翻譯概論英語

1、國外翻譯理論二大核心概念(coreconcept)：實(shí)質(zhì)(essenee)，可譯性(translatability)，等值(equivalency)實(shí)質(zhì)：早期提法，以奧格庭為代表：將符號(hào)改變?yōu)榱硗獾姆?hào)Jakobson：Translationisaninterpretationofverbalsigns(semiotics符號(hào)學(xué))bymeansofsomeotherlanguage.”第二類，以費(fèi)道羅夫和溫特為代表：加上了忠實(shí)(faithfulness)，全面(overall)，等值(equivalency)費(fèi)道羅夫：翻譯是用一種語言忠實(shí)、全面地表達(dá)另一種語言表達(dá)的東西溫特：翻譯是將詮釋我們世

2、界某部分的說法盡可能地用等值的說法來代替。奈達(dá)和泰伯(NidaTaber)：Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagethetheclosestnaturalequivalent(最貼近自然的對(duì)等表達(dá)式)ofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondintermsofstyle.翻譯是接受語復(fù)制原語信息的最近似的自然等值物，首先是在意義方面，其次是在文體方面的等值。第三類，以卡特福德，巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫(Barkhudarov)，威爾斯為代表明確翻譯對(duì)象是話語(utt

3、erance注意不同于話語權(quán)的discourse)卡特福德(Catford)：Translationis“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage.(core:textualsense)將一種語言的話語材料用另外一種語言的等值話語予以替代威爾斯：翻譯是將原語話語變?yōu)楸M可能等值的譯語話語的過程巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫(Barkhudarov):Aunitoftranslationis“thesmallestunitofSLwhichhasanequivalentinTL.第

4、四類，以什維采爾為代表，又增加了文化(culture)內(nèi)容，王佐良先生(venerableWangZuoliang)認(rèn)為:翻譯工作者處理的是個(gè)別的詞，面對(duì)的則是兩大片文化。翻譯本身就是不同文化間的交流，因而作為翻譯工作者，不僅要熟練掌握源語和目標(biāo)語，而且要熟知源語文化和目標(biāo)文化。Toury:atranslationis“anytraget-languageutterance(話語)whichispresentedorregardedassuchwithinthetargetculture,onwhatevergrounds.(但過渡會(huì)導(dǎo)致pseudo-translation)Skopos-th

5、eory:donthavetobefaithfultooriginaltext;itisimportanttoconformtothepurposeofclient.代表人物：Vermeer:Atranslationis“informationaboutasourcetextinanotherlanguage.可譯性：德國洪堡持否定態(tài)度，語言之間彼此沒有共約性(identity)，不可譯性(untranslatabilty)是普遍公理(universaljustice)實(shí)際上可譯性的原則適用于任何兩種語言之間等值：等值的概念是翻譯最重要的本質(zhì)特征之一科勒(Koller):所指，內(nèi)涵，文字規(guī)范，

6、語用，形式等值科米薩羅夫：交際目的，情景等同，情景描述方法，句法結(jié)構(gòu)意義，文字符號(hào)層次加克利文：形式，意思，情景等值翻譯功能由奈達(dá)提出：expressive(表現(xiàn))，cognitive(認(rèn)知)，interpersonal(人際）,informative（信息）imperative（祈使）performative（行為）,emotive（感情）aesthetic審美），metalingual（語言文化）function翻譯學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)：哲學(xué)思維系統(tǒng)翻譯學(xué)論證手段：語言學(xué)各學(xué)科翻譯學(xué)參照范疇：社會(huì)文化系統(tǒng)TranslationcriteriaYanfu:xin(faithfulness),da(ex

7、pressiveness)andya(elegance)Luxun:xin(faithfulness)andshun(smoothness).Thefirstispreferredtothelatterwhenthetwocannotgotogetheratthesametime.Fulei:shensi(spiritualresonance)noplainliterarytranslation(不要白開水式的翻譯)QianZhongshu:huajing(consummateperfect)realmoftranslation)Nida:dynamicequivalence(readerse

8、sponse)orfunctionalequivaleneeLiuZhongde:xin(faithfulness),da(expressiveness)andqie(closeness)翻譯實(shí)踐過載翻譯(overloadedtranslation)：里根總統(tǒng)指責(zé)一法案為豬肉桶porkbarrel超額翻譯(overtranslation)：慚愧，慚愧應(yīng)譯為：Imflattered.而不是Imashamed.放屁！應(yīng)譯為：bullshit誤譯：Weareingoodshape.正確譯法：我們情況良好“紙錢”應(yīng)譯為：而不是moneyHeroesofseventy-six應(yīng)譯為:六七年的英雄而不是六

9、十七烈士經(jīng)驗(yàn)：chooseto往往譯為“偏要”“寧愿”“決定”O(jiān)peraisexpensive:歌劇是昂貴的文化形式WinnersdontdedicatetheirlivestoaconceptofwhattheyimaginetheyshouldWinnersdontdedicatetheirlivestoaconceptofwhattheyimaginetheyshouldbe.成功者不會(huì)獻(xiàn)身于某種概念，即想象自己應(yīng)該成為何種人Theyarethemselves他們就是他們自己Theyareawarethatthereisdiffereneebetweenbeinglovingandact

10、ingloving,betweenbeingstupidandactingstupid,betweenbeingknowledgeableandactingknowledgeable.他們明白，愛與裝愛，傻與裝傻，博學(xué)與裝博學(xué)之間的區(qū)別Demolish拆除，拆遷Takelifeforgranted把生命視作理所當(dāng)然Bias偏見投機(jī)可能譯成：speculative也可能譯成agreeable勉強(qiáng)可能譯成：reluctant也可能譯成unnatural或improperAnyway意為“無論如何”但意為“好歹”更好Only開頭要用倒裝Buffetbanquet冷餐會(huì)Luncheon午餐會(huì)名片：na

11、mecard和businesscard業(yè)務(wù)名片Itwasanoldwoman,tallandshapely（pretty）still,thoughwithered（枯萎）bytime,onwhomhiseyesfellwhenhestoppedandturned.他轉(zhuǎn)過身來，目光落在一個(gè)年邁的婦女身上。她身材修長(zhǎng)，雖受歲月的折磨而顯憔悴，但風(fēng)韻猶存。Hygeia哈齊亞（健康女神）Ilovethreethingsintheworld.Sun,moonandyou.Sunformorning,moon回譯backtranslation無韻體翻譯blankversetranslation回譯back

12、translation無韻體翻譯blankversetranslationfornightandyouforever.浮世三千，吾愛有三：日，月與卿日為朝，月為暮,卿為朝朝暮暮.總結(jié)：需要TargetLanguage的積極引導(dǎo)，排除SourceLanguage的消極干擾Notion絕對(duì)翻譯absolutetranslation摘要翻譯abstracttranslation爛譯abusivetranslation可接受性acceptability準(zhǔn)確性accuracy學(xué)術(shù)翻譯academictranslation改編adaptation充分性adequacy調(diào)整adjustment類同形式ana

13、logicalform模擬電子技術(shù)analogelectronictechnology分析analysis應(yīng)用翻譯研究appliedtranslationstudies元譯素architranseme(ATR)自立幅度autonomyspectrum匿名anonymity自譯autotranslation呼吁性文本appeal-focusedtexts雙邊傳譯bilateralinterpreting詞類轉(zhuǎn)換classshift貼近翻譯closetranslation連貫性coherence傳譯翻譯；交際翻譯communicativetranslation社群翻譯communityinterp

14、reting補(bǔ)償compensation能力competence語義成分分析componentialanalysis綜合理論comprehensivetheory傳播學(xué)communicationstudies對(duì)外傳播internationalcommunication會(huì)議傳譯conferenceinterpreting接續(xù)傳譯conferenceinterpreting接續(xù)傳譯consecutiveinterpreting語境一致contextualconsistency常規(guī)conventions語料庫corpora可比語料庫comparablecorpora平行語料庫parallelcorp

15、us通用語linguafranca對(duì)應(yīng)correspondence法庭傳譯courtinterpreting異化翻譯foreignizingtranslation異化翻譯foreignizingtranslation隱性翻譯covertinterpreting顯型翻譯overttranslation創(chuàng)造性翻譯creativetransposition創(chuàng)造性叛逆creativetreason解構(gòu)主義deconstruction描寫性翻譯研究descriptivetranslation分延differance文獻(xiàn)型翻譯doentarytranslation歸化翻譯domesticatingtran

16、slation動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等dynamicequivalence動(dòng)態(tài)忠信dynamicfidelity用功模式effortmodels對(duì)等equivalence陪同口語escortinterpretation非目標(biāo)接受者excludedreceiver參與型接受著participativereceiver詮釋性翻譯exegeticnorms明示explicitation表情型文本expressivetext外來形式extraneousform忠實(shí)faithfulness隔行翻譯interlinealtranslation隔行翻譯interlinealtranslation形式對(duì)應(yīng)formalcorr

17、esponding形式對(duì)等formalequivalence自由譯freetranslation全文翻譯fulltranslation普通翻譯理論generaltheoriesoftranslation要旨翻譯gisttranslation釋詞翻譯glosstranslation語法置換grammaticaltransposition詮釋步驟hermeneuticmotion對(duì)應(yīng)層級(jí)hierarchyofcorrespondence橫向翻譯horizontaltranslation超額信息hyperinformation地道翻譯idiomatictranslation擬譯imitation不確

18、定性indeterminacy信息提供informationoffer信息文本informativetexts初始規(guī)范initialnorms工具翻譯instrumentaltranslation整合翻譯integraltranslation逐行翻譯interlineartranslation語際翻譯interlingualtranslation中間語言intermediatetranslation附際翻譯intersemiotictranslation語內(nèi)翻譯intralingualshift系統(tǒng)內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)換intra-systemshift逆向翻譯inversetranslation隱形invi

19、sibility知名度visibility核心句kernelsentence關(guān)鍵詞翻譯keywordtranslation層次轉(zhuǎn)換levelshift詞類轉(zhuǎn)換classshift詞匯翻譯lexicaltranslation聯(lián)絡(luò)傳譯liaisoninterpreting語言翻譯linguistictranslation字面翻譯；直譯literaltranslation借譯loantranslation借用loan圖譜mapping矩陣規(guī)范matricialnorms黑客帝國TheMatrix元語言meta-language元文本metatext模仿形式mimeticform變異mutation自

20、然性naturalness語用翻譯pragmatictranslation語用翻譯pragmatictranslation負(fù)面轉(zhuǎn)換negativeshift規(guī)范norms必要對(duì)等語obligatoryequivalents曲徑翻譯obliquetranslation操作模式operationalmodel操作規(guī)范operationalnorms可換對(duì)等語optionalequivalents重合翻譯overlappingtranslation顯性翻譯overttranslation隱性翻譯coverttranslation超額翻譯overtranslation范式對(duì)等paradigmatice

21、quivalence釋譯paraphrase局部翻譯理論partialtheoriesoftranslation參與型接受者participativereceiver非目標(biāo)接受者excludedreceiver具體化翻譯particularizingtranslation運(yùn)用performance音素翻譯phonemictranslation音位翻譯phonologicaltranslation中樞語言pivotlanguage多元文化理論polysystemtheory預(yù)先規(guī)范preliminarynorms受限翻譯restrictedtranslation受限翻譯restrictedtra

22、nslation規(guī)定翻譯研究prescriptivetranslationstudies首級(jí)翻譯primarytranslation關(guān)于問題的翻譯理論problem-restrictedtheoriesoftranslation過程取向翻譯研究process-orientedtranslationtheories成品取向翻譯研究product-orientedtranslationstudies翻譯規(guī)范professionalnorms前瞻式翻譯prospectivetranslation后瞻式翻譯retrospectivetranslation原型文本prototext偽翻譯pseudotr

23、anslation純語言purelanguage原始翻譯radicaltranslation階級(jí)受限翻譯rank-boundtranslation獨(dú)有特征realia接受語receptorlanguage目標(biāo)語targetlanguage重構(gòu)式翻譯translationwithreconstruction冗余redundancy折射refraction規(guī)約性翻譯常規(guī)regulativetranslationalconventions轉(zhuǎn)接傳譯relayinterpreting知識(shí)庫要素repertoreme阻抗resistancy欠額翻譯undertranslation重組restructuri

24、ng后瞻式翻譯retrospectivetranslation前瞻式翻譯prospectivetranslation重寫rewriting韻體翻譯rhymedtranslation無韻體翻譯blankversetranslation二級(jí)翻譯secondarytranslation選譯selectivetranslation語義消歧semanticdisambiguation語義翻譯semantictranslation序列翻譯serialtranslation服務(wù)型翻譯servicetranslation視譯sighttranslation手語傳譯signedlanguagetranslation同聲傳譯simultaneousinterpreting模擬國際會(huì)議口譯simulatedinternationalconferenceinterpreting目的論skopostheory源于sourcelanguage源文本sourcetext源文本取向翻譯研究sourcetext-orientedtranslationstudies