畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯-公路工程變更原因分析及其對(duì)工程造價(jià)的影響

1、Highway engineering change reasonanalysis and cost of the project of influenceAbstract: in the implementation stage because of highway engineering design factors, environmental factors, the influence of various engineering changes happened is more common, combining with engineering practice, this pa

2、per discusses the causes and engineeringchange of project cost.Keywords: engineering change, Reason, CostDue to the highway project period, long, long line, so broad in construction of various causes by the engineering change is inevitable. Engineering change could lead to increase of construction c

3、ost or time limit of the owner and the contractor, between the claim will claim and the cost of the project.Owner of change and the causes of the costAnd when the owner change engineering bidding of construction conditions of commitment. SanTongYiPing referred to in the preceding paragraph, the engi

4、neering tight finish, delay purpose will increase the contractors settlement fee, but little impact on total cost, the owner or project quantity change projects. Increase the project content or quantity, will increase the cost, Project content or cancel or reduce the number will reduce cost, but may

5、 affect the use function of engineering, because the owner with agreements for the existence of incomplete, or in the contract when division, can increase content of missing the contract cost, and the owners requirements, and shorten delivery of finished ahead of the original contract period, invest

6、 more in construction unit cost of manpower and material resources, to increase, and improve the design standard requirement owner, beautiful Angle from security requirements of engineering structure change type, elevation, baseline, location, size and strength, make cost increase, and the owner to

7、change in the construction organization design has approved the construction plan, cost increase, and the owner of the contract with the owner of the materials or equipment supply for the category and quantity, cause cost increase or decrease, and the owner of the contract specifies unreasonable, ca

8、n make the cost is increasedThe design of change and the causes of the costThe design adopts the new standard, new technology, new technology, to replace the originaldesign of the project, and put to use more favorable for owner reduce project cost, the depth of the design documents, cannot satisfy

9、the relevant provisions of the relevant design phase of engineering change and requirements, cost increase or decrease, and when designing units in the preliminary design to fully consider the network planning, and in local government and related departments (e.g., environmental protection, water co

10、nservancy, electricity, gas, communication, navigation, etc.) and the requirements of the project, the main structure change shape and size change etc, make the cost increase, and design personnel errors or omissions caused engineering change. Due to the two SanShen school system to implement the ch

11、ange that cost is increased, Unit, uncoordinated cooperation between designers, or the highway facilities with the principal part of the project design, cause sync job change, make cost increase, and the design drawing not timely delivery time delay, provide, construction, make the cost compensation

12、 shutdown caused by increased.Tthe contractor to change and cause the influence. CostThe contractor is unable to perform the contract or cant completely, the contractor shall take remedial measures proposed change, this kind of change of engineering cost, can increase by contractor burden loss, the

13、contractor has been approved changes when bidding of construction project, this kind of change of cost, but almost no effect for the contractor may save construction cost, and the contractor for construction is convenient, or to shorten the construction period, or to reduce the investment of constru

14、ction, and puts forward such reasons, and more economical and reasonable,optimizing design scheme, this kind of change if owner recognized, can reduce the construction cost, also can reduce the cost of the owner and the contractor, mutually beneficial, According to the contract, the contractor could

15、nt finish, engineering construction contract extension, the owner may terminate the contract terms, according to the content of construction contract in whole or in part, by the contractor, this kind of other changes generally does not make owner cost increase, but will make the contractor under los

16、s, due to the contractor technology or management of the error caused by engineering change, this kind of change to the contractor, the owner may claim generally do not increase the cost, stipulated in the contract, the contractor change by owner procurement materials, using other kinds of materials

17、, and therefore model brand damage by contractor, unless the owner to approbate, generally do not add costthe supervisor of change and the causes of the costSupervision by the owner, commissioned by the cause of the change of the owner or expensesdirectly influence the cost. 1 and supervision engine

18、er in order to coordinate the contractors operation, or section of this project contractors to coordinate with relevant departments or units where the relations of production, easy cause engineering change caused by increased cost. the site supervision engineers in actual situation in the contract a

19、nd the technical specification for the design, according to local modification and perfect or by design, this kind of change unit may cause increased cost. and supervision engineers work and coordination ability damage caused by lack of rework, engineering cost change work. and supervision engineer

20、proposed optimization design or construction, the design optimization or contractor agree, can reduce engineering changes caused by the project cost.The environment factors and impact on the cost of changeEngineering geology unknown or insufficiency in design, engineering cost increased to. and high

21、way engineering construction projects from the construction, project feasibility study, design and construction drawing design to construction, due to various reasons, the project in the declaration and approval process, some problems existing in the construction stage, these problems caused by expo

22、sure to change, and engineering cost increase. and national policies, laws and regulations and standard, the change of change, resulting in increased cost. Four, the local government of the peoples production and life convenient scheme adopted by engineering change after that cost increase. whose ho

23、use is caused by delay, the work of engineering change, could lead to increased cost.Highway engineering change of a variety of reasons, this means that the appraisal work for engineering changes are complex and difficult to decrease the cost, the change of the effects are also different. Through th

24、e analysis, is looking for engineering changes the various causes, and through the analysis of the cost control are not isolated, control cost, the key is to establish and perfect the scientific management system. Based on control cost, quality assurance and accelerate the progress, the principle of

25、 efficiency to determine the necessity and feasibility of engineering change. Only in this way can we truly achieve the effective control of the construction project cost and improve the economic benefit and social benefit.公路工程變更原因分析及其對(duì)工程造價(jià)的影響摘要：公路工程在實(shí)施階段由于設(shè)計(jì)因素、環(huán)境因素等多方面的影響，發(fā)生工程變更是較常見(jiàn)的，文章結(jié)合工程實(shí)踐，探討工程變

26、更的原因及其對(duì)工程造價(jià)的影響。關(guān)鍵詞：工程變更；原因；造價(jià)影響由于公路工程項(xiàng)目路線長(zhǎng)、工期長(zhǎng)、涉及面廣，因此在施工中由各種原因引起的工程變更也不可避免。 工程變更可能導(dǎo)致建設(shè)費(fèi)用的增減或工期的延長(zhǎng)，在業(yè)主和承包商之間會(huì)出現(xiàn)索賠和反索賠，使工程的造價(jià)發(fā)生變化。一、業(yè)主原因引起變更及其對(duì)造價(jià)的影響、業(yè)主改變工程招標(biāo)時(shí)承諾的施工條件。如“三通一平”條件，本工程緊前項(xiàng)目的延遲完成等，會(huì)增加承包方的結(jié)算費(fèi)用，但對(duì)總造價(jià)影響很 ??； 2、業(yè)主變更項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容或項(xiàng)目數(shù)量。增加項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容或者數(shù)量，會(huì)增加造價(jià)；減少或取消項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容或數(shù)量會(huì)降低造價(jià)，但可能影響工程的使用功能； 3、因業(yè)主原 因同承包方簽訂的協(xié)議存在不完整

27、之外，或在標(biāo)段劃分時(shí)出現(xiàn)遺漏內(nèi)容，會(huì)增加合同外造價(jià)； 4、業(yè)主要求提前竣工交付，縮短原合同工期，導(dǎo)致施工單位投入更多 的人力和物力，使造價(jià)增加； 5、業(yè)主要求提高原設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從安全美觀等角度要求改變工程結(jié)構(gòu)的型式、標(biāo)高、基線、位置、尺寸、強(qiáng)度等，使造價(jià)增加； 6、業(yè) 主要求改變已在施工組織設(shè)計(jì)中被批準(zhǔn)的施工方案，使造價(jià)增加； 7、業(yè)主對(duì)原合同中約定同業(yè)主供應(yīng)的材料或設(shè)備的種類或數(shù)量進(jìn)行增減，引起造價(jià)增加或減 少；8、業(yè)主的指定發(fā)包不合理，會(huì)使造價(jià)增加。二、設(shè)計(jì)原因引起變更及其對(duì)造價(jià)的影響、設(shè)計(jì)采用新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、新工藝、新技術(shù)來(lái)替代原有設(shè)計(jì)，使項(xiàng)目的投入使用更加有利，并為業(yè)主減少工程造價(jià)； 2、設(shè)計(jì)文

28、件的深度不能滿足相應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì) 階段的有關(guān)規(guī)定要求而引起的工程變更，導(dǎo)致造價(jià)增加或減少； 3、設(shè)計(jì)單位在初步設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)未能充分考慮原地面的路網(wǎng)規(guī)劃和地方政府及相關(guān)部門（如環(huán)境保護(hù)、供電、供氣、水利、通訊、航道等）的要求而引起的工程變更，主要表現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)形式和尺寸的改變等方面，使造價(jià)增加； 4、設(shè)計(jì)人員的錯(cuò)誤或疏漏引起工程變更。由于 “二校三審”制度落實(shí)不夠?qū)е伦兏乖靸r(jià)增加； 5、設(shè)計(jì)單位設(shè)計(jì)人員之間配合不協(xié)調(diào)，或公路的附屬設(shè)施同主體工程的設(shè)計(jì)不同步，引起工作變更，使造價(jià)增 加；6、分期交付的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙不能及時(shí)提供， 工期延誤，造成施工方停工引起索賠，使造價(jià)增加。三、承包人原因引起變更及其對(duì)造價(jià)的影響、承包人

29、無(wú)法履行或不能完全履行合同，承包人提出采取補(bǔ)救措施的變更，這類變更不能增加工程造價(jià)，由承包人負(fù)擔(dān)損失費(fèi)用； 2、承包人變更投 標(biāo)時(shí)已被批準(zhǔn)的施工方案，這類變更對(duì)造價(jià)幾乎不會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響，但可能為承包人節(jié)省施工費(fèi)用；3、承包人為了施工方便，或?yàn)榭s短工期，或?yàn)闇p少投入等原因，提 出對(duì)施工有利，且更加經(jīng)濟(jì)、合理、優(yōu)化的設(shè)計(jì)方案，這類變更如果業(yè)主認(rèn)可，可減少施工成本，也可降低造價(jià)，對(duì)業(yè)主和承包人雙方都有利； 4、承包人無(wú)法按合 同工期完成合同內(nèi)容，工程可能延期，業(yè)主根據(jù)合同條款，終止全部或部分施工合同內(nèi)容，改由其他承包人完成，這類變更一般不會(huì)使業(yè)主造價(jià)增加， 但會(huì)使承包人 承受損失； 5、由于承包人技術(shù)或

30、管理方面的失誤引起工程變更，這類變更業(yè)主可以向承包人索賠，一般不增加造價(jià)； 6、承包人改變合同規(guī)定由業(yè)主采購(gòu)的材料， 使用其它種類型號(hào)品牌的材料，因此造成的損失由承包人承擔(dān)，除非業(yè)主重新認(rèn)可，一般不增加造價(jià)。四、監(jiān)理方原因引起變更及其對(duì)造價(jià)的影響監(jiān)理受業(yè)主委托，由其引起的變更費(fèi)用增減直接影響業(yè)主的造價(jià)。1、監(jiān)理工程師為了協(xié)調(diào)相鄰標(biāo)段承包人的運(yùn)作，或者為了協(xié)調(diào)本工程承包人與地方 相關(guān)部門或單位的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系引起工程變更，容易引起造價(jià)增加。 2、監(jiān)理工程師針對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的實(shí)際情況以合同和技術(shù)規(guī)范為依據(jù)，對(duì)原設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行完善或局部修改并經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位認(rèn)可， 這類變更可能引起造價(jià)增加。3、監(jiān)理工程師工作失誤和協(xié)調(diào)能力欠

31、缺造成返工損失引起工作變更，使工程造價(jià)增加。4、監(jiān)理工程師提出優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)或優(yōu)化工期，經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)認(rèn)可或承包方同意引起工程變更，可降低工程造價(jià)。五、環(huán)境因素引起變更及其對(duì)造價(jià)的影響1 、工程地質(zhì)不詳或不全導(dǎo)致設(shè)計(jì)不準(zhǔn)確，使工程造價(jià)增加。2、公路工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從報(bào)建、工程可行性研究、初步設(shè)計(jì)、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)到施工實(shí)施，由 于各種原因，項(xiàng)目在申報(bào)和批復(fù)過(guò)程中，存在了一些問(wèn)題，這些問(wèn)題在施工階段暴露出來(lái)，引起工程變更，導(dǎo)致造價(jià)增加。 3、國(guó)家政策、法規(guī)、規(guī)范的變化，引起 的變更，導(dǎo)致造價(jià)增加。 4、地方政府提出的方便人民生產(chǎn)生活的方案被采納后引起工程變更，使造價(jià)增加。 5、征地拆遷等工作延誤，所引起的工程變更，可能

32、導(dǎo) 致造價(jià)的增加。公路工程變更的原因多種多樣，這就意味著工程變更的估價(jià)工作也是復(fù)雜和困難的，變更對(duì)造價(jià)增減的影響也各不相同。通過(guò)本文的分析，意是尋找 工程變更的各種原因，并通過(guò)分析說(shuō)明造價(jià)控制不是孤立的，要控制好造價(jià)，關(guān)鍵是建立完善科學(xué)的管理體制。本著控制造價(jià)，保證質(zhì)量、加快進(jìn)度，提高效率的原 則來(lái)確定工程變更的必要性與可行性。只有這樣才能真正達(dá)到有效控制造價(jià)，提高建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益的目的。五分鐘搞定 5000字畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯，你想要的工具都在這里!在科研過(guò)程中閱讀翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)是一個(gè)非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)，許多領(lǐng)域高水平的文獻(xiàn)都是外文文獻(xiàn)， 借鑒一些外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是非常必要的。由于特殊

33、原因我翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)比較多，慢慢地就發(fā)現(xiàn)了外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯過(guò)程中的三大利器：Google“翻譯 ”頻道、金山詞霸（完整版本）和 CNKI“翻譯助手 。具體操作過(guò)程如下：1.先打開(kāi)金山詞霸自動(dòng)取詞功能，然后閱讀文獻(xiàn)；2.遇到無(wú)法理解的長(zhǎng)句時(shí)，可以交給 Google 處理，處理后的結(jié)果猛一看，不堪入目，可是經(jīng)過(guò)大腦的再處理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通過(guò) Google 仍然無(wú)法理解，感覺(jué)就是不同，那肯定是對(duì)其中某個(gè) “常用單詞 ”理解有誤，因?yàn)槟承﹩卧~看似很簡(jiǎn)單，但是在文獻(xiàn)中有特殊的意思， 這時(shí)就可以通過(guò) CNKI 的“翻譯助手 ”來(lái)查詢相關(guān)單詞的意思， 由于 CNKI 的單詞意思都是來(lái)源與

34、大量的文獻(xiàn)， 所以它的吻合率很高。另外，在翻譯過(guò)程中最好以 “段落 ”或者 “長(zhǎng)句 ”作為翻譯的基本單位，這樣才不會(huì)造成 “只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林 ”的誤導(dǎo)。四大工具：1、Google 翻譯：google，眾所周知，谷歌里面的英文文獻(xiàn)和 資料還算是比較詳實(shí)的。我利用它是這樣的。一方面可以用它查詢英文論文，當(dāng)然這方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不贅述。回到我自己說(shuō)的翻譯上來(lái)。下面給大家舉個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明如何用吧比如說(shuō) “電磁感應(yīng)透明效應(yīng) ”這個(gè)詞匯你不知道他怎么翻譯，首先你可以在 CNKI 里查中文的，根據(jù)它們的關(guān)鍵詞中英文對(duì)照來(lái)做，一般比較準(zhǔn)確。在此主要是說(shuō)在google 里怎么知道這個(gè)翻譯意思。大家應(yīng)該都有詞典吧，按 中國(guó)人的辦法，把一個(gè)一個(gè)詞分著查出來(lái)，敲到google里，你的這種翻譯一般不太準(zhǔn)，當(dāng)然你需要驗(yàn)證是否準(zhǔn)確了，這下看著吧，把你的那支離破碎的翻譯在google 里搜索，你能看到許多相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)或資料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看