2020年高三英語高考一輪復(fù)習語法專項講解-動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、高考一輪復(fù)習語法專項講解-動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)常考的各種時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)種類主動形式被動形式一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時一般將來時現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去進行時過去將來時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時動詞的時態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、習慣性的動作，通常用usually, often,always, sometimes, every day, once a week 等作時間狀語。I usually have my hair cut once a month.The students often do their experiments in the lab.（ 2）表示客觀真理、格言以及不受時間限制

2、的客觀存在。The earth moves around the sun.A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.（ 3）表示按時間表、計劃、規(guī)定發(fā)生的動作。The train leaves at 2: 35 this afternoon（ 4）在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中代替一般將來時You will succeed if you try your best.Even if it rains tomorrow, the football match will take place.2現(xiàn)在進行時（ 1）表示說話時正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。Our fri

3、ends are waiting for us outside now（ 2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的作或及生的事情。She is learning English at college.（ 3）某些短暫性動詞，如come， go， start， open， arrive, return,begin，leave等用于現(xiàn)在進行時，表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.He is leaving for Beijing next week.（ 4）某些動詞的進行時表示慢慢地、漸漸地發(fā)生變化。I m forgetting

4、English.She is losing her eyesight.注意 表示存在、擁有、認知，情感等的動詞或短語一不用于進行時態(tài)，常見的有 keep， remain， consist of， contain,have, belong to, possess, own, hold, sound, look, seem,appear, smell, taste, feel, hear, understand,know, suppose,remember, admit, believe, like, love, hate, prefer3現(xiàn)在完成時（ 1）表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果，常用

5、recently,lately， ever，never，once，before， yet， just 等作時間狀語。He hasnt heard any news from his son lately.Have you ever been to London?（ 2）表示開始于過去某一時刻，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且還有可繼續(xù)下去的動作。常用 so far， up till now ， Since， for a long time, in the past/few years, these days 等作時間狀語。So far no life has been found beyond the ea

6、rth.He has learned 5, 000 English words since he went to college.3) “ThiSItis+the+序數(shù)詞+ time+that. ”句式中，that后的從句用現(xiàn)在完成時This is the second time that I have visited the university.現(xiàn)在完成進行時(1)表示開始于過去某個時間、一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且還會繼續(xù)進行下去的動作。I am very tired. I have been painting the house all the afternoon.(2)表示到目前為止的一段時間

7、里一直反復(fù)進行的動作。I have been calling him several times this morning, but there is no answer.辨析現(xiàn)在完成進行時與現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調(diào) 動作”的持續(xù)性，表示 朱完成”的含義；現(xiàn)在完成時則強調(diào) 時間”的經(jīng)過或動作產(chǎn)生的 結(jié)果”，表示 巴完成”的含義。I have been writing a letter我一直在寫封信。(還在寫)I have written a letter.我已經(jīng)寫了一封信(已寫完). 一般過去時常用 yesterday, last year,(1)表示在過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),

8、 in1995, the other day 等作時間狀語。It was a terrible piece of work you turned in yesterday.He came to work here two weeks ago.（ 2）在時間、條件狀語從句中代替過去將來時。He said he would not go if it rained（ 3）有些句子雖然沒有明確的表示過去的時間狀語，但實際上指的是過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，也要用一般過去時。常見的有此用法的動詞有know ， think ，expect等，表示 本來認為。I didnt expect to meet you

9、hereI thought he had heard the news辨析：般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時一般過去時表示在過去某個時間發(fā)生的事情、 存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作， 不強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響， 常與確定的過去時間狀語連用； 而現(xiàn)在完成時表示發(fā)生在過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果， 或一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在， 不和確定的過去時間狀語連用。I taught here two years ago 兩年前我在這兒教書I have taught here for fifteen years我在這兒教書 15 年了6 過去完成時“過去的過去1） 表示在過去某一時間或某一動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，By the e

10、nd of last term, we had learned 2, 000 wordshope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose s等用于過去完成時，表 示未實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖，意為 “原本 ”We had expected that you would be able to win the match“I/This/ That was+ the+序數(shù)詞 + tine + that.”句式中，that后的從旬 用過去完成時。It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.hardly

11、/scarcely. when和 no sooner, than. 結(jié)構(gòu)中， 主句用過去完成 時.Hardly had the game started when it started to rain.7過去進行時( 1)表示過去某一時刻或階段正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事情。She was wri ting a book about China last year, but I don kt now whether she has finished it.( 2)表示過去一個動作發(fā)生時另一個動作正在進行。He was watching TV in the living room when some

12、one knocked at the door.（ 3）短暫性動詞come, go, leave, arrive, begin 等用于過去進行時，表示按計劃、安排在過去某個時間將要發(fā)生的動作。They were coming to attend the meeting a few day later.8.一般將來時一般將來時表示將來某個時間將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)， 也表示將來經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。（ 1）shall will 動詞原形”表示將來，往往指客觀上勢必要發(fā)生的事情或沒有計劃， 臨時做出的打算。 在美國英語中， will 用于各種人稱， 在英國英語中 shall用于第一人稱， wi

13、ll 用于第二、三人稱.When will you be able to give us a reply?We shall have a lot of rain next month-Where is the telephone book?-Ill go and get it for you.be going to do 形式表示將來，一般指按計劃、打算要做某事，或有跡象表明要出現(xiàn)的情況。It is going to be fine tomorrow.be to do 表示將來，一般指按計劃或安排要做某事，或按職責、義務(wù)和要求必須去做某事I am to buy some books this

14、afternoonbe about to do表示將來，多指不久或即將要發(fā)生的動作，不強調(diào)主觀，不能與表示將來的時間的狀語連用。The train is about to leave.9過去將來時過去將來時表示從過去某個時間來看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 這種時態(tài)通常有過去時間或動作作參照。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.She was about to open the door when the telephone rang.10將來進行時將來進行時用 will shall be doing 形式表達，表示將來某個時間正在進行的動

15、作。Please dont come at ten tomorrow morning. I will be having a meeting.二、動詞的語態(tài)1使用被動語態(tài)的情況（ 1）不知道或沒有必要知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。The young man was injured in the car accident.（ 2）需要強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者或事件本身時。Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away.（ 3）為了使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ綍r。Everybody is expected to obey the

16、 following rules.（ 4）動作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物時。The windows were broken by strong wind（ 5）有些習慣用法只以或常以被動語態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)I am determined to take medicine.（ 6）在文章標題、廣告、新聞中。English Teachers Wanted!2主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化（ 1） 最基本的變化是將主動句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z， 主動句的謂語變?yōu)?“ be 及物動詞的過去分詞 ”形式，主動句中的主語變?yōu)?by 結(jié)構(gòu)，有時可省略。We will discuss the plan tomorrow

17、. -the plan will be discussed tomorrow（by us）.（ 2）謂語動詞有兩個賓語，變成被動語態(tài)時，通常將指人的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，有時也可將指物的直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語The mother gave the child some money. -The child was given some money （by the mother）.Ek Some money was given to the child（by the mother）注意 用直接賓語作被動語態(tài)的主語時， 通常要在間接賓語前加上適當?shù)慕樵~ （如 to， for 等），以加強間接賓語的語氣。T

18、hey awarded him the Nobel Prize -The Nobel Prize was awarded to him.（ 3）謂語動詞后跟復(fù)合賓語，變成被動語態(tài)時，賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，賓語補足語不變化，但成為相應(yīng)的主語補足語。They painted the house white. -The house was painted white (by them)( 4)帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，通常用it 來作被動句的形式主語，謂語動詞改為be done結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從何保持不變。They said that he had gone abroad to study Englis

19、h. -It was said that he had gone abroad to study English.3沒有被動語態(tài)的動詞不及物動詞，一些表示狀態(tài)及擁有的及物動詞，以及have， wish, get, Owe, cost,belong to, consist of, date back to,agree wit，h arrive inat 等動詞或短語沒有被動語態(tài)形式。This hall can hold 500 people.The house belongs to my uncle.His careless driving cost him his life.當堂檢測：單句改錯

20、Then we go to a KTV bar where we sang many popular songs.Finally,I work harder than ever and made great progress in my math.Today I ve got wonderful news to tyeollu. I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.To everyone in the world， money was a sensitive topic.I wept

21、and said I do want to do my best but I just couldn t concentrate.6.One evening， a man visited me and after a while, he inquires about my studies.單句填空.The view couldn t(imagine) in their beauty andthey(leave )me with many great memories.As a foreigner,I(absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth ofwel

22、come and unique culture during the trip Over its long history it(develop) as a unique combination of exercisepractical self-defense, self-discipline, and art. Gradually they(accumulate)experience in self-defense. By that time， she(accept) by Yale University and Harvard Universityin the US.As the bes

23、t candidate， I(appoint) to collect and evaluate informationfor a database about diverse natural disasters, such as hurricanes.typhoons or thunderstorms. Sometimes I did this.One day， when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he (bathe)inside he volcano erupted unexpectedly.We(reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars arestill majorsou