尋找一切可以聽英語的機會。別人用英語交談時,你應(yīng)該大膽地去參與,多聽聽各種各樣人的發(fā)音,男女老少,節(jié)奏快的慢的你都應(yīng)該接觸到,如果這樣的機會少的話,你可以選擇你不知內(nèi)容的文章去聽,這將會對你幫助很大,而你去聽學(xué)過的課文的磁帶,那將會對你的語言語調(diào)的學(xué)習(xí)有很大的幫助。 三、多“讀”。 “讀”可以分為兩種。一種是“默讀”。每天給予一定時間的練習(xí)將會對你提高閱讀速度有很大的好處,讀的內(nèi)容可以是你的課本,但最好是一些有趣的小讀物,因為現(xiàn)在的英語高考越來越重視閱讀量和閱讀速度。每道題的得分都與你的理解程度有很大關(guān)系

53、,所以經(jīng)過高中三年閱讀的訓(xùn)練后,你必定會在高考中勝券在握。 另一種是“朗讀”這是學(xué)語言必不可少的一種學(xué)習(xí)途徑。 四、多“寫” 有的同學(xué)總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發(fā)生的一些重要的事情,或當天學(xué)了某一個詞組,你可以創(chuàng)設(shè)一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學(xué)“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下: The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be

54、a soldier.However,Im different .I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor. 只幾句話:但wish的幾種用法已躍然紙上,這樣寫下來印象會深刻得多,這樣比死記硬背wish的用法也有趣輕松的多。 學(xué)習(xí)英語不用花大塊的時間,10分鐘的散步可以練說,吃完飯后可以讀一會兒英語小說,睡前聽幾分鐘英語,可以使你得到更好地休息只要你每天抽出一些時間來練英語,你的英語成績肯定會很快提高的。 背英語單詞技巧 1、循環(huán)記憶法 艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線 人的大腦是一個記憶的寶庫,人腦經(jīng)

55、歷過的事物,思考過的問題,體驗過的情感和情緒,練習(xí)過的動作,都可以成為人們記憶的內(nèi)容。例如英文的學(xué)習(xí)中單詞、短語和句子,甚至文章的內(nèi)容都是通過記憶完成的。從記到憶是有個過程的,這其中包括了識記、保持、再認和回憶。有很多 人在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中,只注重了學(xué)習(xí)當時的記憶效果,孰不知,要想做好學(xué)習(xí)的記憶工作,是要下一番工夫的,單純的注重當時的記憶效果,而忽視了后期的保持和再認同樣是達不到良好的效果的。 在信息的處理上,記憶是對輸入信息的編碼、貯存和提取的過程,從信息處理的角度上,英文的第一次學(xué)習(xí)和背誦只是一個輸入編碼的過程。人的記憶的能力從生理上講是十分驚人的,它可以存貯1015比特(byte,字節(jié))

56、的信息,可是每個人的記憶寶庫被挖掘的只占10%,還有更多的記憶發(fā)揮空間。這是因為,有些人只關(guān)注了記憶的當時效果,卻忽視了記憶中的更大的問題-即記憶的牢固度問題,那就牽涉到心理學(xué)中常說的關(guān)于記憶遺忘的規(guī)律。 一、艾賓浩斯記憶規(guī)律曲線解釋 德國有一位著名的心理學(xué)家名叫艾賓浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus,1850-1909),他在1885年發(fā)表了他的實驗報告后,記憶研究就成了心理學(xué)中被研究最多的領(lǐng)域之一,而艾賓浩斯正是發(fā)現(xiàn)記憶遺忘規(guī)律的第一人。 根據(jù)我們所知道的,記憶的保持在時間上是不同的,有短時的記憶和長時的記憶兩種。而我們平時的記憶的過程是這樣的: 輸入的信息在經(jīng)過人的注意過程的學(xué)習(xí)

57、后,便成為了人的短時的記憶,但是如果不經(jīng)過及時的復(fù)習(xí),這些記住過的東西就會遺忘,而經(jīng)過了及時的復(fù)習(xí),這些短時的記憶就會成為了人的一種長時的記憶,從而在大腦中保持著很長的時間。那么,對于我們來講,怎樣才叫做遺忘呢,所謂遺忘就是我們對于曾經(jīng)記憶過的東西不能再認起來,也不能回憶起來,或者是錯誤的再認和錯誤的回憶,這些都是遺忘。艾賓浩斯在做這個實驗的時候是拿自己作為測試對象的,他得出了一些關(guān)于記憶的結(jié)論。他選用了一些根本沒有意義的音節(jié),也就是那些不能拼出單詞來的眾多字母的組合,比如asww,cfhhj,ijikmb,rfyjbc等等。他經(jīng)過對自己的測試,得到了一些數(shù)據(jù)。 然后,艾賓浩斯又根據(jù)了這些點描

58、繪出了一條曲線,這就是非常有名的揭示遺忘規(guī)律的曲線:艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線,圖中豎軸表示學(xué)習(xí)中記住的知識數(shù)量,橫軸表示時間(天數(shù)),曲線表示記憶量變化的規(guī)律。 這條曲線告訴人們在學(xué)習(xí)中的遺忘是有規(guī)律的,遺忘的進程不是均衡的,不是固定的一天丟掉幾個,轉(zhuǎn)天又丟幾個的,而是在記憶的最初階段遺忘的速度很快,后來就逐漸減慢了,到了相當長的時候后,幾乎就不再遺忘了,這就是遺忘的發(fā)展規(guī)律,即先快后慢的原則。觀察這條遺忘曲線,你會發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)得的知識在一天后,如不抓緊復(fù)習(xí),就只剩下原來的25%)。隨著時間的推移,遺忘的速度減慢,遺忘的數(shù)量也就減少。有人做過一個實驗,兩組學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)一段課文,甲組在學(xué)習(xí)后不久進行一次復(fù)習(xí),乙

59、組不予復(fù)習(xí),一天后甲組保持98%,乙組保持56%;一周后甲組保持83%,乙組保持33%。乙組的遺忘平均值比甲組高。 二、不同性質(zhì)材料有不同的遺忘曲線 而且,艾賓浩斯還在關(guān)于記憶的實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),記住12個無意義音節(jié),平均需要重復(fù)16.5次;為了記住36個無意義章節(jié),需重復(fù)54次;而記憶六首詩中的480個音節(jié),平均只需要重復(fù)8次!這個實驗告訴我們,凡是理解了的知識,就能記得迅速、全面而牢固。不然,愣是死記硬背,那也是費力不討好的。因此,比較容易記憶的是那些有意義的材料,而那些無意義的材料在記憶的時候比較費力氣,在以后回憶起來的時候也很不輕松。因此,艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線是關(guān)于遺忘的一種曲線,而且是對無意義

60、的音節(jié)而言,對于與其他材料的對比,艾賓浩斯又得出了不同性質(zhì)材料的不同遺忘曲線,不過他們大體上都是一致的。 因此,艾賓浩斯的實驗向我們充分證實了一個道理,學(xué)習(xí)要勤于復(fù)習(xí),而且記憶的理解效果越好,遺忘的也越慢。 三、不同的人有不同的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線-個性化的艾賓浩斯 上述的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線是艾賓浩斯在實驗室中經(jīng)過了大量測試后,產(chǎn)生了不同的記憶數(shù)據(jù),從而生成的一種曲線,是一個具有共性的群體規(guī)律。此記憶曲線并不考慮接受試驗個人的個性特點,而是尋求一種處于平衡點的記憶規(guī)律。 但是記憶規(guī)律可以具體到我們每個人,因為我們的生理特點、生活經(jīng)歷不同,可能導(dǎo)致我們有不同的記憶習(xí)慣、記憶方式、記憶特點。規(guī)律對于自然

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