大學(xué)英語寫作講解

1、大學(xué)英語寫作講解大學(xué)英語寫作講解大學(xué)英語寫作講解段落的寫作 主題句及推展句 1 主題句主題句（topic sentence）是表達(dá)段落主題的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開。請看下例： 2021/4/132 My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think them

2、selves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.2021/4/1331 主題句 11 主題句的位置主題句通常放在段落的開端，其特點(diǎn)是開門見山地?cái)[出問題，然后加以詳細(xì)說明。 2021/4/134例1 Our li

3、fe today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great

4、deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.2021/4/135推展句 主要推展句(major supporting statement) 的主要特點(diǎn)是：圍繞段落主題句展開的每一個推展句本身都不要求作進(jìn)一步的說明或證明，句及句之間的關(guān)系是相互獨(dú)立又是互相連接的。 例如：2021/4/136(主題句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altit

5、ude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. 2021/4/137次要推展句 次要推展句（minor supporting statement）是指對主要推展句作進(jìn)一步事實(shí)分析和舉例說明。它從屬于某一個或某幾個推展句。

6、2021/4/138（主題句）I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me.（主要推展句1）Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living： mechanic，carpenter，writer.（主要推展句2）For me，teaching is a red-eye，sweaty-palm，sinking-stomach profession.（次要推展句1）Red-eye，because I never feel re

7、ady to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. 2021/4/139（次要推展句2）Sweaty-palm，because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom，sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.（次要推展句3）Sinking-stomach，because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring tha

8、n usual. 2021/4/1310段落發(fā)展的幾種手段1 列舉法(details) 作者運(yùn)用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對topic sentence中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間等進(jìn)行。 2021/4/1311 Yesterday as one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First，I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then，I didnt read m

9、y diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break，I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. 2021/4/1312 At lunch time，I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that as in it. After lunch，my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting

10、. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said “wet Paint” and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand. 2021/4/1313根據(jù)本段主題句中關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別由first，then，dur

11、ing the coffee break，after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。常用于列舉法過渡連接詞有：for one thing ，for another，finally，besides，moreover，one another ，still another，first，second，also等。 2021/4/13142. 舉例法(example)作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。2

12、021/4/1315 There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example，those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides，people can go swim

13、ming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short，no matter what their interests are，people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them. 2021/4/1316本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句中關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個例子分別由連接詞for example，for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導(dǎo)結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。舉例法中常用

14、連接詞有：for example（instance），one example is，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition等。 2021/4/13174 對比法或比較法(comparison & contrast) 將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述對象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) 。2021/4/13185 分類法(classification) 在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識。2021/4/13196. 定義法(definit

15、ion)在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認(rèn)識。2021/4/13207因果分析法(cause and effect )在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。 2021/4/1321The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also，women are aware of t

16、he alternatives to staying at home. 2021/4/1322 Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover，men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.2021/4/1

17、323本段中，主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象，推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法連接詞有：one reason, because，so，as a result等。 2021/4/1324結(jié)尾段文章結(jié)尾也很重要，好結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文中心思想留下深刻印象，可以增添文章效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結(jié)尾作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來，提出今后方向或令人深思問題給讀者留下回味和思考余地。 2021/4/1325幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用方法： 1重復(fù)中心思想 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。

18、2021/4/1326例1：A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.例2：with all these benefits，it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.2021/4/1327 2作出結(jié)論：文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。 例1：In conclus

19、ion，a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably，and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. 2021/4/1328例2：On the whole, there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different atti

20、tude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it. 2021/4/1329用于做出結(jié)論的短語及句型：in general, in conclusion, in short, in a word, in all, in brief, on the whole, to sum up1）In short，it can be said that 2）It ma

21、y be briefly summed up as follows 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that 例如： From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved 2021/4/13303應(yīng)用引語 用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總結(jié)全文，既言簡意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說服力。2021/4/1331

22、例1：If you have anything to do，try to do it yourself，for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. “God helps those who help themselves.”例2：If we stick to studies day after day，there is nothing that cant be achieved. As an old saying goes： “Constant dropping of water we

23、ars away a stone.” 2021/4/13324用反問結(jié)尾:雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。 2021/4/1333例1：Therefore，listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication，why should we not develop this ability as far as possible？例2：So，what can we benefit from we

24、alth if we do not have health？ 2021/4/13345提出展望或期望:表示對將來的展望或期待讀者投入行動。例1：I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world, the language is sure to be spread world widely. 2021/4/1335例2: If everyone

25、 has developed good manners，people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics, people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved，there will be a progress of civilization. 2021/4/1336例文分析： On Overseas Study1. 有人

26、認(rèn)為出國留學(xué)是個人發(fā)展的最佳選擇；2. 也有人堅(jiān)持在國內(nèi)也能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想；3. 我的看法。 2021/4/1337 When it comes to the choice of whether to study abroad or at home, different people have different opinions. Some see more advantages to overseas study, while others believe that the disadvantages outweigh its advantages. 2021/4/1338 With the deepening of reform and opening-up of our country, many people can go abroad for further study. They insist that there are more modern research facil