初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

1、中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖 一名詞I. 名詞的種類：專出名詞個(gè)體名詞可數(shù)名詞一般名詞國(guó)名地名人名,團(tuán)體不行數(shù)名詞機(jī)構(gòu)名稱集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)章名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加 與讀音規(guī)章列表如下：-s 或-es；現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法1規(guī)章例詞一般情形在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以 -f 或變 -f 和-fe 為 v 再加 -eslea

2、f-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves-fe 結(jié)尾4的詞加 -schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs以輔音字母加y 結(jié)尾的名詞, 變 y 為party-parties, family-families, story-stories, i 加-escity-cities5以元音字母加y 結(jié)尾的名詞, 或?qū)Ｓ衪oy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, 名詞以 y 結(jié)尾的,加 -sHenry-Henrys6以輔音一般加 -esNegro-N

3、egroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes字母加piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, -o 結(jié)尾不少外來(lái)詞加 -skilo-kilos, solo-solos的名詞7兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos以元音字母加 -o 結(jié)尾的名詞加 -sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以 -th 結(jié)尾的名詞加 -struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months,

4、 path-paths,2. 不規(guī)章名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)章的,現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)章 例詞1轉(zhuǎn)變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）class, family, crowd, couple, g

5、roup, government, 也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）population, team, public, partycustoms海關(guān) , times時(shí)代 , spirits 心情 , 6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特殊含義drinks飲料 , sands沙灘 , papers文件報(bào)紙 , looks外表 , brains頭腦智力 , greens青菜 7表示加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans“ 某國(guó)單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese人”以-man 或-woman 結(jié)尾的改

6、Englishmen, Frenchwomen為-men,-womensons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, 8合成名將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最終一部分詞grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) III. 名詞的全部格：women singers, men servants名詞在句中表示全部關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞全部格；全部格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加ss s構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of 加名詞構(gòu)成；前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西；1. 全部格的

7、構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jackook, her son-in- laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)章復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s the childrens toys, women s rights, 以 s 結(jié)尾的人名全部格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的全部關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾Japan s and Americas problems, Janes and Mary均須加 sbikes表示共有的全部關(guān)系

8、時(shí)在最終一詞Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father末加 s表示某人家店鋪,全部格the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncle后名詞省略2. 全部格的用法：表示時(shí)間today s newspaper, five weeks holiday s industry2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國(guó)家城市等地方的the countrys plan, the worlds population, China名詞4表示工作群體

9、the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victorys end5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系6the life s time, the plays plot的名詞a birds eye view, a stones throw, at one不知所s wit7某些固定詞組措3. of 全部格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西,特殊是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the cl

10、assrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an）,定冠詞（ the）,和零冠詞；I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“ 每一” 相當(dāng)于every,oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“ 相同” 相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an a

11、ge.5用于人名前, 表示不熟悉此人或與A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, This room is rather a big one.such 之后8用于 soas, too, how+ 形容詞之后She is as

12、clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都明白的或上文提到過(guò)Would you mind opening the door. 的人或事4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“ 一家人” 或“ 夫婦

13、”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高He is the taller of the two children.級(jí)前8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群the United States, the Communist Party of 島的名詞前China, the French9用于表示創(chuàng)造物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)in the 1990s歲月11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示

14、He patted me on the shoulder.時(shí)間的詞組前III. 零冠詞的用法：1專出名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,人名Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air地名等名詞前2名詞前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, I want this book, not that one. / every 等限制Whose purse is this.3季節(jié),月份,星期,節(jié)假日,一日三餐March, Sunday, National Day, spring前4表示職位,身份,頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made

15、 President of America.5學(xué)科,語(yǔ)言,球類,棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與 by 連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以 and 連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.三代詞 ：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they代詞賓格me, you, him, her, i

16、t, us, you, them2物主形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their代詞名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that

17、, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a 7不定代詞little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代詞用法留意點(diǎn)：1. one, some 與 any:1 one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復(fù)數(shù)為 否定句；One should learn to think of others.ones；some 多用于確定句, any 多用于疑問(wèn)句和Have you any book

18、marks. No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2 some 可用于疑問(wèn)句中,表示希望得到確定的答復(fù),或者表示建議,懇求等；Would you like some bananas. Could you give me some money.3 some 和 any 修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),some 表示某個(gè), any 表示任何一個(gè)；I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4 some 和數(shù)詞連用表

19、示“ 大約” ,any 可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度；There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today.2. each 和 every:each 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上,而 或三個(gè)以上；every 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,所指的數(shù)必需是三個(gè)Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each of us has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak p

20、oints. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any,作定語(yǔ)； none 作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),代替不行數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名 詞,謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以；There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle. None.None of the students are is afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1 other 泛指“ 另外的, 別的” 常與其他詞連

21、用,reason, no other way, 如：the other day, every other week, some other the other 特指兩者中的另外一個(gè),復(fù)數(shù)為 the others；如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2 another 指“ 又一個(gè),另一個(gè)” 無(wú)所指,復(fù)數(shù)形式是others,泛指“ 別的人或事” 如：I don t like this

22、shirt, please show me another one.The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不行數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；neither 和 none.both 和 all 加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用All of the books are not written in English. / Not a

23、ll of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容詞和副詞 I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置,但在以下情形后置：1修飾 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等構(gòu)成nobody absent, everything possible的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)2以-able, -ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或onlythe

24、 best book available, the only 修飾的名詞之后solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的次序：冠詞代詞數(shù)詞性質(zhì)大小性狀形容詞國(guó)籍材料名冠詞序數(shù)基數(shù)新舊 溫度顏色指示代詞前的不定代詞長(zhǎng)短形

25、容詞詞狀態(tài)產(chǎn)地質(zhì)地代詞全部外形詞格allthesecondonebeautifullargenewblackChinesesilk詞aboththisgoodshortnextfourcoolyellowLondonstonesuchanotherpoorsquareyour 3 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞 +名詞 +edkind-hearted6名詞 +形容詞world-famous2形容詞 +形容詞dark-blue7名詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞 +過(guò)去分詞snow-covered4副詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞hard-workin

26、g9數(shù)詞 +名詞 +edthree-egged5副詞 +過(guò)去分詞newly-built10 數(shù)詞 +名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副soon, now, early, finally, once, 5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, 詞recentlynever2地點(diǎn)副here, nearby, outside, 6疑問(wèn)副詞how, where, when, why詞upwards, above3方式副hard, well, fast, slowly, 7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether,

27、 詞excitedly, reallyhowever, meanwhile4程度副almost, nearly, very, fairly, 8關(guān)系副詞when, where, why詞quite, ratherIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí),比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)； 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加 -er 和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加 more 和 most；1. 同級(jí)比較經(jīng)經(jīng)常用 as as以及 not soas as如： I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many

28、, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more the more句型；如： The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思；如：5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：I have never spent a more worrying day.Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school

29、is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“ 最高程度“ 的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)；五介詞I. 介詞分類：如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect ；1簡(jiǎn)潔介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon,

30、 within, without3短語(yǔ)介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介considering 就而論 , including詞6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的like, unlike, near, next, opposite介詞II. 常用介詞區(qū)分：1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat 表示片刻的時(shí)間,in 表示一段的時(shí)間,on 總是與日子有關(guān)2表示

31、時(shí)間的since, fromsince 指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間,和完成時(shí)連用,from 指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)頭3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin 指在一段時(shí)間之后,after 表示某一詳細(xì)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in, on, in 表示在某范疇內(nèi),on 指與什么毗鄰, to 指在某環(huán)境范疇之外to5表示“ 在 上” 的 on, inon 只表示在某物的表面上,in 表示占去某物一部分6表示“ 穿過(guò)” 的 through, acrossthrough 表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò), 與 in 有關(guān),across表示在表面上通過(guò),與 on 有關(guān)about 指涉及到, on 指特地論述

32、7表示“ 關(guān)于” 的about, on8between 與 among 的區(qū) 別between 表示在兩者之間,among 用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides 與 except 的區(qū)分besides 指“ 除了 仍有再加上” ,except 指“ 除了,減去什么” ,不放在句首10 表示“ 用” 的in, withwith 表示詳細(xì)的工具,in 表示材料,方式,方法,度量,單位,語(yǔ)言,聲音11 as與 like 的區(qū)分12 in 與 into 區(qū)分as意為“ 作為,以 位置或身份” ,like 為“ 象 一樣” ,指情形相像in 通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）,into 表示動(dòng)向,不表示目的地或位

33、置六動(dòng)詞I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有 16 種,以 ask 為例,將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí) 將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask進(jìn)行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)have/has been had been ask

34、ingshall/will have been should/would have been 行askingaskingasking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)分：1 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況,但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成 的影響或結(jié)果,它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,漢譯英時(shí)可加“ 已經(jīng)” 等詞；簡(jiǎn)言之,利用過(guò)去,說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在；如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. 容已經(jīng)看過(guò), 且明白這本書(shū)的內(nèi)2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān),它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連

35、 用,漢譯英時(shí)可加“ 過(guò)” ,“ 了” 等詞；簡(jiǎn)言之,僅談過(guò)去,不關(guān)現(xiàn)在；如：I read the novel last month. 只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了,不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)分：兩者都可以表示“ 從過(guò)去開(kāi)頭始終連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在” ,在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí),多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),如著重表示動(dòng)作始終在進(jìn)行,即動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性時(shí),就多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；一 般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了；I hav

36、e been reading that book all the morning. 我早上始終在讀那本書(shū)；4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：1將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句will/shall+ 動(dòng)詞原表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.形2be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原含有“ 準(zhǔn)備,方案,即將” 做某事,It s going to clear up.Were going to have a party 形或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等He

37、is moving to the south.詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按方案即將發(fā)生的表示將來(lái)Are they leaving for Europe. 動(dòng)作4be about to + 動(dòng)詞表示支配或方案中的立刻就要發(fā)生的I was about to leave when the bell rang.原形動(dòng)作,后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按方案進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方看法Were to meet at the school gate at noon.The meeting starts at five 6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將時(shí)刻表上或

38、日程支配上早就定好的事oclock.來(lái)情,可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：1常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)構(gòu)成6常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)構(gòu)成態(tài)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been asked4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be asked9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)a

39、m/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)can/must/may be asked詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加 其中介副詞；固定結(jié)構(gòu) benot,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不行漏掉going to, used to, have to, had better 變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí),只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)；如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢

40、語(yǔ)有一類句子不顯現(xiàn)主語(yǔ),在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示；如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known that 注It must be pointed out thatIt is supposed that意It is reported that事It must be admitted that項(xiàng)It is hoped that下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is wort

41、h reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wonct. t aThe clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place

42、, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等七情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can才能（體力,智力,技能）can not / cannot /can dot Can do .Yes, can.答應(yīng)或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）could可能性（表推測(cè),用于否定句couldn t doNo, can t.或疑問(wèn)句中）may可以（問(wèn)句中表示懇求）may not do May do . Yes, may.No, mustn t/cant.might可能,

43、或許（表估計(jì)）might not doMight do . Yes, might No, might not.希望（用于倒裝句中）must必需,應(yīng)當(dāng)（表主觀要求）must not/mustnMust do . Yes, must.t doNo, needn t/don t have to.確定,想必（確定句中表估計(jì)）have to只好,不得不（客觀的必需,Do have to do .dont have to doYes, do.有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）No, dont.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任,口語(yǔ)中ought not to/oughtn to doOught to do .t Yes,

44、ought. 多用 shouldNo, oughtn t.shall將要,會(huì)Shall do .用于一三人稱征求對(duì)方看法shall not/shant do Yes, shall. 用于二三人稱表示許諾、命No, shan t.令、警告、威逼等should應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)當(dāng)（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）should not/shouldn dot Should do .本該（含有批評(píng)意味）will意愿,決心will not/wont do Will do .would懇求,建議,用在問(wèn)句中wouldwould not/wouldnYes, will. t 比較委婉doNo, wont.dare敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句

45、dare not/darenDare do .t do Yes, dare. No, daren t.中）need需要need not/neednNeed do .t do Yes, must. No, needn t.必需（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）Used to do .used toused Yes, used.t.過(guò)去經(jīng)常（現(xiàn)在已不再）not/usednt/usenNo, usedndoDid use to do .II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞didn t use to doYes, did.No, didn t.must, may, might, could, can 表示估計(jì)：以 must 為例

46、；must + dobe 是估計(jì)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 估計(jì)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情； must +have done 是估計(jì)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情；1. must“ 確定,肯定” 語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng),只用于確定句中；He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may 和 might “ 或許” ,后者語(yǔ)氣弱,更沒(méi)有把握；可用于確定句和否定句；He may not be at home. / They migh

47、t have finished their task. 3. can 和 could“ 可能” , could 表示可疑的可能性,不及can t語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng),用于確定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中；The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near. （估計(jì)某事原來(lái)可能發(fā)生,但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now. No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.強(qiáng),常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中I

48、II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞留意點(diǎn)：1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示才能；但 be able to 可以表達(dá)“ 某事最終勝利” ,而 can 無(wú)法表達(dá)此意； Be able to 有更多的時(shí)態(tài)；另外,兩者不能重疊使用；2. used to 和 would: used to 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣,而 及現(xiàn)在；3. need 和 dare 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分：would 只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好,不涉兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞經(jīng)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句；其形式為：neednt/daren ；Need/dare do .做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于確定句,否定句和疑問(wèn)句； 其形式為： needne

49、eds/needed/daredares/dared to do, dontdoesnt/didnt need/dare to do八非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語(yǔ)形構(gòu)成否定式特點(diǎn)和作用式時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to do to be doing to have doneto be done to have been done在非謂具出名詞,副詞和形容詞的作for sb. to 用do sth.在句中做主、 賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分doing having donebeing done having been done分詞詞語(yǔ)前加具有副詞和形容詞的作用not在句中做定、 表

50、、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去done分詞動(dòng)名詞doing having donebeing done having been donesb具出名詞的作用 s doing 在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ)II. 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較：情形 常用動(dòng)詞 只接不定式做賓 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, 語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish,

51、escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider只接動(dòng)名詞做賓 語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)can t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote

52、oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指詳細(xì)的動(dòng)作,接 意義基本相 動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）同 need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,如接不定式就應(yīng)用 被動(dòng)形式）兩意義相反stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事go on to do （接著做另外一件者stop doing 停止正在做的事都意義不同remember/forget/regret to do （指動(dòng)作尚未可

53、發(fā)生）事）以remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)go on doing （接著做同一件事）發(fā)生）try to do （設(shè)法,努力去做,盡力）try doing （試試去做,看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（準(zhǔn)備做,妄想做）mean doing （意識(shí)是, 意味著）can t help to do（不能幫忙做）can t help doing（忍不住要做）III. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)分：常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的規(guī)律關(guān)系準(zhǔn)時(shí)間例句概念ask, beg, expect, get, order, 不定式tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系；強(qiáng)調(diào)

54、動(dòng)作將發(fā)生I heard him call me several have, notice, see, watch, 或已經(jīng)完成times.hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, 主謂關(guān)系；強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)I found her listening to the 行,尚未完成radio.過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,We found the village find, keep, have, feel多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)greatly changed.IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)分：區(qū)分 舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,一般式表示將I h

55、ave a lot of papers to type.來(lái),進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,完成式I have a lot of papers to be typed.表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生動(dòng)名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途,無(wú)規(guī)律上的任何關(guān)系Shall we go to the swimming pool.現(xiàn)在分與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)the boiling water / the boiled water詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生the developing country/the 過(guò)去分與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在developed country詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成the

56、falling leaves / the fallen leavesV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的區(qū)分：不定區(qū)分舉例多表示一個(gè)特定的詳細(xì)的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以My dream is to become a teacher.借助于 it 把不定式移到句子后面；做表語(yǔ)有時(shí)可和主To obey the law is important. 式語(yǔ)交換位置,而且意義不變,并且仍能用what 來(lái)提dream, business, wish, idea, 問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；plan, duty, task 做主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用 動(dòng)名與不定式的功能區(qū)分不大,然而它更接近于名詞,表It is no use saying

57、that again and 示的動(dòng)作比較抽象,或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)也again.詞可以用 it 做形式主語(yǔ), 做表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以和主語(yǔ)互換位置；Teaching is my job.分詞無(wú)名詞的性質(zhì),不能做主語(yǔ)；但是有形容詞的性質(zhì),The situation is encouraging.可以做表語(yǔ),多說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等,可The book is well written.被 very, quite, rather 等副詞修飾；常見(jiàn)分詞有astonishing, 現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“ 令人 ” 之意, 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特moving, tiring, disappointing, 征,多

58、表示主動(dòng),主語(yǔ)多為物；過(guò)去分詞一般表示被puzzling, shocking, boring, 動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài),含有“ 感到 ” 之意,主語(yǔ)多amusing 及其 -ed 形式 是人；九定語(yǔ)從句I. 定語(yǔ)從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞；被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用,二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一樣；關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注who人主語(yǔ)Do you know the man who is talking whom, whichwith your mother.和 that 在從句關(guān)系人賓語(yǔ)

59、Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am 中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí),代詞?？梢允÷?workingwhom但介詞提前時(shí)The boy whom she loved died in the 后面關(guān)系代詞war.whose人,物定語(yǔ)I like those books whose topics are about 不能省略,也history.不行以用 thatThe boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人,物主語(yǔ),賓A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop

60、star that I want to see 語(yǔ)very much.The book which I gave you was worth which物主語(yǔ),賓$10.語(yǔ)The picture which was about the accident was terrible.關(guān)系as人,物主語(yǔ),賓He is such a person as is respected by all as做賓語(yǔ)一般of us.語(yǔ)不省略This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I will never forget the day when we m