論文寫作技巧2課件

1、論文寫作技巧2課件論文寫作技巧2課件Who am I ?Published 350 peer reviewed articles1500 peer reviewed abstracts3 Books40 book chaptersEditorial BoardsBJREuropean RadiologyInvestigative RadiologyWorld Journal of RadiologyNeurovascular ImagingReviewer 40 JournalsApproximately 50 papers paSupervised 30 PhDs (15 clinical)

2、6 Chairs4 SL equivalents6 NHS Consultants2 LecturersWho am I ?Published Workshop StructureAimed at researchers early in their careerProvide a practical guide on how to avoid unsuccessful submissionDiscussion PointsHow to get into researchHow to choose a projectHow to plan and prosecute a projectHow

3、to write a succesful manuscriptWorkshop StructureAimed at resWhat are you trying to achieve?Be famousWin the NobelBecome a ProfessorBuild a Research Career in the Health ServiceImprove your CVStop yourself getting boredMake a DifferenceHave very clear goals and ambitionsYou need deliverablesYou need

4、 a planWhat are you trying to achieveTeaching Point 1Define what you are trying to achieve and set your publishing goals appropriatelyTeaching Point 1Define what yoWhat Personal Outcomes are you Trying to Achieve ?Improved CV WhyWhat does it need to look likeGet the next postGain knowledge and skill

5、sBuild a reputationFind colleagues and build a teamWhat Personal Outcomes are youTeaching Point 2HumilityYou cant do research!Almost no one can do research!You have to learnTeaching Point 2HumilityYou cFinding a Mentor/SupervisorResearch performancePublicationsIncomeSize and activity of research gro

6、upPersonalityAvailabilitySupervision HistoryClinical reputationFinding a Mentor/SupervisorResGetting Career AdviceFind an appropriate MentorDefine your career steps and the timetableDefine your goals against the timetableCareer stepsResearch projectsPresentationsResearch PublicationsGrantsGetting Ca

7、reer AdviceFind an aWhere to Find ProjectsBrilliant inspirationsHard work A mentorUniversity staffConsultant staffCliniciansExisting ProgrammesWhere to Find ProjectsBrillianFinding a Project in PracticeDefine constraintsPersonal interest and expertiseCareer aims and job planGeographyTime availableRe

8、view current activityLiterature reviewWeb sitesShort List PossibilitiesApproach Individuals or GroupsFinding a Project in PracticeDOther ConsiderationsFacilitiesFundingSupportTimeOther ConsiderationsFacilitiesStarting a ProjectKnow your subjectWrite a literature reviewStart a reference collectionDec

9、ide on worthwhile questionsStarting a ProjectKnow your suPICH the project(Publishable If Correctly Handled)TimelyDoablePublishableNO MATTER WHAT WE FINDPICH the project(Publishable Before we Really BeginBefore we Really BeginStatutory RequirementsEthicsIonizing radiation regulationsClinical trial re

10、gistrationLocal clinical governance regulationsContractsData handling regulationsData storageYou must take advice from your supervisor and your local research management office Statutory RequirementsEthicsOther RequirementsRecruitment is achievableRetrospective data existsData storage and backup sys

11、temsCollaborators are aware of effort required and likely rewardFundingOther RequirementsRecruitment Data AnalysisDiscuss stats prior to studyPower calculation if possibleEnsure Image analysis techniques are:AvailableDoableCompetitiveKeep data in spreadsheet formatted for analysisData AnalysisDiscus

12、s stats priData CollectionStandardized FormsStandardized DatabaseUse accepted scoring systemsInclude explanatory notesExplain classificationsData CollectionStandardized FoOutcomes: Presenting the ProjectDo itPresentations should be professionalLimit slidesMinimise information presentedKeep to timeOu

13、tcomes: Presenting the ProjeWhat to PublishCase ReportsGood Introduction to writingLearn the submission systemsHelps the CVNot terribly prestigiousIncreasingly hard to get publishedToo many looks a bit desperateWhat to PublishCase ReportsReview ArticlesVery educationalCan be prestigiousPut your name

14、 in your research fieldExcuse to find a mentorTime consuming to do wellUnlikely to be accepted if you write it single handedReview ArticlesVery educationaOriginal Research ArticleVery prestigiousEstablishes your research credentialsMore interestingTime consuming +Fraught with difficultiesOriginal Re

15、search ArticleVery Teaching Point 3Your CV needs both breadth and depth:Teaching Point 3Your CV needs Getting PublishedGetting Published論文寫作技巧2課件This paper describes imaging studies to identify the tissue distribution of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with gadolinium and coated with Folic acid in mi

16、ce.The novelty is in the nanoparticle design and in the potential for targeted delivery of contrast and therapeutic agents. The work is justified by previous publications demonstrating passage of folate labeled nanoparticles across the BBB.CommentsMethods description of the experiment is repeated in

17、 para 1 of the results. This is superfluous and a little confusing.No information is given as to the timing of the scans with regard to administration of the particles. Also no information about the timing of the scans with respect to the blood concentration time course.Was dynamic scanning performe

18、d? If so for how long. If not, then why was the imaging time point chosen?Are the pharmacokinetics of the FA bound particles significantly different from the non-FA particles? Could this be the explanation of the CE differences seen in the blood pool?Could the brain signal be due to systemic retenti

19、on? (unlikely with the non cerebral tissue results but it should be discussed as a possible interpretation).What is the proposed mechanism underlying the reduction of CE in cardiac muscle?Overall this study is interesting but has significant problems:The lack of temporal data leaves the reader unabl

20、e to distinguish between pharmacokinetic effects and true distributional effects. Although the study aims to describe the distribution of DTPA-NPs we have no information about the compartmental distribution at all! Observation of increased signal in the brain could reflect differences in plasma dist

21、ribution times, inappropriate selection of imaging timepoints or endothelial adhesion with retention in the cerebral vasculature. The paper does not prove its main hypothesis that the FA particles cross the blood brain barrier. EM or IHC studies of the brain would have been straightforward and would

22、 massively improve the strength of the observations.The discussion states that Gd-HAS-NP-FA clearly crosses the blood brain barrier and then build on this statement. This study has not proven that to be the case at all.The discussion that blood level differences may be due to macrophage uptake is se

23、nsible but why not prove it by microscopy? The final conclusion that these particles may be used as a brain specific contrast agent is without meaning. We know where the brain is, what we need are agents which identify specific pathological processes. This paper describes imaging sThis is frankly aw

24、ful. To be honest I could hardly read it to the end.It cannot appear in its current form and needs at least a thorough rewrite. It is entirely unclear who it is aimed at? It has insufficient detail of the the therapies and issues associated with them for imagers.The imaging terms are used non-specif

25、ically and not adequately described for clinicians.It darts about from study to study with little coherence and makes sweeping statements that are not supportedThis review addresses the evidence that functional imaging techniques are of value in clinical trials and management of tumours. Unfortunate

26、ly the review has a number of major problems and I do not believe it is publishable in its current form1.Many of the statements made throughout the paper are not supported by reference.2. Terminology of the imaging biomarkers and techniques is used imprecisely and is unlikely to be understood by a n

27、on-imaging audience. eg permeability/ necrosis in the introduction.3. Technical terms such as Ktrans used in the text without any introduction as to how or why they are derived.4. The tables describing the methods are inadequate for a reader to understand the meanings of the derived variables and gi

28、ve no insight to the problems / benefits of individual techniques.5. The introduction claims major advantages for functional imaging which the text then goes on to show are unproven6. The issues around response assessment in trials of novel therapies is simply too simplistic.Some relevant references

29、 are missing (eg. Popes article on ADC in glioma treated with bevacizuamb)This review needs to be more focused, identify a target audience more clearly and build its foundations in terms of an introduction to the problems and the benefits/ disadvantages of the imaging approaches far more carefullyTh

30、is is frankly awful. To be hAvoid Referees Like MeAvoid Referees Like Me論文寫作技巧2課件The Reviewing ProcessWhat is this aboutWhat am I going to read aboutWhat am I expectingWhy is it important?Is the design goodDo I believe the results and AnalysisDoes the discussion do it justiceAre the conclusions just

31、ifiedIs it important enough to publishAre there specific problemsReadability Grammar and Spelling matter (oh come on)Could I repeat the studyCould the data be included in a meta-analysisThe Reviewing ProcessWhat is tGeneral PointsDefine your audienceDont be clever.Readability mattersDont be chattyDo

32、nt be personal“These authors clearly failed to understand the basic concepts involved in their research”General PointsDefine your audiGeneral PointsJustify all important statements (references)Make sure your sweeping generalizations are right.Use standard abbreviations (International / national)Dont

33、 overuse abbreviations and TLAsGeneral PointsJustify all impoHow to Get RejectedDoRush in and start your researchWork with the first person you meet who has an ideaBelieve other people have read the literatureKeep your research secret and teach yourselfWrite your paper and send it offSend it to the

34、best journalDONTTake controlPlanHave a clear strategyAssess the journalsTake adviceTake any notice of the reviewersHow to Get RejectedDoMy Next PaperMy Next PaperTeaching Point 4HumilityYou cant write!Almost no one can write!You have to learnTeaching Point 4HumilityYou cTeaching Point 5You are NOT:A

35、 StatisticianA PhysicistA ChemistA Molecular BiologistGood Research is a Team SportTeaching Point 5You are NOT:GoTeam LeadershipYour Career is a team effortPeople want you to succeedPeople will go to extraordinary lengths to help youFind themUse themTeam LeadershipYour Career is Targeting a JournalW

36、hat to considerIs it read by the right people?Does it publish the kind of study you have doneCould you REALLY imagine your study in itDo you know anyone who has published in itWhat is the rejection rateWhat is its turn-around timeWhat is its Citation Index / Impact FactorTargeting a JournalWhat to c

37、onA Warning from Our SponsorGetting it Published May Not be as Important as Getting it CitedA Warning from Our SponsorGett論文寫作技巧2課件When do you write the first draft?Trick Question 1When do you write the first drBefore the Research!Before the Research!What do you write first?Trick Question 2What do y

38、ou write first?Trick The HypothesesThe HypothesesWhat do you write next?Trick Question 3What do you write next?Trick QThe Justification of the HypothesesThe Justification of the HypotIst DraftHypothesisExperimental designAcquisition and analysis strategyWhat results will you getHow will you analyse

39、them (questions)What is the PICHWhat does a positive paper look likeWhat does a negative paper look likeIst DraftHypothesisFormal Experimental ProtocolMore Work!Formal Experimental ProtocolMo1st DraftWho is the audienceWhat are the journalsWhich is best?Which will take it?Can we afford it?Should we

40、afford it?1st DraftWho is the audience1st DraftCan you really do it yourself (NO)Do you swear you understand all the methods planned and that they are of internationally competitive standard?Who do you need? Can you get them?Get a team and get them to review protocolAgree roles, work, timetable and

41、expected authorship1st DraftCan you really do it MethodsShould containDetails of experimental design (sufficient to allow reader to repeat it exactly)ReferencesDetails of software / hardwareExplanation of chosen methods (in some places)Figures and tablesClear SectionsPatients and proceduresExperimen

42、tal methodsImaging protocolsAnalysis protocols Statistical methods.? Why dont people do itThink SOPsMethodsShould containThink SOPResultsJust resultsNO Discussion (not even a little bit)Logical orderSufficient to allow repetition of statistical analysis or meta-analysisShould contain:Patients and ma

43、terialsEthics / legislative detailsClear sectionsTables and figuresStatistical justification for conclusionsResultsJust resultsDiscussionNOT a chance to reiterate the resultsWrite a “straw man”Main points for discussion are:What is the most important finding and why is it important, why is it new.Se

44、condary findingsWhat does it all meanWhat are the problems with the methods and findingsDiscussionNOT a chance to reitIntroductionJUST enough to set the scene Make the possible finding seem excitingDONT discuss the results!Do NOT write a review articleIntroductionJUST enough to setAcknowledgementsIm

45、portantAcknowledgementsImportantKeywordsThey do matterCheck MeSH keywordsKeywordsThey do matterAbstract2nd most important partTake at least 1-2 hoursGet others to read itWould someone get the PDF if they read it?Abstract2nd most important parTitleTHE MOST IMPORTANT BITTell Them What the Message isA

46、study of Cerebral Blood Flow using LBNP and MRILBNP combined with MR measurements of blood flow demonstrates preferential blood flow to grey matter in normotensive hypovolaemiaTitleTHE MOST IMPORTANT BITRead it out LOUDNo Really ReallyIt HelpsRead it out LOUDNo Really STAVROS IS THIS REALLY CORRECT?Lesions were present in the vertebral bodiceExpert review was performed by an inexperienced neuroradi