2022年公正：該如何做是好？中英文字幕對照整理校訂版docx

1、Justice: Whats the Right Thing to Do.Episode Two 其次集PART ONE: PUTTING A PRICE TAG ON LIFE 第一部分：給生命定一個價格Today, companies and governments often use Jeremy Bentham utilitarian logic 今日, 企業(yè)和政府常常在“ 成本效益分析”的名under the name of “-benefit analysis.” Sandel presents some contemporary cases 義下使用杰里米邊沁的功利主義規(guī)律；桑德

2、爾in which cost -benefit analysis was used to put a dollar value on human life. The cases 演示了幾個當(dāng)代的給人的生命定價的成本效益give rise to several objections to the utilitarian logic of seeking 分析案例； 這些案例引起了幾個對“ 為最多數(shù)人the greatest number. ” Should we always give more weight to the happiness of a 的最大好處”的功利主義規(guī)律反對的看法；即使

3、majority, even if the majority is cruel or ignoble. Is it possible to sum up and 多數(shù)人是殘酷而不光榮的,我們也應(yīng)當(dāng)總是更重compare all values using a common measure like money.視多數(shù)人的幸福嗎？是否可以用通常的尺度比 如金錢來匯總和比較全部的價值？PART TWO: HOW TO MEASURE PLEASURE 其次部分：如何測量幸福Sandel introduces J.S. Mill, a utilitarian philosopher who attem

4、pts to defend 桑德爾介紹了 J.S.穆勒,功利主義哲學(xué)家,他試utilitarianism against the objections raised by critics of the doctrine. Mill argues that 圖為功利主義辯護, 和該理論的批判者的反對聲seeking “the greatest good for the greatest number” is compatible with protecting 音對抗；他的論調(diào)是“ 為最多數(shù)人的最大好處”individual rights, and that utilitarianism can

5、 make room for a distinction between 是和愛護個體權(quán)益相兼容的,而且功利主義可以higher and lower pleasures. Millidea is that the higher pleasure is always the 為區(qū)分高級的和低級的樂趣供應(yīng)空間；穆勒的觀pleasure preferred by a well-informed majority. Sandel tests this theory by playing 點是高級的樂趣總是被見多識廣的大多數(shù)人所video clips from three very different

6、forms of entertainment: Shakespeare Hamlet , 寵愛；桑德爾通過播放三種不同形式的視頻片段the reality show Fear Factor, and The Simpsons. Students debate which experience 來檢驗這個理論： 莎士比亞的哈姆萊特,恐懼因provides the higher pleasure, and whether Milldefense of utilitarianism is 素真人秀以及辛普森一家,同學(xué)們爭辯哪一種體successful. 驗供應(yīng)了更高級的樂趣,以及穆勒的辯護是否是勝利

7、的；1 Funding for this program is provided by: 本節(jié)目由以下組織Additional funding provided by: 和以下個人供應(yīng)贊助Last time, we argued about the case of The Queen vs. Dudley & Stephens, 上次, 我們談到女王訴Dudley和Stephens案件, the lifeboat case, the case of cannibalism at sea. 那個救生艇上, 海上吃人的案件. And with the arguments about the lif

8、eboat in mind, the arguments for and against 以及針對這個案件所綻開的一些爭論,并列舉了 Dudley和what Dudley and Stephens did in mind, Stephens沒有考慮到的支持和反對的看法；lets turn back to the philosophy, the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. 讓我們回頭來看看Jeremy Bentham 的功利主義哲學(xué). Bentham was born in England in 1748. At the age of 12

9、, he went to Oxford. Bentham于1748年誕生于英國.12歲那年, 他去了牛津高校. At 15, he went to law school. He was admitted to the Bar at age 19, 15歲時,他去了法學(xué)院.19 歲就取得了大律師資格but he never practiced law. 但他從來沒有從事于法律Instead, he devoted his life to jurisprudence and moral philosophy. Last time, we began to consider Benthams ver

10、sion of utilitarianism. 相反, 他畢生致力于判例法和道德哲學(xué) 上一次,我們開頭摸索Bentham版本的功利主義. The main idea is simply stated and its this: 簡潔來說其主要思想就是：The highest principle of morality, whether personal or political morality, 道德的最高原就, 無論個人或政治道德is to maximize the general welfare, or the collective happiness, or the overall b

11、alance of pleasure over pain; 就是將一般人的福利 , 或集體的幸福最大化或在歡樂與痛楚的權(quán)衡中取得總體優(yōu)勢in a phrase, maximize utility. 簡而言之就是, 功利最大化. Bentham arrives at this principle by the following line of reasoning: Bentham是由如下理由來得出這個原就的：Were all governed by pain and pleasure, 我們都被痛楚和歡樂所掌握they are our sovereign masters, and so any

12、 moral system has to take account of 他們是我們的主宰, 所以任何道德體系都要考慮到這點 . 如them. How best to take account. By maximizing. 何以最優(yōu)化考慮.通過最大化. And this leads to the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number. 從今引出的原就就是將最好的東西最大化What exactly should we maximize. 我們到底該如何最大化Bentham tells us happiness, or mo

13、re precisely, utility - maximizing utility as a principle Bentham告知我們幸福,或者更精確地說,有用-最大化效用not only for individuals but also for communities and for legislators. 作為一個原就不僅適用于個人而且仍適用于社區(qū)及立法者What, after all, is a community. Bentham asks. “ 到底什么是社區(qū).” Bentham問道. Its the sum of the individuals who comprise it

14、. 它是組成這個社區(qū)的全部個體的總和And thats why in deciding the best policy, 這就是為什么在打算什么是最好的政策in deciding what the law should be, in deciding whats just, 在打算法律應(yīng)當(dāng)是什么樣 , 在打算什么是公正時citizens and legislators should ask themselves the question if we add up all of the 公民和立法者應(yīng)當(dāng)問自己的問題,假如我們把這項政策所能benefits of this policy and s

15、ubtract all of the costs, the right thing to do is the one that 得到的全部利益減去全部的損耗 ,正確的做法就是將幸福相maximizes the balance of happiness over suffering. 對于痛楚做一個最大化的平穩(wěn)2 Thats what it means to maximize utility. 這就是效用最大化. Now, today, I want to see whether you agree or disagree with it, 現(xiàn)在, 我想看看您是否同意它and it often

16、goes, this utilitarian logic, 往往有云：功利主義的規(guī)律under the name of cost-benefit analysis, 名為成本效益分析, which is used by companies and by governments all the time. 也是被公司以及各國政府所常常使用的And what it involves is placing a value, usually a dollar value, to stand for utility on the 當(dāng)它涉及到價值時, 通常是由美元, 來代表成本以及效益costs and

17、the benefits of various proposals. Recently, in the Czech Republic, there was a proposal to increase the excise tax on 最近, 在捷克共和國,有人建議對吸煙增加消費稅 . 菲利普莫smoking. Philip Morris, the tobacco company, does huge business in the Czech 里斯煙草公司, 在捷克共和國有大筆的生意Republic. They commissioned a study, a cost-benefit an

18、alysis of smoking in the Czech 他們托付了一個爭論 , 來做吸煙在捷克共和國的成本效益Republic, and what their cost-benefit analysis found was the government gains by 分析. 他們的分析發(fā)覺, 政府將會因捷克公民吸煙而收益having Czech citizens smoke. Now, how do they gain. 那么, 他們?nèi)绾问找? Its true that there are negative effects to the public finance of the

19、Czech government 的確, 捷克政府的公共財政會由于吸煙人群所引發(fā)的相關(guān)疾because there are increased health care costs for people who develop 病而增大的醫(yī)療保健開支 , 從而受到負(fù)面影響 . 另一方面,smoking-related diseases. On the other hand, there were positive effects and those 在帳冊的另一端, 也有著累計起來的積極影響were added up on the other side of the ledger. The po

20、sitive effects included, for the most part, various tax revenues that the 積極影響包括, 在大多數(shù)情形下, 政府通過出售卷煙產(chǎn)品而government derives from the sale of cigarette products, but it also included health 獲得的各種稅收收入 , 但也包括政府由于吸煙人群過早死care savings to the government when people die early, pension savings - you dont 亡而省下的醫(yī)

21、療儲蓄 , 例如養(yǎng)老金儲蓄- 不必支付退休金了have to pay pensions for as long - and also, savings in housing costs for the elderly. 仍有, 老人住房儲蓄費用. And when all of the costs and benefits were added up, 當(dāng)把全部的花費和收益都分別加起來the Philip Morris study found that there is a net public finance gain in the Czech 菲利普莫里斯公司的爭論發(fā)覺 , 捷克共和國會有

22、產(chǎn)生Republic of $147,000,000, and given the savings in housing, in health care, and $ 147000000的公共財政凈增益, 并鑒于節(jié)約了住房儲蓄pension costs, the government enjoys savings of over $1,200 for each person who 醫(yī)療保健, 養(yǎng)老金費用, 每個因吸煙而過早死亡的人都為政dies prematurely due to smoking. Cost-benefit analysis. 府節(jié)約了$1,200. 成本效益分析. Now

23、, those among you who are defenders of utilitarianism may think that this is an 現(xiàn)在, 你們中間,那些功利主義的捍衛(wèi)者可能認(rèn)為這是一種unfair test. 不公正的測試. Philip Morris was pilloried in the press and they issued an apology for this heartless 菲利普莫里斯公司在媒體中遭到了嘲笑他們也由于這個無calculation. 情的運算而發(fā)表了賠禮You may say that whats missing here i

24、s something that the utilitarian can easily 你可能會說,功利主義在這里可以輕易補償一個疏漏,它沒incorporate, namely the value to the person and to the families of those who die from 有正確評估上人的價值,以及那些由于肺癌而死亡的人的家lung cancer. 屬的缺失. 3 What about the value of life. 如何評估生命價值. Some cost-benefit analyses incorporate a measure for the

25、value of life. 一些成本效益分析的確納入了對生命價值的評估One of the most famous of these involved the Ford Pinto case. 其中最出名的要數(shù)Ford Pinto案件. Did any of you read about that. 你們有沒有閱讀過這個案件This was back in the 1970s. 那是發(fā)生在20世紀(jì)70歲月. Do you remember what the Ford Pinto was, a kind of car. Anybody. 你仍記得Ford Pinto是, 什么樣的車么.誰能記得

26、. It was a small car, subcompact car, very popular, 那是一種小型車, 超小型車,很受歡迎, but it had one problem, which is the fuel tank was at the back of the car and in rear 但它也有問題, 車后座的油箱,在少數(shù)情形下,碰撞會導(dǎo)致爆collisions, the fuel tank exploded and some people were killed and some severely 炸并且有些人死亡,仍有些人嚴(yán)峻受傷injured. Victims

27、 of these injuries took Ford to court to sue. 這些損害的受害者將福特告到法院And in the court case, it turned out that Ford had long since known about the 而在訴訟案件, 人們發(fā)覺福特原先早已知道油箱的脆弱,并vulnerable fuel tank and had done a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether it 且已做了成本效益分析 , 以確定是否值得投入來放入一個特would be worth it to put

28、 in a special shield that would protect the fuel tank and prevent 殊的盾牌來愛護油箱并防止它爆炸it from exploding. They did a cost-benefit analysis. 他們做了成本效益分析The cost per part to increase the safety of the Pinto, 增加Pinto 的安全的每部分費用they calculated at $11.00 per part. 他們算出, 要每件$ 11.00. And heres - this was the cost-

29、benefit analysis that emerged in the trial. 這里這就是當(dāng)時審批中出示的成本效益分析Eleven dollars per part at 12.5 million cars and trucks came to a total cost of $137 每件11美元,乘以12.5萬輛轎車和卡車得到一個總成本million to improve the safety. 要13700萬美元來改善安全. But then they calculated the benefits of spending all this money on a safer ca

30、r and 不過, 隨后他們運算了花這筆錢的收益,假設(shè)會導(dǎo)致180人they counted 180 deaths and they assigned a dollar value, $200,000 per death, 180 死亡,他們對此用美元價值來代替 , 每個死亡賠償$202200, injuries,$67,000,and then the costs to repair, the replacement cost for 2,000 vehicles, 180人受傷的賠償為每人 $67000,然后是修理受損車的費用it would be destroyed without th

31、e safety device $700 per vehicle. 2022輛車, 由于未安裝安全設(shè)施 ,每輛車將需要$700來修理. So the benefits turned out to be only $49.5 million and so they didnt install the device. 結(jié)論是效益僅$49.5 million 因此他們沒有安裝那個設(shè)備 Needless to say, when this memo of the Ford Motor Companys cost-benefit analysis 毫無疑問, 福特汽車公司的這個成本效益分析備忘錄在審判

32、came out in the trial, it appalled the jurors, who awarded a huge settlement. 中顯現(xiàn)時, 震動了陪審團, 也因此引發(fā)了龐大的賠償金額 Is this a counterexample to the utilitarian idea of calculating. 這是一個功利主義運算的反例么 Because Ford included a measure of the value of life. 由于福特引入了對生命價值的評估 Now, who here wants to defend cost-benefit a

33、nalysis from this apparent 好,這里有誰想針對這一明顯反例來捍衛(wèi)成本效益分析 counterexample. Who has a defense. 來辯護. . 是嗎. Or do you think this completely destroys the whole utilitarian calculus. Yes. 或者你認(rèn)為這一反例已經(jīng)完全摧殘了功利主義演算4 Well, I think that once again, they made the same mistake the previous case did, 嗯,我想再次指出, 他們犯了和之前同樣

34、的錯誤 , 他們對人的that they assigned a dollar value to human life, and once again, they failed to take 生命指派一個美元價格 , 同樣的, 他們沒有考慮到家屬的痛account things like suffering and emotional losses by the families. I mean, families lost . 我的意思是, 家庭收入缺失了,但他earnings but they also lost a loved one and that is more valued th

35、an $200,000. 們也失去了親人,這是更有價值的 , 是超過了$200,000的. 10minRight and - wait, wait, wait, thats good. Whats your name. 好的-等等, 等等, 很好. 你叫什么名字. Julie Roteau. Julie Roteau. So if $200,000, Julie, is too low a figure because it doesnt include the loss of a loved 因此, 朱莉, 假如 $200,000 是個太低的金額, 由于它不包one and the loss

36、 of those years of life, what would be - what do you think would be a 括失去親人以及那些在沒有親人的歲月里的缺失 , 你認(rèn)為,more accurate number. 更精確的金額是多少I dont believe I could give a number. I think that this sort of analysis shouldnt be 我不認(rèn)為, 我可以對此給出一個金額 . 我認(rèn)為這類分析不applied to issues of human life. I think it cant be used m

37、onetarily. So they didnt just put too low a number, Julie says. 適用于生命相關(guān)的問題 . 我認(rèn)為不能用金錢來衡量因此,Julie 認(rèn)為,他們不只是金額定的太低They were wrong to try to put any number at all. 他們壓根就不應(yīng)當(dāng)用金額來衡量All right, let hear someone who - 好吧, 讓我們聽聽仍有誰- You have to adjust for inflation. 這個金額要依據(jù)通貨膨脹進行調(diào)整You have to adjust for inflat

38、ion. 要依據(jù)通貨膨脹進行調(diào)整All right, fair enough. 好吧, 很公正. So what would the number be now. 那么現(xiàn)在這個金額將是This was 35 years ago. 這發(fā)生在35年前. Two million dollars. 兩百萬美元. Two million dollars. You would put two million. 200萬美元. 你認(rèn)為是200萬. And whats your name. 你的名字是. Voytek Voytek Voytek says we have to allow for inflat

39、ion. Voytek說,我們必需答應(yīng)通脹. We should be more generous. 我們應(yīng)以更大方些. Then would you be satisfied that this is the right way of thinking about the question. 然后, 你認(rèn)為這就是考慮這個問題的正確的方式么I guess, unfortunately, it is for - 我想, 不幸的是,現(xiàn)在- there needs to be a number put somewhere, like, Im not sure what that number wou

40、ld , 我不確定合適的金額是多少 ,但我同be, but I do agree that there could possibly be a number put on the human life. 意對人類生命設(shè)置一個金額是可行的All right, so Voytek says, and here, he disagrees with Julie. Julie says we cant put a 好的,Voytek說, 他不同意Julie. 朱莉認(rèn)為, 我們不能在成number on human life for the purpose of a cost-benefit analy

41、sis. 本效益分析中對人的生命設(shè)置金額Voytek says we have to because we have to make decisions somehow. Voytek認(rèn)為,無論如何要做打算所以我們必需這樣做；5 What do other people think about this. 其他人覺得呢. Is there anyone prepared to defend cost-benefit analysis here as accurate as 這里有人準(zhǔn)備為成本效益分析辯護么 . 好. 請連續(xù). desirable. Yes. Go ahead. I think

42、that if Ford and other car companies 我認(rèn)為, 假如福特和其他汽車公司didnt use cost-benefit analysis, theyd eventually go out of business 沒有使用成本效益分析 , 他們會最終歇業(yè)because they wouldnt be able to be profitable and millions of people 由于他們將無法盈利 , 從而導(dǎo)致數(shù)百萬的人wouldnt be able to use their cars to get to jobs, 將無法受聘于這些汽車公司to put

43、 food on the table, to feed their children. So I think that if cost-benefit analysis isnt employed, the greater good is sacrificed, in this case. 沒錢購買餐桌上的食物 , 沒錢來喂養(yǎng)孩子. 因此, 我認(rèn)為, 假如不利用成本效益分析 在這種情形下, 我們將會 犧牲更大的利益. All right, let me add. Whats your name. 好吧, 讓我來補充. 你叫什么名字. Raul. Raul. Raul, there was re

44、cently a study done about cell phone use by a driver when people Raul,最近有一項爭論說明 ,關(guān)于開車時駕駛者使用手機有are driving a car, and there was a debate whether that should be banned. 一場辯論, 關(guān)于這種行為是否應(yīng)被禁止Yeah. 是啊. And the figure was that some 2,000 people die as a result of accidents each year 結(jié)論是每年大約有2022人因這種行為而死亡usi

45、ng cell phones. And yet, the cost-benefit analysis which was done by the Center for Risk Analysis at 然而, 哈佛風(fēng)險分析中心針對此事所做的成本效益分析發(fā)Harvard found that if you look at the benefits of the cell phone use and you put some 現(xiàn)假如你看看使用手機所得到的好處假如你將生命設(shè)置一value on the life, it comes out about the same because of the

46、enormous economic 個金額,結(jié)論也是相同的. 由于它能夠使駕駛者能夠充分利benefit of enabling people to take advantage of their time, not waste time, be able to 用時間來獲得龐大的經(jīng)濟利益 , 不需要鋪張時間,就可以進make deals and talk to friends and so on while theyre driving. 行交易,與伴侶交談等等Doesnt that suggest that its a mistake to try to put monetary figu

47、res on questions of 這是不是說明, 在涉及生命的問題中試圖用貨幣數(shù)字來衡量human life. 是個錯誤的嘗試. Well, I think that if the great majority of people try to derive maximum utility out of a 嗯,我認(rèn)為, 假如大多數(shù)人試圖獲得最大的效用 , 例如用手service, like using cell phones and the convenience that cell phones provide, that 機和手機所供應(yīng)的便利 , 這種犧牲是必要的. sacrifi

48、ce is necessary for satisfaction to occur. Youre an outright utilitarian. 你是一個完全功利主義者Yes. Okay. 是.好吧. All right then, one last question, Raul. 那么好吧, 最終一個問題,Raul. - Okay. -好. And I put this to Voytek, what dollar figure should be put on human life to decide 我問了Voytek同樣的問題, 在打算是否應(yīng)當(dāng)禁止使用手機whether to ban

49、 the use of cell phones. 時, 對人類生命的合理金額評估應(yīng)當(dāng)是多少6 Well, I dont want to arbitrarily calculate a figure, 嗯,我不想任憑說出一個金額I mean, right now. I think that - 我的意思是,現(xiàn)在. 我認(rèn)為- You want to take it under advisement. 你肯定要深思熟慮嗎Yeah, I take it under advisement. 是的, 我要好好考慮一下. But what, roughly speaking, would it be. Yo

50、u got 2,300 deaths. 但是, 粗略地講,將會是多少. 例如有2,300人死亡. - Okay. -好. You got to assign a dollar value to know whether you want to prevent those deaths by , 才能知道是否應(yīng)當(dāng)通過禁止在車內(nèi)使banning the use of cell phones in cars. 用手機來阻擋那些死亡- Okay. -好. So what would your hunch be. How much. A million. 所以, 你覺得會是多少呢. 多少錢. 100萬.

51、 Two million. Two million was figure. 200萬. 200萬是Voytek的數(shù)字. - Yeah. -是啊. Is that about right. 對么. - Maybe a million. -或許100萬元. A million. 100萬. - Yeah. -是啊. You know, that good. Thank you. 恩,很好. 感謝. -Okay. -好吧. So, these are some of the controversies that arise these days from cost-benefit 因此, 這些天有一

52、些爭議,針對成本效益分析,特殊是那些涉analysis, especially those that involve placing a dollar value on everything to be added 及到將全部東西都設(shè)置一個金額的成本效益分析 . 那么, 現(xiàn)up. Well, now I want to turn to your objections, 在我想聽聽反對方to your objections not necessarily to cost-benefit analysis specifically, 詳細(xì)而言, 你不肯定要反對成本效益分析because thats

53、 just one version of the utilitarian logic in practice today, 由于這只是如今功利主義的其中一個版本而已but to the theory as a whole, to the idea that the right thing to do, the just basis for policy and law is to maximize utility. 但作為一個整體的理論 , 就是說做一個正確的事公正的基礎(chǔ)就是在政策和法律上將效用最大化How many disagree with the utilitarian approach

54、 to law and to the common good. 有多少人不同意將功利主義應(yīng)用于法律和共同利益How many agree with it. So more agree than disagree. 有多少人同意. 好, 同意的比不同意多So lets hear from the critics. Yes. 恩,讓我們聽聽批判. 請. My main issue with it is that I feel like you cant say that just because someones in the 我對它的主要看法是,你不能說僅僅由于一些人是少數(shù)派minority,

55、what they want and need is less valuable than someone who is in the 他們想要的東西和需要就要比那些占大多數(shù)的價值低majority. So I guess I have an issue with the idea that the greatest good for the 以我認(rèn)為主要看法是 , 為最大多數(shù)人謀求最大的利益依舊是greatest number is okay because there are still - 對的- what about people who are in the lesser numbe

56、r. 7 s not fair to them.但那些占少數(shù)的人們怎么辦呢 . 這樣,對他們不公正. They didnt have any say in where they wanted to be. 當(dāng)他們想表達卻沒有任何發(fā)言權(quán)All right. Thats an interesting objection. 好的. 這是一個好玩的反對Youre worried about the effect on the minority. 你擔(dān)憂對少數(shù)人的影響Yes. 是. Whats your name, by the way. 你叫什么名字, 順便說一句. Anna. Anna. Who h

57、as an answer to Annas worry about the effect on the minority. 是誰回答Anna的擔(dān)憂. 關(guān)于對少數(shù)人的影響What do you say to Anna. 你對Anna的回應(yīng)是. Um, she said that the minority is valued less. 嗯,她說, 少數(shù)人的價值少. I dont think thats the case because individually, 我不認(rèn)為是這種情形 , 由于個體, the minoritys value is just the same as the indiv

58、idual of the majority. 少數(shù)人的價值和作為多數(shù)人的個人是一樣的Its just that the numbers outweigh the minority. 多數(shù)派只是數(shù)字大于少數(shù). And I mean, at a certain point, you have to make a decision and Im sorry for the 我的意思是,在某一點, 你必需做出打算很愧疚 , 少數(shù)派. 但minority but sometimes, its for the general, for the greater good. 有時, 必需為大多數(shù)謀求更大的利益

59、For the greater good. Anna, what do you say. 為更大的利益. Anna,你怎么說. Whats your name. 你叫什么名字. Yang-Da. Yang-Da. What do you say to Yang-Da. Yang-Da says you just have to add up peoples 你怎么回應(yīng)Yang-Da. Yang-Da說, 你只需要將人們偏好累加preferences and those in the minority do have their preferences weighed. 起來,少數(shù)人的偏好也的確

60、有相應(yīng)的權(quán)重 并非無發(fā)言權(quán). Can you give an example of the kind of thing youre worried about when you say 你能對這類事情舉個例子么 . 您擔(dān)憂,你說你擔(dān)憂功利主義youre worried about utilitarianism violating the concern or respect due the minority. 沒有關(guān)注或者敬重少數(shù)派And give an example. 并且舉一個例子. Okay. So, well, with any of the cases that weve talk