英漢詞化程度對比 (second major)

1、英漢詞化對比 Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Lexicalization 1But if Foster sat in our living room and said, “we are all following each other down the sinister corridor in the image,” we would have enough reason to ask him to leave.But if Foster sat in our living room and said, “we are all followi

2、ng each other down the sinister corridor in the image,” we would be justified in asking him to leave.Strips of clothing decorated the standing trees as if with many festoons.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.All of them are thin and withered, looking like mummies. All of them are mummi

3、fied with age and sun21. An introduction to LexicalizationIt is the process of making a word to express a concept. Or it is the realization of a meaning in a single word or morpheme rather than in a grammatical construction. (詞化是指一個短語或句子在使用過程中逐漸凝固成一個詞或詞項)According to Banczerowski, for the same conce

4、pt or meaning, if it is expressed by a phrase, it is analytic expression (分析型表達法);if it is expressed by a word, it is synthetic expression (綜合型表達法)。Obviously, synthetic expression is lexicalized expression. 32.英漢詞化程度對比2.1 derivative words有前綴in-, inter-, en-, dis-, counter-等構(gòu)成的派生詞。Inflame: 使燃燒；使交替Int

5、erlace: 使交織；EnableEmbarrass:使窘;使不好意思,使局促不安Dispirit: 使氣餒;使沮喪 Counterpoise: 使平衡expound用例子說明, enlist謀取的支持disown否認同自己有關(guān),disfigure毀損外形/容貌,有后綴ize, -en, -fy, -ate等構(gòu)成的派生詞。Dramatize 使戲劇化；使惹人注目Flatten 把弄平；弄平；使失去光澤；Identify使等同于isolate使孤立;使脫離42.2 converted words 轉(zhuǎn)類詞He raised his eyebrows, cocked his head, and r

6、egarded me as though measuring me for a suit. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)使役性動詞Empty 把弄空，Perfect 使完美，Clear使明凈具體名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞Plague 使染上瘟疫，Bog使陷入泥塘，Wrinkle使起皺紋，Powder把弄成粉末，F(xiàn)rown皺眉表示反對，Hedge用樹籬笆圍起來Spiral呈螺旋狀上升，Diagram用圖來表示，Shepherd向牧羊人一樣照料，Patent獲得的專利這些官員只是在魚肉百姓。 小朋友們很喜歡在舞臺上秀自己。南容三復白圭。孔子以其兄之子妻之。“春風又綠江南岸” 驢不勝怒蹄之 湯武身之也Example: 5Johns f

7、ather moved a small generator into the downstairs hallway, wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator.Wind and rain now whipped the house.Water inched its way up the steps as first- floor outside walls collapsed.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.House

8、hold and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, 62.3 單純詞A simple word is composed of a single morpheme. It is comparatively high in degree of lexicalization. hit使認識;使明白, merge使合并，使結(jié)合, baffle使困惑；使挫折，阻礙, flush使得意

9、；使興奮；使臉上發(fā)紅, strike使人突然想到, deprive是不能有, afflict使遭受極大的痛苦，折磨；annoy使生氣, puzzle使迷惑, dim使看不清, fidget使坐立不安,verbs for “talk, laugh, shout, see, motion” exclaim大聲說, guffaw大笑著說, blurt脫口而出；突然說出, stammer吞吞吐吐地說，結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說, howl吼叫著說出, snap厲聲說；憤怒地說, bet打賭說, reiterate反復說, grasp氣喘吁吁地說, mumble含糊地說, whisper低聲說, babble喋喋不休

10、, ejaculate突然說出, flounder錯亂地說出,支吾 hiss嘶嘶地說出; sneer輕蔑地笑, beam眉開眼笑, chortle哈哈大笑, titter嗤嗤地笑；傻笑; brawl高聲叫喊, clamor大聲叫喊; stare目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看, blink驚愕地看; quiver微微顫抖, feast大吃大喝, grip緊緊抓住, buffet反復不斷地撞擊, accost走向前與之攀談, slouch無精打采地站, swish刷刷地甩動, nudge臂肘輕推促使某人注意, dangle晃來晃去地吊著；懸垂著, dread極度的害怕7Radio and television wa

11、rnings had sounded throughout that Sunday, last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshers lived. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. John watched the water lap at the stepsr

12、ise slowlyRain fell steadily that afternoon; gray clouds scudded in from the Gulf on the rising wind.The French doors in an upstairs room blew in with an explosive soundBut the cars wouldnt start; the electrical systems had been killed by water. She peered nervously at her litter. A moment later, th

13、e hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. At that moment, the wind tore out one wall and extinguished the lantern. A second wall moved, wavered, Ch

14、arlie Hill tried to support it, but it toppled on him, injuring his back.The larger children sprawled on the floor, with the smaller ones in a layer on top of them, and the adults bent over all nine.The floor tilted. The Koshaks and their friends had survived.8To summarize, with abundance of simple

15、words, derivative words, and converted words, English is highly lexicalized, and thus preferring synthetic expressions. In contrast, Chinese has lower degree of lexicalization, tending to use more analytic expressions. 3. 英漢詞化差異對英語教學的影響 Turn the following analytic expressions into synthetic expressi

16、ons.1. Watching too much TV makes children unable to study well. 2. The lesson makes me never forget.3. All the facts make me conclude that money doesnt mean everything.4. TV makes people have few chances to communicate each other.5. In a sense the society makes women unable to enjoy the equal right

17、.6. TV makes us know about the outside world.7. This failure makes them learn that careful preparation is always important.98. I think it makes me deal with affairs logically.9. Her departure from my life also made me become to distrust the friendship.10. Family life makes me feel happy.11. Setting

18、off firecrackers might make peoples lives dangerous12. The present situations make us have the reason to be optimistic.13. The campaigns have, however, made more and more people realize the importance of traffic rules.14. The flood caused some 500 people to lose their lives.正如何善芬(2002: 135)指出：“中國學生在

19、用母語即漢語表達時，大多說情況習慣采用分析型表達，只偶爾用一用復合詞，這是語言的形態(tài)使然。但這種定式對用英語表達相應的漢語意義時選擇表達法干擾甚大，而英語動詞本身的情況（詞化程度的單純詞占絕大多數(shù)）則要求中國學生在用英語表達時不能只使用或太多太濫的使用分析型表達法，必須采用一些綜合型表達發(fā)來表達用分析型表達法來表達的一些漢語意義。否則，不可能學會比較地道、簡練的英語，無法做到盡可能縮小中國式英語和地道英語的差距?！?015) Usually I will read the newspaper very quickly and try to find some interesting stori

20、es. 16) It is not easy to look after a spoiled child like a mother.17) I try to hide my inner fear with a mask of showing confidence.18) Taking a Boeing 767 plane, we went to Shanghai.19) The streets of the city are complex, which makes many visitors puzzled.20) who attach such great importance to s

21、taying alive that they claw their neighbors to death just for the privilege. 他們把性命看得那么重，為了能活下去，可以把自己的鄰居活活掐死。21) The newspapers headlined his long record of accomplishments.各家報紙以頭條新聞報道了他所取得的豐碩成果22) The process made is dwarfed by the extent of the problem. 取得的進步與這個嚴重存在的問題相比就不值得一提了。23) The drought is e

22、xpected not only to cripple the modest industrial development of those countries but also to weaken prospects for political stability.人們預料，對這些國家來說，這場干旱不僅會使本來發(fā)展不快的工業(yè)癱瘓，而且還會影響今后的政局穩(wěn)定。 24) The present position and potentialities of this region justify optimism. 該地區(qū)當前所處的地位及其發(fā)展前景有理由使人對他抱有樂觀態(tài)度。11Influence

23、d by Chinese analytic expression, Chinese students find it difficult to use synthetic expression in English. Besides, synthetic expression demands a large vocabulary. Many Chinese learners are very short of concrete and vivid verbs, they, instead, overuse the verb “make” and “be”. An American teache

24、r once said, to produce vivid, economic, and idiomatic language, one should try to avoid using “be Pattern”, using more powerful action verbs （強有力的行為動詞）1) The Summer palace is one of the biggest and oldest parks in China. It is the most beautiful park in Beijing as well. In the park, there are many

25、famous architectures which make it quiet different from other parks. Many famous architectural features distinguish the Summer Palace, one of the biggest and oldest parks in China, from just any other park.2) After its natural scenery, the dominant feature of Nanking is the Yangtze River Bridge. Sec

26、ond only to the natural scenery, the Yangtze River Bridge dominates Nanking. 123) There is a beautiful park near my house. The name of the park is Tian-tan Park, which was built several hundred years ago. It is the biggest park in Beijing. The Tian-Tan park is famous not only for its beauty but its

27、quietness as well. Near my house stands Tian-Tan, the biggest park in Beijing, built several hundred years ago and famous now for not only its beauty but also its quietness.4) There is a place where dreams of paradise remote are transformed into reality. It is very much the real China, embracing all of the traditional Chinese goods, culture and history. The place transforms dreams of a remote paradise into reality. It embraces all of the traditional Chinese goods, culture and history.5) Nankings climate is marked by in